The intention of this article is located from the theoretical-practical to call for a deep reflection and analysis on leadership, its philosophical, technological, taxonomic bases and the application it has in public and private management in the 21st century, where it The term represents the way of organizing the functions and activities that take place within an institution or company, with a clear vision capable of committing the work team to achieve its objectives. Leadership from its philosophical conceptionit goes back to the times of the great civilizations that laid the foundations for the structural changes in our current societies; leaders who in one way or another exercised their mandates with domination and power, generating adverse and favorable situations in the contexts of the ancient, medieval, modern, postmodern and hypermodern ages. Estrada (2007) indicated that the evolution of leadership was “determined from the work of the great leaders who recorded some moments in history…” (p.343).
In such a way, that the characters who carried out emblematic struggles throughout history in a way represented leadership traits to move masses based on their ideas, an example of this, he embodied it since the middle of the 20th century, the Nobel Prize of Peace, Nelson Mandela from the streets of Pretoria, Johannesburg, Cape Town in South Africa, on the long road to freedom, in the face of the nefarious Apartheid Racial Segregation System.
With the advent of the era of computerization, automation and digital innovation, leadership was taking other aspects that gave it greater technological capacityto access more followers with the imminent use of the different communication and information mechanisms and instruments, which promoted the rapid exchange of ideas; not only in a business context, through the commercialization of goods and services with the establishment of strategies for dominance in business, which improve the position of companies in the market; but also in all sectors and actors at a global, continental and national level, where the leader must use his knowledge, experiences and control to communicate changes and be a bridge between the company and its intellectual capital, becoming a triangle of action between the leadership, communication and technological innovation as a prospect of a desirable scenario.
In practice, leadership has become a function with high levels of complexity, since it feeds on a set of virtues in an individual, such as psychological, philosophical, sociological, physical, biological, managerial, administrative and political, which have made it worthy of substantial transformations in all settings; reaching significant changes that go from the leadership of the majestic religious leader Jesus Christ with his twelve apostles to the influence that the highest hierarch of the Catholic Church, Jorge Mario Bergoglio, is exercising today with his speech of peace, well-being, reconciliation and harmony. Pope Francisco".
In this context, in relation to the conceptualization of leadership, in the opinion of this apprentice, it is the art of practicing constant dominance in a group of individuals, in order to achieve the aims and objectives that are pursued, these can be from all possible scopes. Fiedler (quoted by Gascón) referred to leadership "essentially as an influencing relationship in which one person uses their power of influence to get many people to work together and perform a common task." (p.6).
Starting from there, there is a basic classification of leadership, where we have: authoritarian or autocratic, aimed at hegemonically concentrating power in all its aspects for decision-making; democratic or participatory, promotes, encourages and consults the decisions in the team that accompanies him, permissive or liberal, here there is no intervention from him, it is a process of criteria of each person and the charismatic, composed mainly of their abilities and attributes personal to exercise their command.
Within this perspective, there is the macro vision of leadership, impacted by globalization as a positive phenomenon that has generated profound transformations in the communication relationships of the leaderships that converge in government institutions and business and industrial sectors from all areas, achieving create strong expectations in different neuralgic areas that require managerial and technological orientations, as a consequence of the volatility in the innovation of the era of hypermodernity and its prospects, apotheosically described by the French anthropologist Marc Augé to refer to the acceleration of all factors constitutive of modernity. For, Klages (cited by Parrando, 1999):
It proposes that the individual perspective that dominates in psychological studies on management be overcome by adopting a more global perspective that conveniently frames the most relevant aspects for management in a changing situation, in the transition from a traditional administration to an adapted administration to superstructural changes. (p.46).
That is why the modern state must be able to promote management practices with effective leadership that contribute to providing quality responses to the public services demanded by citizens; where public leadership puts aside its repetitive practices of domination and power to take care of managing and leading a high-performance work team.
It should be noted that the leadership has taken a global vision in the world of corporate business, there, it is necessary to have a prospect that involves expectations to ensure success in the processes and marketing, according to the demands of customers in the markets. The leader must be able to reform with their influence to attract new investors, allowing them to obtain financial resources to manage technological systems that make the company have more competitive advantages to differentiate them from others.
Finally, Maxwell (1998), pointed out that “leadership capacity is always the top of personal effectiveness and within an organization. If the leadership is strong, the cap is high. But if it is not, then the organization is limited… ”(p.12). Indeed, the current leaders of both government institutions and businessmen must possess emerging attributes towards technological management, to adapt their organizations to the processes of change and innovation of the systems, through the rapid development and growing use of technologies. information and communication technologies exerting a direct and notorious impact on management.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
- Estrada, S. (2.007). Leadership through History. Department of Political Science and Administration, Technological University of Pereira (UTP). Colombia.Gascón, M. Some Types of Leadership, Compilation. Yacambú University (UNY). Venezuela Maxwell, J. (1998). The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership. Published in Nashville, Tennessee, by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Parrado, S. (2,000). Leadership and Directive Management in Public Organizations: the State of the Question. Department of Political Science and Administration, National University of Distance Education (UNED). Spain, Yacambú University, Vice Rectorate for Research and Postgraduate Studies (2007). Norms for the Preparation and presentation of the Special Works of Degree, Works of Degree and Doctoral Theses of the UNY. Barquisimeto.
