It seems that it is worth questioning, if what is being exposed to the students in the classrooms is close to reality, because suddenly they do not want to attend the session or because this or that class becomes so boring.
It is difficult to deal with the microeconomic issue, without referring to the social classes that make up a society, to insist on economies formed by three economic agents, each of them playing a role separate from the role of the others, it seems that we are talking about a society fictitious.
That is why in this work, initially a breakdown of the subgroups and groups that make up Mexican society and how they participate in daily activities is made. It was sought to make clear that the same property regime practiced in Mexico establishes who are the owners of the factors of production and that they are not different from the entrepreneurs.
Now, it could also be deduced that all groups and subgroups are both sellers of some merchandise and consumers of various merchandise, this in order not to continue falling into the already traditional social accusations saying that consumers do not save because everything they earn they consume in that eagerness to achieve maximum pleasure. This group is the largest, made up of all factory workers, miners, agricultural workers, fishermen, foresters, ranchers, among others, and they appear as the greatest “concern” of governments and businessmen for having a job that allows them to remain consumers.
During the development of this analysis, it was possible to narrow down the different economic agents, highlighting the subgroups of primary, secondary and tertiary proprietary entrepreneurs that together comprise a single economic agent; The second agent is represented by the government that participates as: primary, as it is the main extractor of natural resources, or which, if applicable, has the power to concession; as secondary because it is a transformer of matter (crude oil) and tertiary because it is a broad service provider.
The third agent is the microentrepreneurs located in two sectors: in the secondary as producers in family or individual workshops that implement self-employment systems and in the tertiary as service providers who also self-employ in grocery stores or baptized by one of the Mexican rulers, such as zangarros, mechanical workshops, body shops or others.
The fourth agent is made up of agricultural minifundistas, who in Mexico are a great majority and are ejidatarios, comuneros, and very small owners of subsistence farms.
The fifth group is the workers, located in the different fields of economic activity.
But, it is being considered that three groups stand out as consumers, whose income levels determine the types of consumption that each one of them reaches.
Finally, in topic 3, we try to explain how utility and preference are not two phenomena that are presented by social psychology, but by income level. The distribution of the income of three types of consumers: the workers, the employees and the owner entrepreneurs makes the orientation of this is different in each one of them. Of course, it is preferred to speak of the orientation of income towards basic consumption, luxury and savings; seeing how there are those who only reach for the basics, others have luxury consumption, others can save and invest or expand their companies and well, the existence of the 40 million Mexicans or more who are located in extreme poverty who do not reach cover not even basic consumption.
- THE ECONOMIC AGENTS
Suddenly when you read books that you have at home and you find concepts that may not be so clear; some reflections come to mind that cannot go unnoticed; as in the analysis of consumer behavior and demand made by CE Ferguson and JP Gould 1, pointing out three microeconomic agents: consumers, entrepreneurs and owners.
It is worth asking, is the economy really limited to three economic agents? Are there less than three? o How many are those that can be considered as such?
Also starting the reverse analysis; By checking the owners first, you will be in a position to clarify the following questions. Who are the owners? The owners of the land and natural resources? The owners of primary production? The owners of capital? Manufacturers of capital goods?
This being the case, then the entrepreneurs would be tenants, who lease territorial spaces, cash loans, buy primary production, machinery and equipment, and carry out factory constructions.
Here the situation is somewhat complicated, because the entrepreneurs are owners of the natural resources, that is, of the land, they are the owners of primary production, well it is a group of entrepreneurs; But those who are dedicated to the transformation of primary products, large merchants and large service providers are also business owners; there are also entrepreneurs who own the financial capital and control the capital stock.
Then the scheme of the three economic agents is:
| Owners (Families) who provide inputs for production |
| Entrepreneurs who produce and offer goods and services |
| Individuals who demand goods and services |
It is seen to be very limited, because it is hardly located in that physiocratic proposal 2 where the owners are the landowners whose income originates from the rent of the land; the entrepreneurs in that case would be the agricultural producers who enter through the profit generated by production; and the other group would necessarily have to be the families of workers who obtain income from the collection of their wages or the sale of their labor power. This means that only one economic activity of the primary sector is being analyzed and we leave aside mining, forestry, fishing and livestock, knowing that from each one of them several productive branches can be generated that mean field of action for the various businessmen.
Then it is necessary to establish a different grouping of microeconomic agents, where we can point out different subgroups; the first would be that of the business owners of territorial extensions who can be classified as agricultural and livestock producers. The second is that of the miners who may be owners or concessionaires of the mines. The third subgroup of proprietary entrepreneurs is those who exploit forests or jungle products. While the fourth subgroup is represented by those involved in fishing. In speaking of the latter two, I am referring to owners of sawmills, owners of forests with areas greater than 150 hectares, owners of boats and fish processing facilities.
All of them form the group of primary proprietary entrepreneurs, who are owners of three of the factors of production: natural resources including territorial space, capital represented by investment in means of production and technology through investment in research of new and better tools. of work. And with the money capital they buy the fourth element.
This fourth factor comes to them by inertia, due to the need for survival of the vast majority of those deprived of the factors described above in the areas where each type of business owner is located.
This will be discussed later, for now the attention will be concentrated on other large groups of proprietary entrepreneurs such as: the industrialists in charge of transforming the totality of primary production into machinery and equipment, in different modes of production, into intermediate consumer goods, in durable consumer goods and final consumer goods.
Ivan Thompson 3 classifies this group of owner entrepreneurs according to the size of the company as: Large Entrepreneurs, Medium Entrepreneurs, Small Entrepreneurs and Microentrepreneurs. Here they are given the name of Secondary Business Owners.
These too are the owners of the three factors of production, that is, they have a land space to locate their means of production or capital goods, they use state-of-the-art technology and they have the capital to acquire the necessary raw materials and strength. of work. The fourth factor is given in society, in the bulk of the population with trained and unskilled labor, always ready to join a workforce whether in large, medium or small companies.
Then there are the Tertiary Owner Entrepreneurs. It is possibly the most numerous group, being able to point out the distributors or merchants entrepreneurs in charge of carrying out the production for immediate and immediate final consumption. They are followed by the service providers who have monopolized those branches that the State was unable to exploit or serve. One might think that due to administrative inefficiencies, but reviewing the harsh reality, it is rather due to the efficiency of public administrators for the diversion of resources, call it corruption.
But apart from the aforementioned groups, the group of financial entrepreneurs arises, represented by those who no longer want to risk their monetary capital in productive, distributive or service-providing activities, but are going to dedicate themselves to refurbish or finance the lack of companies production companies, commercial companies and service providers. I am referring to the companies that make up the National Banking System, that is, to the Banks that appear as support for any activity with the resources of the bankers themselves, but also for the capture of social savings which they use to preserve and recreate their value.
Together, all these entrepreneurs are owners of three of the four factors of production and with a fraction of the monetary capital they acquire the fourth factor, which as already said is given in society, that is, existing as a simple or simple labor force. complex.
Therefore, it remains to analyze the third economic agent, which by default would be that of the consumers and by common sense that in this case is not so common, it would be the workers and their families. But this agent is located in all the fields of the Owner Entrepreneurs: primary secondary and tertiary as employees and salaried employees.
However, the list does not end here because there is the government that acquires the three modalities; He is a Primary Owner Owner as owners of natural resources, he is a Secondary Owner Owner as a transformer of primary raw materials and he is a Tertiary Owner Owner as the main provider of services including financial services.
There are also two subgroups that cannot be integrated into any of the above; These are, on the one hand, the micro-entrepreneurs who practice the economy of family self-employment and it can be assured that it is a fairly large group, on each avenue, in each neighborhood, there are numerous establishments of this category, which Vicente Fox called Zangarros. On the other hand, there are the small primary owners; They are the true representatives of the small property, it can be said that they are the smallholders with properties of one to ten hectares, in addition to the ejidatarios and comuneros with surviving territorial extensions, that is, no more than ten hectares of cultivation.
Finally, they are limited to the so-called vulnerable or extreme poverty groups that, although with consumption levels well below the basic food basket due to their large number, represent a significant market.
But when analyzing the types of production that society as a whole requires, it is concluded that all groups are consumers, that is, everything becomes a necessary world of exchange: the producers of machines and equipment offer these products but at the same time. They instead demand inputs for the production of machines, food and goods for immediate consumption, durable consumer goods and services. Industrial producers or raw material transformers offer intermediate consumer goods, final consumer goods and demand better industrial plants, higher volumes of primary products for transformation, final consumer goods, durable consumer goods and services. Primary producers offer primary production with little added value and demand better equipment for their production processes,consumer goods, durable consumer goods and services.
That is, all proprietary entrepreneurs are both suppliers and demanders, but also all are demanding both complex and simple workforce. Here fall the highly trained serving as: managers, administrators and senior officials; the moderately qualified as: professionals, technicians, inventors or creators considered as operational personnel; and all those who do the rough work, forming the staff considered as unskilled labor.
The scheme of microeconomic groups thus raised the phenomenon, changes drastically being separated by sectors as shown on the following page:
They all have a lot or little to offer the market and a lot or little to extract from the market.
The population living in extreme poverty is left out of the scheme, not by chance but because they require a separate mention.
- ORIGIN OF INCOME
CE Ferguson and JP Gould 4 said that “the source of income is irrelevant”. For this analysis, on the contrary, it is of primary importance, because the consumption of the great arsenal of merchandise available in the market depends on the income of each group.
The amounts invested in production factors required in the subgroups that make up the primary sector are of significant size, especially those that are oriented to mining and fishing. So the income they must generate must also be of a good size. For now, it will not be discussed who originates them, only a strange difference in the perception of the participants in the creation of value can be perceived.
Once it has been clarified that there are different types of companies with their respective owners in the market, these can be classified according to different criteria. Now it is worth paying attention to the objective pursued by the owner of each type of business; emphasizing that said objective, which is, "to achieve the maximum benefit or profit", belongs to the owner and not to the company, since the term company is the action of an investor or entrepreneur, that is, the owner entrepreneur.
Then every company must generate enough products so that through its realization or sale it recovers the production factors used, that is, that it obtains the value of the capital goods consumed, the inputs used, the renewal of machinery and equipment, the payment to the employed workforce, the agreed legal taxation and generate the profit expected by the owner or owners.
Reviewing the traditional primary entrepreneurs, owners of territorial extensions of 150 hectares of cultivation; the sole privilege of being an owner gives you the power to half-sell your fields to 15 medieros, for example: each one cultivating 10 hectares. The plots with good fertility reach a yield of 120 bushels of grain (12 tons) of which 60 are collected by the owner and the remaining 60 are for the grower. The yield is 1.2 tons / hectare. To make the analysis more understandable, the ton will be used as the unit of measure, instead of the bushel.
Each mediero obtains 6 tons of grains and of these, 4 he consumes himself with his family and the remaining 2 tons are sold to obtain money and with this he acquires complementary consumer goods for his food.
The owner takes 90 tons (6 × 15 = 90) to his troja or warehouse, of which he can consume 10 tons between his family and his servants. The remaining 80 tons is production for the market even though the owner has not produced it; if the guarantee price determined by the government is $ 6,500.00 per ton the monetary income for the owner is 80 tonnes at $ 6,500.00 / ton = $ 520,000.00; while each shareholder only obtains a monetary income of 2 tons X $ 6,500.00 = $ 13,000.00.
The money income is spent by the mediero on food supplements, clothing, footwear and the festivities of the patron saint of the subregion. Well, suddenly he has to spend them on a son's wedding, since the latter, taking advantage of the harvest season, decides to get married.
Possibly here is the answer to that of Why do ranchers marry in times of harvest? The difference in income I think is remarkable; 40,000: 1 or 0.025: 1, according to how you want to relate; the income of the shareholder is for survival, with little possibility of saving. On the other hand, the owner can exceed his consumption, up to four times the consumption of the shareholder and there will always be the possibilities of saving or venturing into other fields of investment.
If at a time of technological development you decide to machine your production processes, nobody can prevent you, on the contrary, it will be news; It stops giving up the parcels by halves and turns the shareholders into salaried agricultural workers, giving them temporary employment. Of course, they will no longer participate in the harvesting of the grain, this all goes to the owner's shed. Now the agricultural wage earner becomes a customer of the production of the plot that previously he half cultivated.
Previously, he dedicated 50% of his working time to producing for himself and his family, while the other 50% was destined to produce for the owner of the land; there was no worker-employer relationship; now as a salaried employee, receiving about $ 150 / day in two working seasons: one during the preparation of the land, the sowing and during the benefit of the plant and the other during the harvest, limited to approximately 6 months per year. This generates an income of $ 27,000, that is, $ 150 X 30 X 6, lower than the total annual value that he obtained as a shareholder, which were: 6 tons at $ 6,500 / ton = $ 39,000; the loss is $ 12,000.
The owner, with new means of production and better cultivation techniques, raises the yields to 5 tons per hectare, obtaining a volume of 5 tons / hectare X 150 hectares = 750 tons. Assuming that the guarantee price increases to $ 6,600 and that the owner continues to use 10 tons for consumption, he has 740 tons available for the market, with which he obtains a gross monetary income of 740 tons X $ 6,600 / ton = $ 4,884,000.
Of course, it incurs costs of inputs such as fertilizers, seeds, depreciation of machinery and agricultural implements and permanent workforce in a lower number and temporarily a higher number, averaging the previous 15 mediators during the 6 months defined above.
Assuming the following costs:
Inputs $ 4,000 / ha X 150 = $ 600,000
Depreciation = $ 200,000
Workforce 15 Workers X $ 27,000 each = $ 405,000
Total = $ 1'205,000
Subtracting costs from gross income, you will have a pre-tax income of $ 3,679,000. And as for the field there is tax exemption, this becomes profit, income or net profit.
Now the agricultural wage earner, formerly a middleman, will have to buy the 4 tons of grains that previously represented his production for self-consumption, having to pay for 4 tons at $ 6,600 / ton = $ 26,400; leaving him only a difference of $ 600 from his annual income.
Well, the now boss consoles him by clarifying that he has 6 months of free time left to fight somewhere else to make up for what he lost. When it is the case that there is another occupation in the area of residence, it is possible that if they achieve other income; otherwise, this agricultural worker and his other 14 countrymen, become underemployed, seeing their income reduced, or it may be that several of them are totally unemployed since with the use of machinery the number of permanent workers decreases.
But, returning to that arrangement of the working time, divided 50% for the shareholder and 50% for the owner; If the other fields of action or business activities, of the primary, secondary, tertiary sector and others, where employment ranges are established according to the size of the company, such as the following:
From 100 to 499; small company
From 500 to 1,000; medium company
From 1,000 to more; big company
Taking the lower limits for each type of company, we will have: the 1,000 workers of the large company; if each one works 50% of their working time, obtaining, for example, $ 180 a day for him and $ 180 for the employer; considering 310 working days a year, the worker will have an annual income of 310 days X $ 180 / day = $ 55,800; while the owner entrepreneur achieves a plus value of $ 55,800 X 1,000 workers = $ 55,800,000.
By deduction, it is established that if the medium-sized company employs 500 workers, its owner or owners will have a plus value of $ 27,900,000 and that the small company with 100 workers at its minimum occupancy limit, reaches an extraordinary income of $ 5 '580,000.
With the calculations carried out, it is possible to perceive where the wealth generated by work is concentrated in each of the branches of activity and where the concerns of the owner entrepreneurs are moving, to achieve their main objective “to obtain the maximum benefit”. If the branch of activity where they are located does not guarantee it, they can migrate to the one that offers the highest profitability, not necessarily creating or undertaking new actions, but investing through the modern forms of the financial and stock market.
At this moment, it is possible to establish the origin of the income of the different economic groups, with their respective branches of activity, as shown below:
| Economic groups | Form of income or income |
| Primary Owner Entrepreneur
Agricultural workers, miners, fishermen, foresters, etc., Employees |
Gain
Salary Salary |
| Entrepreneur Secondary Owner
Workers: factory Employees |
Gain
Salary Salary |
| Tertiary Owner Employee
Employees Workers |
Utility
Salary Salary |
| government
Employees |
Rights, products, uses and taxes
Salary |
| Micro Entrepreneurs | Self-employment salary |
| Small Primary Owners | On the part of production for the market |
| Extreme poberty | From sporadic activities |
If everyone enters and, as Ferguson 5 says, “family units receive money and spend it on consumer goods”; the obligatory question What type of consumption do they spend?
We could establish a comparative table like the following one of the main economic agents:
| ECONOMIC AGENT | OBJECT OF EXPENDITURE OR CONSUMPTION |
|
Owner Entrepreneur |
Immediate consumer goods:
Foods Good drinks Nice dress Good footwear Theater tickets Boxes to watch football Select recreation Durable consumer goods: Luxurious residences Big and small houses Luxurious household waxes Automobiles Yachts Famous paintings Private islands Business expansion: New machinery (Prod. Means) More land Technological research |
|
Employee |
Immediate consumer goods:
Foods Drinks Footwear Theater tickets Football tickets Recreation Park Tickets Durable consumer goods: Houses Automobiles Household waxes |
|
Factory Worker and Primary Worker |
Immediate consumer goods:
Foods Drinks Some footwear Some dress Football tickets Durable consumer goods: Mini-house (financed for 20 or 30 years) Some used car |
Since levels of income are different, levels of consumption are also different, so production is not consumed in its entirety, not because supply exceeds demand, but because not all demanders can consume what the market offers.
- UTILITY AND PREFERENCE
An industrial plant is useful to the industrial entrepreneur, a fish processing plant is useful to its owner, the heavy machinery of a construction company is useful to the construction entrepreneur, agricultural machinery and implements are useful to the landowner to improve their ways cultivation. But none of these commodities is useful to the laborer or agricultural worker. They could be useful if your income level gave you the ability to undertake in any of the fields of activity, acquiring some type of machinery and equipment. However, he is limited to buying only the goods he needs to survive and he will not precisely maximize his well-being.
The goods in the previous paragraph bounded, which from this moment we will call "means of production", can only be acquired by that social group whose income level ensures enough to acquire the basic food basket, luxury goods and expansion of his business, a power that is awarded by his condition of owner entrepreneur.
To the laborer and to the agricultural worker, no benefit or utility is manifested from the acquisition of means of production by their employer, on the contrary, as was demonstrated previously, they lose part of their annual income in their basic activity, being forced to venturing into other fields of activity to supplement their basic food basket with difficulties.
The approach they make in AulaFácil.com 6 is very striking, and it is as follows:
"If a consumer has 3,000 euros and can choose between buying food (10 euros kg) or drink (20 euros / liter), their choice will be within the shaded area".
“This consumer may be located somewhere inside the area (he would not spend all his disposable income) or at some point on the budget line that limits said area (he would completely spend his income). What you will not be able to do is choose a food and drink combination located outside the area (you could not afford it). ”
First, it is not acceptable for him to be at either extreme, because he cannot afford either only food or only drink; the location should be in that combination where its distribution is adequate.
Exemplifying with a portion of 3,000 euros, say 20, that is invested in a breakfast where normally the most abundant amount is food and the least abundant drink, that is, the plate with food and the glass with milk or juice. 16 are spent on food and 4 on drinks, that is, 80 and 20% respectively. From the above, it follows that the only possible combination in the previous table is 240 kilograms of food and 30 liters of drink, spending all of your income. The idea that the consumer can be placed in any of the combinations below the budget curve is rejected, since there is only one well-proportioned option.
In the case of three of the economic agents identified with permanent income: Business Owners, Employees and Workers, which present different levels of income, only the latter could be adjusted to that budget curve, where, being optimistic, a monthly family income is proposed, of $ 14,840 and with the proportion indicated above, the expense is distributed in: $ 11,872 in food and $ 2,968 in beverages; Or, from normal consumption, it must separate a small economic surplus with which it faces some payments in installments, as indicated in the graph below.
However, the analysis should be oriented from another point of view, that is, of two other types of consumption, not only food and drink that in any case must be given, but also in basic consumption that has been food and drink and luxury consumption, which the last of the agents struggles to achieve.
Starting from the basic basket, it will be possible to clarify which of the basic economic agents is the one that can cover the basket and have a surplus that can guarantee the consumption of luxury items or, where appropriate, savings and consequently business expansion or new investment options.
The worker and his family, as could be seen, barely cover the cost of the basket without having resources for luxury consumption, that is, they can only consume goods for immediate consumption, but rarely goods for durable consumption; if anything, a domestic enser in modest subscriptions. That basket is the following:
| . WORKER'S MONTHLY BASKET OF ASSETS | |||
| COMMODITY | UNIT PRICE ($) | QUANTITY Kg / Liter / Pza / Others | CONSUMPTION ($) |
| Milk | 8.00 | 30 | 240.00 |
| Fruits | 10.00 | 60 | 600.00 |
| Vegetables | 20.00 | fifteen | 300.00 |
| Cereals | 25.00 | 10 | 250.00 |
| Gas | 10.00 | 30 | 300.00 |
| Dress | 150.00 | one | 150.00 |
| Footwear | 200.00 | one | 200.00 |
| Services | 700.00 | 4 | 2,800.00 |
| Spreading | 500.00 | 4 | 2,000.00 |
| Education | 2000.00 | 3 | 6,000.00 |
| Health | 1000.00 | two | 2,000.00 |
| 14,840.00 |
Graphically the worker's consumption is:
The other agent, the one that is made up of employees, has another level of income on average $ 40,000, probably the income of the couple, he can increase his basic basket in some areas such as: private education, greater recreation and the surplus is invested in durable consumer goods such as cars, extra houses and others.
| EMPLOYEE'S MONTHLY BASKET OF ASSETS | |||
| COMMODITY | UNIT PRICE ($) | QUANTITY Kg / Liter / Pza / Others | CONSUMPTION ($) |
| Milk | 8.00 | 30 | 240.00 |
| Fruits | 10.00 | 60 | 600.00 |
| Vegetables | 20.00 | fifteen | 300.00 |
| Cereals | 25.00 | 10 | 250.00 |
| Gas | 10.00 | 30 | 300.00 |
| Dress | 150.00 | one | 150.00 |
| Footwear | 200.00 | one | 200.00 |
| Services | 700.00 | 4 | 2,800.00 |
| Spreading | $ 2,500.00 | 4 | 10,000.00 |
| Education | $ 2,000.00 | 3 | 6,000.00 |
| Health | $ 1,000.00 | one | 1,000.00 |
| 21,840.00 |
The consumption graph of the agent employed is transformed as follows:
The group of business owners could hardly adjust to a similar basket, given the dispersion of income among the members, since in Mexico, it is presumed to have the richest man in the world and at the other extreme there are declarations of finding Medium and Small Businesses on the brink of bankruptcy.
Accepting that it is operating with a very large margin of error, an analysis is made of the business owners in its three modalities with respect to the size and amount of their income:
Large Entrepreneurs …………………………. $ 55'800,000
Medium Entrepreneurs ………………………… 27'900,000
Small Entrepreneurs ………………………… 5'580,000
Average …………………………………………. $ 29'760,000
With that gross income, even assuming that you pay income tax, of 28% as in 2009, you would have a net profit, profit or income of $ 21,427,200; and I emphasize that in case of paying Income Tax, since large businessmen generally take advantage of government fiscal stimuli, such as exemptions for job creation and forgiveness for the production of social assistance. With this perception, you can quadruple your basic basket in relation to that of the worker, as shown in the following table, dedicate a good amount to luxury consumption and you have surpluses to invest in a financial, productive or speculative way.
| MONTHLY BASKET OF OWNER EMPLOYER'S ASSETS | ||||||
| COMMODITY | PRICE ($) | QUANTITY Kg / Liter / Pza / Others | CONSUMPTION ($) | FACTOR | QUAD QUANTITY I EACH | CONSUMPTION $ |
| Milk | 8.00 | 30 | 240.00 | 4 | 120 | $ 960.00 |
| Fruits | 10.00 | 60 | 600.00 | 4 | 240 | $ 2,400.00 |
| Vegetables | 20.00 | fifteen | 300.00 | 4 | 60 | $ 1,200.00 |
| Cereals | 25.00 | 10 | 250.00 | 4 | 40 | $ 1,000.00 |
| Gas | 10.00 | 30 | 300.00 | 4 | 120 | $ 1,200.00 |
| Dress | 150.00 | one | 150.00 | 4 | 4 | $ 600.00 |
| Footwear | 200.00 | one | 200.00 | 4 | 4 | $ 800.00 |
| Services | 700.00 | 4 | 2,800.00 | 4 | 16 | $ 11,200.00 |
| Spreading | 500.00 | 4 | 2,000.00 | 4 | 16 | $ 8,000.00 |
| Education | 2000.00 | 3 | 6,000.00 | 4 | 12 | $ 24,000.00 |
| Health | 1000.00 | two | 2,000.00 | 4 | 8 | $ 8,000.00 |
| $ 14,840.00 | $ 59,360.00 |
The basic basket would be $ 59,360 per month, but if your monthly income is $ 2'480,000 you can dedicate if you wish, another $ 150,000 per month to luxury consumption, almost three times the basic consumption, the rest would be your savings available for investment, that is, $ 2,270,640.
The graph of the Owner Entrepreneur has a behavior totally opposite to that of the worker, even the behavior of the employee.
Of course, here it is not possible to speak of an equality, among all the Business Owners, but of a fierce struggle for economic power, always seeking the concentration of wealth in a few hands. This will be the subject of another analysis.
Microeconomic agents identified as microentrepreneurs and smallholder agricultural producers, who represent two important groups of consumers but do not have permanent income, are treated separately; Reference is made to the groups representing the self-employment economy, the former being small merchants, small producers and small service providers with self-employed subsistence family establishments; but if highly guarded by the tax authorities.
The other group is made up of smallholder smallholders, ejidatarios, and community members, who, as noted above, have self-consumption production and always seek to achieve some economic surplus for the market, which allows them to obtain the necessary cash to obtain those satisfactory of the basic basket that they do not produce. They do this by combining agriculture with small-scale ranching, with outside work in the construction industry in the nearest city, or with remittances from one or more family members who emigrated to the United States of America.
Undoubtedly, these groups struggle to reach the minimum, the basic basket of the worker; some succeed but the vast majority do not. When they do, it is because they had family income from abroad.
The remaining agent to be identified is the government, which has already been said is an entrepreneur: owner, producer and service provider. The problem is to locate the inequalities given in this economic agent; because on the one hand we have the high bureaucracy made up of senior officials, senior managers who individually have perceptions higher than those of ten workers; then they are followed by middle managers who are ahead of them in number and although their income is lower, they exceed the income of the employees of the owner entrepreneurs.
A greater number of government employees are those responsible for carrying out the work, identified in the last six years as operational personnel (1989-1994, 1995-2000, 2001-2006 and 2007-2012). These barely exceed the income of the worker, but on the other hand, they are the ones that carry out most of the production and service provision activities.
The last group that distinguishes itself in the government is the auxiliary or lower bureaucracy, personnel without any responsibility and without any commitment. They are the ones who think that they pretend to work that the employer also pretends to pay them. These have an income almost similar to the operative ones and in number it is almost equal or slightly higher.
The government agent is therefore divided into the following groups:
1.- The high bureaucracy, - which are those with high salaries (maximum salaries) and who work little.
2.- Operators, - who work until free overtime and earn relatively little
3.- The low bureaucracy, - which are those who earn almost without working except for some errands.
The problem now is where to locate them: some as business owners due to the size of their income? To others as employees? And to others as unproductive workers?
Regarding the vulnerable groups located in the urban misery belts, in rural areas identified as peasants without a plot, this is like Mexicans who were born in that rural environment but neither their grandparents nor their parents had the opportunity to own a small property neither a plot in usufruct or that if perhaps their ancestors had it, it has been pulverized in lots or lots for the house.
Of course, the heads of the family always have the concern of forming a patrimony for themselves and their family. Some achieve it with family work, during the so-called family cycle, also the subject of another discussion.
- CONCLUSIONS
In Mexican society, various groups and subgroups are distinguished that can be summarized in the following microeconomic agents:
- Owner entrepreneurs: primary, secondary and tertiary The government as primary, secondary and tertiary employer Employees: primary, secondary, tertiary and government Workers: primary, secondary and tertiary Micro-entrepreneurs with a self-employment economy Small primary producers who continue to practice the economy of self-consumption. The so-called vulnerable groups or population of extreme poverty
According to the previous stratification, different levels of income or income can be located and the base point was taken as the middlemen in agriculture where the non-owner peasant works 50% for the employer and the other 50% for himself and his family.
In this sense, considering that the entrepreneur can appropriate 50% of the worker's product and as he has a good number of workers, then the microeconomic agent with the highest income is the one made up of the proprietary entrepreneurs.
The consumer agent considered as privileged is the employees: general managers, senior officials, senior managers and middle managers who have outstanding incomes.
The operational personnel: primary, secondary, tertiary and government are the ones who take on the productive processes, but to see an increase in family income, normally the couple works
The workers, in any of the branches of activity, obtain perceptions between 3 and 5 minimum wages; 4 on average. Individually, they reach annual income in the order of $ 68,000 pesos or $ 5,667 per month; therefore, the basic basket is complemented with the income of at least three members.
Microentrepreneurs, with family self-employment taking advantage of the benevolence of the tax authority that authorizes them to deduct three minimum wages, that is, $ 163.41, must combine business income with other external income obtained by other family members, employing themselves as personnel operational for example.
Referring to the small primary producers, they must combine agriculture with livestock, with masonry or risk one or more members of the family to emigrate to the city or the United States of North America, to complement the basic basket.
As for Mexicans living in extreme poverty, which by the way, they may not exist, they must work all members of the family, including children to half approach the basic food basket. Well, saying that such poverty is not accepted is because government programs are implemented to assist the neediest groups and foundations promoted by large businessmen who also claim to serve vulnerable groups.
All the inhabitants united in any of the strata, are consumers and producers in one way or another.
Depending on the different income levels, the strata cover their different needs by showing different preferences.
Lower-income consumers: workers, micro-entrepreneurs, small primary owners and vulnerable groups, prefer to survive by making the greatest efforts to cover the basics: food, drink and in some cases pay for some household equipment in fertilizers.
The first-level employees, considered as a highly qualified workforce, until now remain the privileged ones in the system, obtaining higher incomes that allow them to cover beyond the basic basket, that is, to distribute their income in basic consumption, luxury consumption and some savings. Some of them enter the struggle to step into the field of proprietary entrepreneurs.
Finally, the business owners, who are the ones who obtain the most income, can practice another type of production where the main item is savings, second, luxury consumption and to a lesser extent basic consumption. In this microeconomic agent, the struggle between groups is to the death: small entrepreneurs struggling to climb towards the group of medium-sized entrepreneurs and these seeking to climb towards large companies. While the big company does everything possible to eliminate any obstacle that means competition. The trend is the concentration of wealth in a few hands, that is, fighting for the existence of few large but increasingly powerful companies.
There is hope, the demagogic declarations of a government that claims to prohibit the formation of monopolies, but it cannot be believed, since it itself disappears one body to give the training of sole producer and seller to another.
BIBLIOGAPHY:
1.- CE FERGUSON, et. to the. "MICROECONOMIC THEORY" Ed. Fondo de Cultura Económica. Mexico 1978, pp. 15-20.
2.- GOMEZ, Granillo Moisés: "Brief history of ECONOMIC DOCTRINES" Ed. ESFINGE. Mexico 2003, pp. 47-48
3.- THOMPSON, Ivan: “Types of Companies” Monographs.com April 2010.
4.- CE FERGUSON, et. to the. "MICROECONOMIC THEORY" Ed. Fondo de Cultura Económica. Mexico 1978, pp. 15-20.
5.- FERGUSON, et. to the. Op. Cit. Page 22
6.- "SELECTION OF FREE COURSES" AulaFacil.com April 2010.
Download the original file
