Egg production does not supply the market despite being in constant growth as evidenced by statistics, for all that the project to install a layer farm in the Chiclayo area is justified, since it will allow the market to be supplied unmet demand.
pre-feasibility-study-for-a-farm-laying-hens-in-chiclayo-peruCHAPTER I
GENERAL
1.1 Project Name
SAN LORENZO AVICULTURE
1.2 Justification and Objectives
The egg constitutes an important source of nutrients, especially important protein in the diet of the population that has limitations to access other protein sources such as red meat, since the prices of the egg compared to meat are low cost.
Egg production does not supply the market despite being in constant growth as evidenced by statistics, for all that the project to install a layer farm in the Chiclayo area is justified, since it will allow the market to be supplied unmet demand.
Laying hens have the genetic capacity to produce large numbers of eggs. To take advantage of this potential, it is necessary to strictly follow the recommended management to achieve a balance between body matures and sexual matures and thus obtain a uniform posture in addition to reducing problems in the posture gallery. Achieving this requires a strict feeding and lighting program, when this is combined with controlled growth averages and careful lot supervision to correct disease or handling problems, the desired results are obtained. Pullets should be slim and muscular at 18 weeks of age. On palpation they must be firm, thin and above all strong.
OBJECTIVES
The project will seek to determine the technical and economic feasibility of installing a layer farm so that:
• Cover the projected unsatisfied demand in northern Peru (Lambayeque) by raising 30,000 laying hens from the Hy Line Brown line.
• Improve the economic level of both owners and workers.
• Increase egg production and productivity locally and regionally.
• Help improve the nutritional level, especially the protein source in Peru.
• Provide a source of work for residents of the area.
1.3 Background and previous studies related to the Project
For a long time, breeding of layers has been carried out in the department of Lambayeque and neighboring departments. So there is feasibility of raising this line of layers.
According to data, in several farms there are not many biosecurity measures since breeding is not very technified, but in our case, we will place technology, although we will continue to use a traditional system. Therefore, our farm will restrict the passage of vehicles and pedestrians, which will facilitate control inside and outside the same farm.
There is a demand for eggs in this province, although its production is lower than in other provinces, so we will be close to the city to supply it properly.
It is characterized by a dry warm climate. Its temperature varies between 28 ° and 34 ° C. in times of heat and from 16 to 24 ° C. in times of rain. It is generally hot with an average annual temperature of 26 ° C.
In the area there are good communication routes (asphalt roads and easily accessible) thanks to the North Pan-American Highway, our products can be marketed with which our transportation costs will be low, and the road communicates with other markets, which gives us certain advantage.
1.4 Location
The project will be carried out in the Reque district located in the Chiclayo province in the department of Lambayeque.
CHAPTER II
MARKET STUDY
2.1. Definition of the geographic areas of influence of the market
The geographical scope (as far as eggs and chicken meat are concerned) covered by the project is the province of Lambayeque, especially Chiclayo, Motupe, Jequetepeque, etc. Due to the existing unmet demand, as well as the supply of our products to neighboring provinces, in order to contribute to improving consumer nutrition.
2.2. Characteristics of the products to be offered
Because the farm is going to be in one place, only one species has been chosen: laying hens, which is why the brown egg is defined as the main product (hereinafter, whenever the egg is referred to, it will be understood that reference is made to the brown egg), whose production volume is approximately 90% of the total volume of egg production both locally and nationally. The egg reaches the consumer for direct use or for use through indirect consumption (food industries (delicacies, sweets…), baguettes, etc.).
Chicken meat is a secondary product that enjoys an attractive price, which is a general practice only in Peru, and is used -more than by the typical consumer- by establishments specialized in the preparation of stews based on this type of meat.
The guano collected by the pools of the sheds constitute a quite effective nitrogen fertilizer. Chicken guano deserves a special mention, which, being obtained from cages and animals in production, forms a very useful source of calcium (in addition to nitrogen) for dairy cattle.
Characteristic of a freshly laid egg:
Identification of consumers
The consumers who demand the eggs are the inhabitants of the middle and upper strata of the departments that the project will cover, these will be the ones that consume most of our production.
Regarding secondary products, the meat will be sold directly to wholesalers. In the case of chicken manure, it will be sold directly to wholesale suppliers of fattening centers, close to the area.
Egg demand analysis
Current demand (apparent consumption)
Average annual production of breeding laying birds (units x thousand and in percentages) according to the regions of the country.
Applicant population
The project to be carried out considers that the populations demanding the main product are the provinces of the department of Lambayeque and the departments of Trujillo and Piura,
observing an increase in the population compared to previous years. This implies a greater poultry production to satisfy the needs of these populations.
CHAPTER III
SIZE
3.1. Size- Market.
The choice of the size of our farm in CHICLAYO responds to the expectations of introducing our product in a wide demanding sector, occupying the departments of Lambayeque, Trujillo and Piura. Our farm will have 30,000 BB laying chicks, considering a number of 5 sheds, a mortality of 3% and one campaign per year
3.2. Size - Investment
The farm will be located in CHICLAYO, Lambayeque province, Lambayeque department. The farm will have the capacity to house 30,000 laying hens from the Hy Line Brown line, whose initial purchase will be 30,000 BB chicks purchased in the city of Lima. The services of Travel service SA will be hired, which will be in charge of transporting the chicks from the company to the airport and shipping them to CHICLAYO.
3.3. Size - Availability of inputs
The farm has a guaranteed supply of the inputs required in the diet, and because of the location they are inexpensive; especially corn and rice powder that have good availability in the area, which will have strict control regarding the quality of inputs, and a protein concentrate from the city of Trujillo will be purchased from a guarantee provider. The sanitation and handling materials will be brought from the city of Lima.
IV.- LOCATION
4.1. Location alternatives to analyze
The project will be carried out in CHICLAYO, Lambayeque province, Lambayeque department. CHICLAYO is an area that presents environmental conditions for the production of chickens, it is also a strategic place for commercialization with ease of obtaining inputs for production, and basic services such as water and electricity.
4.1.1 Analysis of the factors that justify the location
4.1.1.1 Close to consumer centers
Thanks to the Panamericana norte, our products can be marketed as this facilitates the arrival of our clients' trucks to the farm and from there they are taken to the departments under study
4.1.1.2 Closeness of raw materials and supplies
In the case of BB chicks, it is considered that they will be bought in the city of Lima and they will arrive in the city of CHICLAYO by plane and from there they will be taken to the farm in a van. As already mentioned, CHICLAYO has an abundant production of yellow corn and rice powder and that protein concentrate will be purchased from Trujillo.
4.2. Communication routes and transport costs
In the area there are good communication routes (paved roads and easily accessible) thanks to the North Pan-American Highway, our products can be marketed, so our transport costs will be low, and the road communicates with others. markets, which gives us a certain advantage.
Availability and cost of resources
4.3.1. Electrical
energy The electrical energy for administrative and worker personnel will be supplied by a generator group and the energy for the lighting of the sheds and the breeding bells will be gas that will be acquired by the city. The closest access road is the Panamericana norte.
4.3.2 Water and drainage
There will be two wells that we will build. This will allow to lower production costs making us more competent in the local market. for which abundant water will be extracted (by means of propeller motors), since the water table is superficial and has good quality water. The drain will be sent to septic tanks. Additionally, in the planning of the same, the installation of a 10 m3 tank is considered, to store the sufficient quantity of water required during the day. As for the water network, PVC pipes class 7.50 Kg / cm2 will be used. So also in order to give pressure to the cleaning water points. The tank will be served by an electric pump of 30 - 40 liters / minute and a capacity of 1 HP.
Regarding the sewage, it will be connected to the public network since only waste caused by the personnel working in the company will be discarded. The animal waste will be controlled and treated for its subsequent commercialization.
4.3.3. Labor
In the exploitation area, labor is available, but with little training. The most qualified personnel will be selected, who will receive previous training.
There will be the services of an administrator, Ing. Zootecnistas, who will be in charge of ensuring the proper functioning of the farm. There will be an office specially designed for administration, where all the books, records and controls will be kept, which are basic instruments for good administration.
4.3.4. Land
For the installation of the farm there is a 5-hectare land, the cost of which is $ 500 per hectare, where the sheds and other facilities required by the farm will be located.
4.3.5 Inputs
The farm has an assured supply of the inputs required in the diet, especially corn and rice powder, which have good availability in the area, the rest of the inputs will be brought from the city of Trujillo, where there will be a warranty provider. Sanitation and handling materials will be brought from the city of Lima
4.3.6 Size-profitability-financial capacity ratio
Since our project is very ambitious, Banco de Crédito was asked for a loan of $ 2757001.33 to start the project, which is equivalent to 70% of the investment capital. The rest of the money will be contributed by ourselves (the project partners)
4.3.7 Choice of size
The size of the stock is 30,000 birds, so a farm with a capacity of 5 sheds will be built in which 6,000 layers will be distributed per shed. This size was determined in order to cover approximately 30%. of the unsatisfied demand of the regions under study.
4.3.8 Control of environmental pollution
There will be little problem with regard to environmental pollution. The farm will control the placement of meshes at each house for wild birds and pests. The farm will be isolated, away from the population, with a distance of 1 km as well as the highway and roads. The facilities will be cleaned and maintained in such a way that unpleasant odors are triggered. Animal feces residues will be treated and used as fertilizers or food supplies. Animal waste will be incinerated.
CHAPTER IV.
PROJECT ENGINEERING
4.1 Description and characteristics of the production process
The process of raising laying hens will begin with the reception of BB cocks in the house. There will be a shed specifically for the reception of bb chicks until they are 14 weeks old, and then they will be transferred to a shed which will be the definitive shed of the lot until the end of their campaign, that is, around 72 weeks, depending on the market time, that is, the price of the egg and the price of chicken meat.
Each shed will have a maximum capacity of 6,000 cocks. Once the shed has been vacated, it will have a 5-week rest, during which time it will proceed to carry out its respective disinfection and rest so that it will be ready for the reception of the next batch.
The laying house will house the cocks on the floor until the end of their campaign, at the end of this, the house must remain empty for 5 weeks for rest and cleaning. The process will restart with the purchase of BB chicks from the Hy Line Brown line
The production process will have 6,000 birds per shed, which will be distributed in 5 stages.
The production period consists of 57 weeks, after pre-laying, week 20, until week 72. In this last week the chickens will be ready to go to market.
4.2 Choosing the laying
line The chosen line is the HY LINE BROWN. This hen line produces brown shell eggs and is easily adapted to any upbringing. Its technical specifications for the HY LINE BROWN are:
4.1. Project requirement
4.2.1 Land
5 hectares of land are compared, the cost of which will be $ 15,000. In which 5 sheds will be built, a house for a guardian, an office, a warehouse, a septic tank and toilets.
4.2.2 Installation of sheds, civil works, warehouse, constructions
These installations will be made depending on the needs of the farm.
to. Sheds
The rearing will be carried out on the floor, 5 sheds will be built with a capacity of 6,000 hens in laying.
The shed area will be 1200 m2 (12 meters wide by 100 meters long). the area for birds is 5 birds / m2. In addition, 24 meters of separation between sheds and 30 meters of separation between fronts will be considered. The floor will be of polished cement.
The design of the shed will be a roof with 2 equal waters with a skylight. The lowest height will be 2 m on the sides. The height of the skylight will be 0.5 m for efficient ventilation. The side posts will be separated every 2 meters. It will have a 35 cm height by 25 cm width overlay in which 3 rows of brick will be placed.
The walls will be made with fisherman's mesh and then polypropylene curtains for summer and winter.
The considerations that will be taken will be to paint the walls with white paint to reflect the rays of the sun and avoid too much incidence of heat in the shed, apart from giving a more presentable appearance to the farm.
We will also place a footbath at the entrance to each shed with permanent lime as a biosecurity measure.
b. Office
Place where the administration is carried Can measure 5 x 6 m. The environment must be clean, pleasant, with hygienic services and also be located at an adequate distance from the sheds to guarantee biosecurity.
c. Shower - dressing room
Both workers and visitors, before entering the sheds area, must go through these facilities to bathe and change clothes, as a biosecurity measure. It will be of an area of 32 m2.
d. Vehicle disinfection footbath
It is an important installation of the biosecurity system of the farm, its purpose is the control and mandatory disinfection of all the vehicles that enter the farm; restriction of the passage of unauthorized people and vehicles.
and. Water tank
They are built at the head of the sheds. The tank itself will be supported by a 0.30 x 0.45 section reinforced concrete column. The tank will be of a mixed tambourine brick structure, reinforced with columns and reinforced concrete mooring beams around its perimeter.
All surfaces will be tarred and tile. The upper part of the tank must be protected with a wooden cover on a frame. It is very important that the tank has a lid or a roof to prevent dust and feathers from contaminating the water.
F. Food warehouse and concentrate preparation beach It
will have an area of 700 m2. what will allow to store food supplies and at the same time a preparation of the concentrates.
g. Housing
A guard house will be built outside the perimeter of the farm, close to the gate to facilitate its function of controlling entry and disinfection of vehicles.
In addition, about 4 houses will be built for perennial farm workers who live with their families.
h. Septic tank
Its purpose is the elimination of dead birds to avoid the proliferation of rodents, insects, chickens and dogs, mainly. If we take into account the migratory habits of these animals, the health risk is very high.
2 wells will be built in anticipation of a sanitary eventuality. Once a pool is full, it will be closed for 2 to 3 months, then the dried remnants of the chickens are uncovered and burned. Once the pool is empty, the lid or roof is replaced and reused again.
i. Equipment washing pool - 01 units
Work of mixed structure, intended for cleaning and washing farm equipment, with built-in sanitary facilities. The water network, as well as the drainage network, will be of PVC type, with accessories and glue of the same material.
j. Gas and water networks
For the gas network, 1/2 ″ diameter hoses will be used. All the unions and accessories will be sealed, using tanks and accessories provided by the supplying company.
Regarding the water network, PVC pipes class 7.50 Kg / cm2 will be used.
4.2.3 Requirement of raw materials and supplies
a) BB chicks
31,000 BB chicks will be purchased per year. The cost of the chicks will be $ 80. 00 percent of the genetic division El Rocío SA AVINOR located in Lima. The services of Travel service SA will be hired which will be in charge of transporting the chicks from the company to the airport and shipping them to CHICLAYO at a cost of s / 28.00 the box of 100 chicks
The chicks will arrive at the city of CHICLAYO and from there they will be transferred to the farm in a van.
b) inputs
The food diet will consist of a protein concentrate, corn and rice powder. Protein concentrate will be purchased in Trujillo and the cost of transportation to the farm will be $ 31.00 per ton, while rice and corn dust will be purchased locally.
c) bed
As bed, rice husk will be used, the cost of which only involves taking it to the farm. And 2604 m3 of rice husk are required per season.
4.2.4 direct and indirect
labor requirement Direct labor
The farm requires the services of 5 laborers, 1 guardians and 1 flyers who will be in charge of managing the hens in production and BB chicks.
Indirect labor
The farm will hire a foreman (1) and 1 zootechnical engineers. The zootechnical engineer will be in charge of the administration.
4.2. Project description
The present project consists of installing a HY LINE BROWN layer farm. The farm will consist of 5 sheds whose capacity per shed will be 6000 birds.
Preparation of the housing of the chicks.
• Check all the equipment before the chicks arrive and make sure they are in good working condition.
• Clean and disinfect all equipment.
• Cover the floor with a bed several days before the chicks arrive. The bed must be clean and mold free.
Parenting
• Isolation is important to reduce the risks of disease. Keep BB chicks as far away from other birds as possible. Current vaccination methods make the necessary isolation.
• The safety of the BB chicken house is important. Visitors must be kept out. For BB chickens, the all-in-all-out system is recommended to minimize the risk of disease and eliminate stress.
Floor space
• In the breeding-rearing-laying program, the number of mature birds to be housed during the laying period is determined at a rate of 5 birds / m2 and the space is calculated accordingly.
Breeding
• The average number of BB cocks that the bells can have is 1000 chickens.
• The bells must be turned on 24 hours. before the chicks arrive. Use thermometers to adjust the hoods and keep the temperature between 32-35oC at ground level.
• The comfort of the chicks is the best criterion to judge the correct Tº of the brooder. Check the behavior of the chicks, particularly at night, to determine if the bell temperature is correct. Comfortable chickens are silent and without protest. As the chicks grow, the Tº is lowered at a rate of 3ºC per week until reaching 21ºC where possible. Look at the signs of stress that follow vaccinations and peak cutting. At those times, a temporary increase in temperature may be required.
Food and Feeders
• After the chicks have drunk for 2-3 hours, feed will be placed in the feeders.
• Provide one tray feeder for every 100 chicks.
• Add small amounts of food at a time, but add food frequently for the first 2-3 days.
• The feed must be a properly balanced growth concentrate, and must contain 20% protein and 2860 Kcal of ME.
• Feed this ration for the first 8 weeks of age following the feeding standards.
Chick care
• Visit the shed frequently during the first 10 days. Be sure that all chicks are eating and drinking normally. If the cocks are not evenly distributed under the hood, check the hood operation and check for drafts.
• The attraction light is useful for keeping chicks close to brooder heat for the first 2-3 days. Use a 71/2 Watt red or white light for each hood
Fences
• For the first week to 10 days, use fences to keep chicks close to the heat source.
• Fences must be 50 cm. high and located 60-150 cm. of brooder edge depending on season and type of hood to use
• Disinfect permanent fences between use and use.
• As the chicks grow, expand the fence, moving feeders and waterers away from the hood so that little by little the chicks regulate the temperature in the environment.
Water and troughs
• Fill the troughs several hours before the arrival of the chicks, so that it reaches a temperature of 21ºC.
• Allow chicks to drink water for 2-3 hours before they eat.
• 2 drinkers (4 L) should be provided for every 100 chicks for the first 2 weeks.
• Gradually switch birds to automatic waterers, leaving containers inside and full until birds have found new equipment.
• Birds should have 1.5 cm of drinking space per bird during the breeding period.
• Distribute the equipment evenly within the breeding area.
• Wash the drinkers daily and use a good disinfectant for the water, to control organisms that produce diseases, algae and fungi in the drinking water.
Chipping
• To reduce chopping and prevent food waste, a precision chipping will be done on the 7th day. Approximately half of the upper and lower peak is removed.
• After removal, give Vit A + K 2 days before removal and continue the treatment until one day after removal.
• The trimming should not be done during the laying period so as not to cause stress and decrease the production of the birds.
The Growth Period
• The goal of controlled feed and light programs during the growth period is to ensure proper layer development before entering the laying stage. It is the responsibility of the lot manager to regulate the development and maturity of growing pullets by adjusting feed and light consumption to achieve body weight and desired sexual maturity.
Aging on the Floor
• It must have a density of 5 birds / m2, due to the heat.
• Locate the equipment in such a way that the birds do not have to go more than 3 m. between trough and trough.
• Provide 2.5 cm of drinking space per bird. Feeder and waterer levels should be adjusted appropriately.
• Clean the waterers daily. Disinfect water with bleach at a concentration of 3 ppm. This can be effective against water contaminants.
• Do not use food restriction on excessively hot days (32ºC) or if the birds are in production.
Control of insects and larvae
• Take precautions against internal and external parasites. Periodically it is required to dose the batch against worms (Levamisol)
• Use 2 cm mesh. to keep out wild birds and insects.
• Use rodenticides to control rats and mice. This can help prevent many bird diseases and limit food waste and damage.
• Use good procedures to keep animals out of the house and insecticides to control flies.
4.3.2 Feeding and Tº of the house
The ambient temperature of the house can have a great effect on feed consumption and as a result on the weight of the growing pullet.
• Under 20ºC the birds will eat more to meet their nutritional needs causing high feed conversions.
• Over 27ºC the birds will require less energy as a result the feed consumption will be reduced. Consequently, the concentrations of other nutrients must be increased to satisfy nutritional requirements. Consumption in this circumstance can be stimulated by providing fresh food at all times and broken pelletized food. Care must be taken if pelletized feed is used, if the birds are to be chipped again, then a powdered feed will be required for 2 weeks later to keep feed consumption at recommended levels.
Growth period
• Start chicks with 22 hours of light for the first week of age. Reduce light and light intensity in the 2nd week to 18 hours and to 16 hours in the 3rd week. Light intensity during the growth period should be 5-10 lux (0.5 -1 ft / candle) at bird level (see standards)
• From the fourth week to the 16 week HY LINE BROWN should grow in a constant day length according to the appropriate light requirements for month and latitude according to the following table. The light intensity during this period should not exceed 10 lux at bird level.
Production period
• At 16 weeks of age, light intensity is increased to 20 lux at bird level. This level must be maintained throughout the production period.
• Where the length of the day was less than 14 hours, increase the length of the day by one hour at week 17 and increase the light by 30 min. until a day of 17 light hours is reached.
Environmental conditions
• Optimum house temperature for laying birds is between 18-24ºC Error! Undefined marker.. Within this range, keep the house temperature uniform, as much as possible.
• Lot health and performance is highly dependent on temperature control and good ventilation.
• Use additional fans and nebulizers to keep birds more comfortable in hot weather and in hot months in temperate climates.
Environmental conditions affect the well-being and productive power of chicks. Important environmental factors are: temperature, humidity and the level of toxic gases in the air. The optimal temperature depends on the age of the chicks. The following table is a guide to correct chick temperature. Chick behavior is the best indicator for correct temperature.
Always reduce the temperature gradually, avoiding sudden changes.
The ideal temperature for optimal conversion during the laying period is between 22 - 24 ° C.
Always provide fresh air
Relative humidity inside the house should be 60-70%
4.3.3 Floor production system
Floor space
• Density must be 5 birds / m2. All the upbringing will be on the floor to reduce costs.
Lights
• Provide an intensity of 20 lux (2 foot / candle) at bird level.
• The lights must be 2-2.5 m. on the floor.
• Use good reflectors to direct all light to the bird area.
• Keep bulbs clean and replace burned bulbs immediately.
• Check the clocks time daily and make sure they work properly.
Nests
• With conventional 2-story nests, one hole is provided for every 4 chickens.
• The nest floor must be 70 cm. above ground
• Nests should be filled with clean materials, and should be changed when necessary.
• Close nests at night to keep them clean and prevent birds from laying (cloquera)
• Open nests early in the morning to avoid eggs laid on the floor.
Drinkers and feeders
• Provide at least 1 m. of feeder space for 12 birds. Adjust feeders to keep them clean and prevent waste.
• Provide a minimum of 2.5 cm. of drinker / bird space
Sanitation and medication
Cleaning and precaution are essential inside and outside the shed
• Keep the premises clean
• Keep visitors outside
• Eliminate all possible traffic between lots and lots to prevent the spread of pathogenic organisms
• If health problems are suspected, obtain a diagnosis of a qualified veterinarian or bird disease laboratory, with specific recommendations for treatment
• Control external and internal parasites, by regular dosing.
Feeding during the laying period
The rate of egg production should be the main factor in determining the quantities necessary to maintain a sustained and efficient level of production during laying.
In cold climates, birds will require more food and in warmer climates, less food. During periods of hot weather, or if the flock is under stress, it may be necessary to stimulate feed intake and / or a temporary change to a ration containing high levels of protein and other nutrients.
Current Consumption Current
food consumptions are influenced by:
a) Management
b) Lot health and physical condition
c) Average batch weight and uniformity
d) Egg production rate
e) Environment, T °, season and weather conditions
f) Food quality, concentrate, protein content, calorie level
The factors listed below can and greatly influence the consumption requirements of each batch. The feed should be increased or decreased depending on the variable conditions of the lot.
4.3.4 Special considerations in hot climates
1. When the Tº increases, the energy requirement for maintenance is low while the requirements for other critical nutrients remain constant. In temperatures above 30ºC, an increase of 1ºC results in a reduction in maintenance Eº of 5 Kcal / bird / day.
2. Because birds eat to satisfy their energy requirements, an increase in the environmental Tº will require adjustments to increase the total protein in the diet. The extra heat production associated with protein metabolism can negatively affect production efficiency during hot climates.
3. Efforts to reduce heat stress and stimulate feed consumption in birds exposed to high ambient temperatures is essential. Dietary factors that may be helpful are:
• Using dietary fat to replace the calorie portion of the diet
• Ensure adequate energy: Essential aa levels (adequate methionine is particularly critical)
• Ensure there is adequate linoleic acid level
4. Reduction in production, small egg size is generally associated with warm environments. Adequate nutrient intake on a daily basis can minimize these potential problems.
Methods to reduce stress in hot climates in commercial brown egg layers (Tº> 30ºC)
Breeding period (up to 8 weeks)
• Provide adequate space for birds, maximum 11 chicks / m2
• Reduce light by 22 hours / day on day one, up to 10 hours of natural light on day 21.
• Provide enough feeders and waterers
• Provide grit to develop gizzard size
• Precision trim at 7 days of age
• Maintain a consistent vaccination schedule
• If it is difficult to maintain feed consumption and weight levels according to standards, consider using a higher concentration of nutrients at the start and use of split pellets to increase consumption.
Growth period (8 weeks-17 weeks)
• Provide adequate space for the birds (8 birds / m2)
• Weigh the birds weekly and keep them within the recommended weights
• Follow the recommendations for growth concentrate
• Adequate feeders and drinkers
• Use equipment compatible with the one to be used in posture.
• Follow the recommended light program without over stimulating them.
• Consistent vaccination program.
• Minimize stress using vaccines and electrolytes
Laying period (> 18 weeks) • Chickens enter production with the correct weight.
• Keep the mesh clean to allow maximum ventilation.
• Increase the air speed over the birds.
• Increase water availability and do everything possible to reduce water temperature.
• When renovating and building sheds, increase the insulation
• Change the nutrient content of the feed
• Change the feeding schedule and light to feed the birds during the coldest parts of the day.
The ideal temperature range for chickens is 13ºC to 21ºC. Temperatures up to 29ºC do not raise the bird's normal body temperature (41ºC-42ºC). Body temperature rises when the ambient temperature exceeds 32ºC. Temperature of 40ºC and 75% relative humidity increases the bird's body temperature up to the upper lethal limit of 47oC. The effect on body temperature is minimal when the relative humidity is 55% or less and the temperature reaches 34ºC. With high humidity the evaporation is drastically reduced, preventing the bird from losing heat.
The blood supply to the digestive and reproductive systems, especially the ovarian follicles, decreases with caloric stress, consequently decreasing the production and size of the eggs.
The resistance of the eggshell decreases due to alkalosis of the blood caused by high respiratory rate. When the bird's internal temperature tends to rise, the bird tries to prevent this by dissipating heat and evaporative cooling through a higher respiratory rate. In this regard, the relative humidity of the surrounding air is important. Typical symptoms of heat stress: Wandering and spreading the wings can already occur at 30oC when the relative humidity is high.
Gradual increases in ambient temperature delay symptoms of heat stress and allow birds to develop a degree of heat acclimatization, even at high relative humidity.
There are many aspects to consider when installing and operating a heavy breeder farm in hot weather, especially at our location on the North Coast:
Sheds
- They are oriented east-west on a level terrace, the lowest level of which is 0.2 m. above the natural level of the ground. They must be at least 0.30 m. of sheds or buildings to allow good ventilation
- The minimum height of the ceiling at the level of the columns must be 3 m.
- The eaves must be at least 2 m. to give good shade
- The roof will be painted externally white so that it does not heat up and radiate heat internally. The roof will be insulated with oil palm leaves.
- The mesh to be used must be the largest one, which prevents the passage of birds (3/4 of an inch). The mesh should be kept clean to allow better ventilation.
Water supply
With increasing ambient temperature, water consumption increases to compensate for the loss of water through the lungs.
At 32ºC the water consumption is 50% more than at 21ºC. At 36ºC the water needs are doubled compared to 21ºC.
Great care must be taken when administering medications in the drinking water as there may be an overdose due to excessive water consumption.
The pipes that carry water to the shed tanks must be buried more than 0.30 m. deep in the ground to keep the water cool.
If the water tanks are outside the sheds, they should be completely painted with white oil paint.
You must ensure that on hot days the drinking space is adequate, available and easily accessible to birds.
Light
Artificial light increases should be done in the early morning. The food should be distributed just before turning on the light at dawn. Birds will eat in the cooler hours of the day. This in the hottest season. In the cooler months it can be fed in the afternoon (4:30 pm.)
Bed
should keep the bed clean and in good condition with a depth poultry production no more than 5cm.
Weight control
Overweight birds are more affected by caloric stress. At 30ºC fat birds stop eating and drinking. Weight must be kept to the lowest standard
Nutrition
During periods of heat stress vitamins must be supplemented in the water. In hot environments, the addition of an antioxidant to the food is more important to inhibit rancidity and stabilize nutrients.
Biosafety Conditions
a.) Location of the sheds
The efficiency of the ventilation systems depends on the location and orientation of the shed (pay attention to the direction of the prevailing winds and natural obstacles). Insufficient ventilation even in some parts of the house - can cause respiratory diseases. The open sheds must be built in an east-west direction as it is a hot area and one that favors ventilation. In general, in all hen lines, great care must be taken with changes in Tº, as this could cause a drop in posture due to stress.
b.) Location of changing rooms
They should be located as close as possible to the main entrance, so that workers and visitors must change their clothes before entering the farm facilities.
c.) Material and equipment easy to wash
A higher sanitary standard will be achieved when the materials and equipment are easy to wash. Implements that are made of cardboard or other disposable material should be disposed of as soon as they are used, plastic ones can be washed and disinfected, as well as aluminum materials. Egg trays can be disinfected and reused, plus cardboard ones will be discarded after use.
d.) Protective clothing for staff and visitors
On the farm, all staff should wear separate clothing and footwear. Visitors, veterinarians, service and maintenance personnel, must be provided with protective clothing and shoe covers, before entering the sheds.
Workers will have their own wardrobe made of white romper and white boots, and there will also be additional pairs of boots for any external visits to the farm.
e.) Have disinfection pits at the entrance of the sheds
To avoid cross contamination, the boots must be disinfected before entering and leaving the sheds. Refill the disinfectant regularly to ensure its effectiveness. The color will be useful for hygiene reasons.
f.) Prevention against rats, mice and birds
Rats, mice and especially wild birds can spread diseases. Therefore, the possible entry of these animals into the sheds should be avoided. Effective control measures must necessarily be taken. We will use wire meshes to prevent the entry of these animals, to minimize their attack.
g.) Apply a clean bed
In order to avoid infections, use only good health and mold-free materials. The bed should be changed regularly in addition to having a place in the sheds where the shaving is always clean since hens raised on the floor like to frolic and wallow.
j.) Quickly eliminate dead birds
Remove dead birds from the houses as soon as possible, proceeding to their elimination. Its removal is preferable to an incinerator or to a sanitary grave.
k.) Follow the system all inside all outside
Having a single lineage and age on the farm. In addition to a sufficient vacuum period, the all-in-all-out principle is the best precaution to avoid cross-contamination. The principle of everything inside everything outside is one of the basic rules for a successful production.
to. Management of the shed during the rest period
• Disinfect the Water-based Facilities with an industrial detergent.
• Disinfection of curtains, equipment, floor and walls of the shed with a solution of Ucarsan (Glutaraldehyde).
• Placement of curtains, shavings and equipment, and the second disinfection will be carried out, 2 days before the arrival of the BB cocks.
• Disinfection of the shed perimeter
Control of insects and parasites
Yes, it is necessary to spray the house against insects and parasites. Use low pressure in order to wet the entire floor surface and walls equally.
4.4 Feeding program
The nutritional requirements of the layer are directly linked to:
Production rate
Body weight
Ambient temperature of the house
Quality of the ration
Feather of the bird
The layer's nutrition program can be summarized into three categories: Bird energy requirement, which changes according to various factors.
Protein requirements and other essential nutrients.
Calcium requirements, which increase as the layer ages.
The feeding program must be ad-libitum. This amount of food provides sufficient amounts of energy and protein to achieve maximum production.
It is very important to always keep in mind that both feed consumption and conversion efficiency are affected by our lot health and management, as well as by environmental factors. In this last category, the ambient temperature of the house is the most important factor. Accurate daily feed intake is required to supply the appropriate amounts of protein, calcium and other nutrients not related to the caloric intake of the layer. The energy-protein ratio as well as that of other nutrients should be adjusted according to feed intake to achieve the best production yields.
This is even more important in places like this one, with a hot climate, where the decrease in consumption results in nutritional deficiencies and these in turn are production losses.
When the egg production is over 60%, the calcium supply is very important and it is convenient to supplement 2 or 3 gr. Calcium / bird / week, this is very important during pre-laying and production starts when calcium requirements fluctuate considerably.
Water consumption:
Water is vital for adequate absorption of nutrients, control of body temperature, and for the proper production and size of eggs. Daily water consumption is an important indicator of lot health; a sudden drop in water consumption may be a sign of trouble. Birds must have water available at all times.
Servings:
Our feeding program has three servings.
These rations have been formulated according to the following nutritional recommendations for the Hy Line Brown layer.
Food handling practices.
Make sure you have all the feeders at the proper height, that is, that the edge of the feeders is level with the back of the cocks.
When using manual feeders, never fill them more than half, to prevent waste.
Check Food Intake Carefully
If food intake decreases, be alert to a disease problem. Calculate approximately the Kg. Of food that the cocks should be consuming, according to age, following the table. With this we have an idea of the desirable consumption, but logically this varies with the formulation of the food and the climate.
Some of the factors that affect feed efficiency are:
- Adequate availability of fresh and clean water
- Formulation of used food
- Inappropriate use of feeder equipment
- Food waste
- Temperature and ventilation
- Internal parasites
- Diseases in general. Rats and mice (a rat destroys the food consumed by 20 cocks during its life)
4.5 Vaccination program
You will be vaccinated against New Castle, Gumboro, fowlpox, infectious bronchitis, and fowl hepatitis. Baby cocks are vaccinated against Marek.
Regarding vaccination against New Castle disease, each farm or area has its own environmental characteristics, in addition to the frequency of diseases. There are different programs.
There are two vaccinations, one is not enough. One vaccines to live virus, others to dead virus.
In cases where farms have been vaccinated against infectious bronchitis virus, this should not be done. stop vaccinating without first thoroughly disinfecting it and then quarantining it.
Certain diseases are well spread and difficult to eradicate and require a routine vaccination program. In general, all batches of cocks should be primarily vaccinated against New Castle.
For our upbringing we will use the following vaccination program:
VACCINATION PROGRAM
Because CHICLAYO is an endemic area, vaccination will be carried out on arrival to BB chicks against fowlpox and vaccination will be carried out on the left wing and 5 days later the post-vaccination reaction will be appreciated. Which indicates the effectiveness of vaccination.
4.5 Curtain Management
It must be sought through various means that BB chicks are received and kept in a comfortable environment. Average temperatures for BB chicks:
As the temperature increases, the maintenance energy requirements are reduced while the requirements of any other critical nutrient remain constant. Since birds eat to meet their energy requirements, a substantial increase in ambient temperature will require adjustment to increase dietary levels of essential amino acids and minerals to ensure adequate daily nutrient intake.
While increasing levels of essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, and cystine are required during hot weather, a significant increase in the total protein level in the diet should be avoided. An increase in color production due to protein metabolism can adversely affect production efficiency during hot weather.
Efforts to reduce heat stress and stimulate feed consumption are essential in birds exposed to high ambient temperatures. Dietary factors that will be very helpful include: The use of fat in diets to replace a portion of the calories from carbohydrates. Ensuring adequate energy: Essential levels of amino acids (adequate level of methionine is particularly critical). Ensuring an adequate level of linoleic acid in the diet.
Low egg production, small eggs and poor quality shells are frequently associated with high temperature environments. Ensuring adequate nutrient intake on a daily basis will minimize potential problems.
4.7 Lighting program
• As a general rule, growing cocks should not be subjected to increasing periods of light, as sexual maturity would advance. On the other hand, once egg production has started, it is appropriate to gradually increase the hours of light to stimulate egg production.
In the increasing lighting programs in laying hens, the batch is expected to reach 20% laying and from that moment on, an increase of 15 minutes per week begins until reaching a total of 17 light hours per day, which will then remain constant.
• Keep bulbs clean, and replace burned bulbs quickly. Check the watches daily to be sure they are correct and in good condition. The light stimulates the sexual development of the bird. Proper use of a light schedule can help bring the production batch to the desired date and can help ensure high production levels during the laying period.
4.8 Controls and Records
Birds must be weighed from the 1st week of age, with a representative minimum sampling of 100 birds per house, This to verify the uniformity of the flock, to make the appropriate corrections.
The controls and records of the lot will have:
• Lot number
• Date of Birth
• Initial weight of the laying hen
• Age at 50% production.
• Total production in # and kg of eggs at the end of laying
• Total feed consumption • Feed
conversion
• Average egg weight
• Total% of broken eggs
• Total% of cracked eggs
• Total% of dirty eggs
• Egg quality
There will also be records of food income, mortality, sales, fuel income, lubricants, etc. for machinery.
Download the original file
