“Leadership is art and science at the same time. Analytical methods can be useful in science, but the main instrument of the leader as an artist is the same and the creativity of his own personality… The leader, takes into account the maxim "know yourself" to be able to manage some of the harmful effects that you can unconsciously cause. "If the leader does not understand his own actions… he can become the bearer of problems and not the one who must solve them" (Bennis and Slater, 1999). If there is no self-leadership, there will be no leadership, which reaches the hearts of its people, motivates and inspires them with transcendent purposes. The leader is meek and humble of heart, respectful, responsible and honest, first with himself and then with others ”(Fardella, 2011).
Introduction
Leaders who demonstrate empathy and adaptability to the moods of others affect both their own brain chemistry and that of their followers. (Goleman and Boyatzis, 2008). They define social intelligence as: "a set of interpersonal competencies built on specific neural circuits that inspire others to be effective." They do not know clear methods to strengthen social neurons: mirror, spindle, and oscillator; thousands are activated per second during any encounter, and their exact activation patterns remain elusive. The only way to effectively develop your social circuitry is to undertake the tough task of "changing your behavior." (Goleman, Boyatzis and Mckee, 2001).
Changing behavior and effectively developing your social circuitry as they point out, is a process. A leader changes from the inside out in the spheres of thought (Reason) and feeling (Love). Then it is reflected and radiated in their "prudent" attitudes and behaviors (Respect, Responsibility and Honesty), that is, "personal integrity" (Freedom, Inner Harmony and Wisdom). This competence leads to the "ability to influence", motivate and inspire. Working from the inside out, consists of educating and obeying our conscience, that exclusive human gift that distinguishes congruence and disparity with perennial principles (values) and elevates us towards them (Fardella, 2011).
A difficulty that Bass has not been able to overcome in his leadership models points out Ruiz de Gauna (1989, p 549), is the low valuation traditionally given by all theories, to leaders and followers in their consideration as people. There is still not enough understanding for personal values, needs and motivations that provoke their behaviors. In the Anthropological Approach to Leadership Theory, García del Junco and Sánchz Vurués (1998) say that the main factor that makes a person a leader is their personal values.
Unless values and beliefs change, new processes, however well designed, will never work. Changing values is as important a part of reengineering as changing processes (Hamer and Champy, 1994). The conceptual and philosophical foundation of the organizations themselves are not those responsible for the success of the companies, but the ability to make all the members of the company or Institution know, assimilate and live those principles and values (Collins and Porras, 1997). Values are part of the power of knowledge insofar as they guide daily behaviors, unite and give meaning to collective wills, serve to resolve conflicts and make decisions for change (Rockeach, 1976).
Then the personal values of the leader are a relevant potential in the management of himself and in organizations, which leads us to study and investigate these values. How you function in your total personality in the spheres: of thought; feeling; attitudes and behavior. And what are its potential in the management of organizations.
Analysis
The leader accepts responsibility for himself, and developing his own competencies can give meaning to his life. Productivity is the active and creative relationship of the leader to: himself, his neighbor and nature. This refers to three dimensions and values that are related: thought (reason), feeling (love) and action (productive work):
Productivity in the sphere of thought is manifested in the understanding of the world through reason and truth:
The leader by thought enjoys unlimited freedom, since he does not recognize obstacles. It can contain its manifestation, but it cannot overwhelm it, since it has the freedom to think and to act. Without free will, man would be a machine. Consciousness is an intimate feeling that belongs to you, like all others, depending on your thoughts will be your conscience (freedom of conscience). Thought and consciousness are not synonymous. Thought is only a small aspect of consciousness. This cannot exist without consciousness, but consciousness does not need thought. The mind is thought and emotions, these produce changes in the biochemistry of the body, and these changes represent the physical or material aspect of the emotion: the reaction of the body to its mind.
Honest capable of loving and building, of being free through truth and integrity. Honesty implies love for others, but above all love for yourself, in terms of tranquility, freedom and internal peace (Silíceo, 2001). He must be distinguished for his integrity. Always speak and act truthfully, being present in him at all times. That mental honesty that characterizes the winners is the natural magnet that he uses without intending to to attract his followers. “Honesty and transparency about the type of authority that leaders use and the fairness of the procedure in decision-making is essential to achieve the commitment of the team” (Abarca, 2002).
Responsibility. Today that term is often used to denote a duty, something imposed from the outside. But in its true sense, it is an entirely voluntary act, it constitutes my response to the needs expressed or not, of another human being. It is not a duty imposed on one from the outside, but rather my response to something that “I feel” that concerns me (Fromm, 1966).
Autonomy is in the characteristics of freedom, it also implies the ability to choose freely and to govern oneself. Many people allow other individuals to decide for them, but the self-actualized (leader) come to their own decisions and take responsibility for themselves (Maslow, 1970).
Respect does not mean fear and submissive reverence; denotes the ability to see a person as he is, to be aware of his unique individuality. It is only possible if I have achieved independence, and it only exists on the basis of freedom (Fromm, 1966).
Prudence consists in directing life well, it is deliberating with correction about what is good or evil. It is an intermediate step between intelligence and personality (Sternberg and Ruzgis, 1994), and in the intercession of these is cognition applied to daily life. It is that habit that both sustains and perfects the human act (Gandolfo and Barón, 1994). In relation to “prudence” Goleman (1999) states: The pre-frontal area is the seat of the operative memory: the ability to pay attention and record any outstanding information. Vital for decision making, understanding and planning, reasoning and learning. "It works fully when the mind is calm" (Inner Harmony). Self-regulation (managing disturbing impulses and feelings) depends on the functioning of the emotional centers,in tandem with the executive centers of the brain in the prefrontal zones. These two primary skills - managing urges and restlessness - are at the heart of five emotional skills:
• Self-control (emotional stability), effectively manage harmful emotions and impulses. People who have this attitude:
a) They handle impulsive feelings and disturbing emotions well.
b) They remain composed, positive and unflappable even in difficult times.
c) They think clearly and do not lose concentration when subjected to pressure.
• Reliability and conscientiousness, maintaining integrity and responsible for personal performance. People with this attitude:
- Regarding reliability.
a) They act ethically and are above reproach.
b) They inspire confidence by being trustworthy and authentic.
c) They admit their own mistakes and confront others with their unethical acts.
d) They defend positions that respond to their principles, even if they are not accepted.
- Regarding scrupulousness.
a) They fulfill their commitments and promises.
b) They take responsibility for meeting the objectives.
c) They are organized and careful at work.
• Innovation and adaptability, open to new ideas and approaches, and flexible to react to changes. People with this attitude:
- Regarding innovation.
a) They look for new ideas from many different sources.
b) They find original solutions to problems.
c) They generate new ideas.
d) They adopt novel perspectives and accept risks.
- Regarding adaptability.
a) They handle multiple demands, shifting priorities, and quick moves with ease.
b) They adapt their reactions and tactics to changing circumstances.
c) They are flexible in their vision of the facts.
What has been described indicates that prudence, one of the cardinal virtues (temperance, moderation and discernment), leads to the final value of wisdom, prudent behavior in life.
The leader, detaches himself from his negative emotions and tries to live free of them, not only for his health, but, above all, for his inner peace. Forgiving and taking a tolerant, understanding and compassionate attitude. Forgiveness is an option to find peace and live life fully (Luskin, 2008).
Joy. The "humor": boosts the immune system, decreases cortisol and increases endorphins, relieving tension; people who take classes with humor show a significant increase in the retention of what was taught (Learning); those who have a sense of humor produce better work than others (Jonás, 2004). Other research shows that people with a sense of humor are more productive, creative, and experience greater job satisfaction (Hemsath & Yerkes, 1997).
Productivity in the spheres of feeling, expresses it through love, the feeling of union with men, work and nature:
The leader's "feeling" is the intimate and hidden advice of his "feeling." It is not an emotion that depends on an external stimulus, but an intimate feeling that surrounds your entire being and is born from the depths of your heart: aware of your unconscious (your spirit). Traditionally models of intelligence have not recognized the fact that rationality is guided and, at times, inundated by feeling. Psychology has begun to recognize the essential role of feelings in thinking (Abarca, 2006).
The "instinct" and its effect on rational decision making. “The rational approach provides a framework for action, ensuring that nothing is missed, that pitfalls are avoided, and that best practices are applied. The intuitive approach provides the inspiration, insight and instinct necessary to identify and explore the best options ”(Kourdi, 2009). Our intuitive feelings guide our decision making to the point where our conscious mind is capable of making good choices (Hayashi, 2001). The "heart" is not just a pump; it is an organ that feels and thinks. But unlike the rational mind, it thinks and feels intuitively and creatively with love and compassion (Chopra, 2008). "Above all else, guard your heart; Because life flows from him ”Pr. 4:23. "Because the life of the flesh is in the blood,… ”Lv. 17:11.
The leader creates from a place of no mind (consciousness without thought), of inner stillness. Great scientists note that their creative achievements came at a time of mental stillness. Thought "plays only a subordinate role in the brief and decisive phase of the creative act itself" (Koestler, 1989). Freedom and inner harmony are the roots of Creativity, which is born from wisdom.
Wisdom is the knowledge of those realities that are above man: theoretical science and, in a special way, metaphysics. In the exercise of this virtue, which constitutes the perfection of contemplative activity, the man (leader) reaches the maximum happiness and comes to touch the divine (Reale and Antiseri, 1988).
Freedom, in the sense of being free from the desire to have things, from one's own ego, and from one's own body, being the condition to love and be productive. And necessary for happiness and virtue (Fromm, 1966).
Trust is only won with truth that is born from honesty and with it inner harmony, which implies inner peace, from which security is derived: Faith. That arises from within the being. It is a non-earthly spiritual trait.
Love your neighbor as yourself, implies that respect for one's integrity and uniqueness, love and understanding of one's own self, cannot be separated from the respect, love and understanding of another being. Self-love is inseparably linked to love of any other person. Love is: the main force for any action and the most solid base of any human relationship; and the practice of a human power, which can only be realized in freedom and "never" as a result of a compulsion (Fromm, 1994). "Love and do what you want", who knows the truth knows that light, and who knows that light knows eternity. "Love is what it knows" (San Agustín De Hipona, 1988).
Productivity in the sphere of action is manifested in productive work, in the work done for: your own well-being, that of others and nature:
The experience of union, with man, or, from a religious point of view, with God, is not irrational. It is the knowledge that we will never grasp the secret of man and the universe, but we can know them, nevertheless, in the act of loving. Care-responsibility-respect-knowledge are mutually interdependent. These constitute a syndrome of attitudes found in the mature person (leader); one who productively develops his own talents, who only wishes to possess what he has gained from his work, who has renounced narcissistic dreams of omniscience and omnipotence, who has acquired humility based on that inner strength that only genuine productive activity can provide (Fromm, 1994).
"Productive activity" is characterized by the rhythmic exchange of activity and rest. Work (action), love (feeling) and productive thinking are possible only if the person (leader) when necessary, can be calm (inner harmony) and only with himself (free of thoughts). Being able to pay attention to yourself is a prerequisite for having the ability to pay attention to others; feeling comfortable with oneself is the condition for relating to others (Fromm, 1966). The act of productive action of the leader in all areas of his life is, when the "inner self", the action performed by the "self", and the destination of that action, are a single and indivisible whole.
Your final personal values: freedom (not attachment). This allows them to isolate themselves from the chaos that surrounds others, they are creative and spontaneous. "Autonomy" implies the ability to freely choose and govern oneself, "self-control", mastery of oneself during states of pleasure, pain and fatigue, when one is subjected to the pressure of passions and impulses; inner harmony, peace that comes from the heart, that surpasses all understanding and that guards the thoughts and feelings of the leader. With this security: Faith, he reaches his own decisions and assumes responsibility for his person, projects a high degree of confidence. He trusts: himself, his mission in life, others and nature; wisdom, radiates it and is present in all the processes of your thought (reason),and in the sphere of action manifested in their productive work. Which is reflected in prudent attitudes and behaviors with their peers and nature.
conclusion
From his final personal values, the roots of his heart, he feels that his life has meaning and this leads him to his personal fulfillment and maximum happiness. It does this by using and developing its own competencies:
- In the sphere of thought, the productive orientation is manifested in the beacons of light of their conscience, their intrapersonal instrumental personal values: respect, responsibility and honesty, which leads them to the ability to forgive and radiate joy.
- In the sphere of feeling, the productive orientation is expressed through the roots of your heart, your final intrapersonal personal values: inner harmony, freedom, and wisdom, which lead to personal fulfillment and happiness.
– En la esfera de la acción la orientación se manifiesta en el trabajo productivo, labor realizada para: su propio bienestar, los demás y la naturaleza. A través de sus valores personales instrumentales interpersonales: responsabilidad (autonomía-autodominio), respeto (prudencia) y honestidad (verdad), con llevan a: la capacidad de perdonar e irradiar alegría en todas sus actitudes y comportamientos.
These three chaotic systems: thoughts, feelings, attitudes and behaviors, organize themselves to their respective tractors: intrapersonal instrumental values, the beacons of light of their consciousness (thoughts). Final intrapersonal values, the roots of your heart (feelings). And the instrumental interpersonal values that guide all their attitudes and behaviors. They make up a complete and total chaotic system: the leader. As a person, he has the competencies of: Self-awareness and understanding (self-awareness) and Transcendent motivation, openness to the needs of others (freedom), both enable; self leadership (self-management) and attunement with others, compassion (social conscience); and the adequate fusion of these two (self-management-social conscience), the talent of their relationships is born: prudence.
He is meek and humble of heart, he is not inferior to others, but feels: free from his own importance. Its characteristics: emotional stability (autonomy-self-control), extroversion (assertive-sociable), adaptability (flexibility-change), neatness (responsible for their attitudes-behaviors), openness (open to ideas-innovation). From humility comes the competence "personal integrity", implies credibility and reliability: "Fair." This competition does not occur isolated from the "ability to influence", which implies committing and persuading towards a valuable, transcendent goal. It occurs only in the “face to face” physical presence, motivating and inspiring towards productivity, creativity and innovation (talent management). And finally "reproduce leadership" throughout the organization, trust in the capacity and responsibility of its people,and progressively delegate authority and power.
In this research there was no leader who had the five personal values: instrumental and final. But if there was a transcendent leader more than two thousand years ago… who had in the roots of his heart: freedom, not attachment, even to his own life; inner harmony, peace; and wisdom, discernment of heart. He told us: “… and learn from me, that I am meek and humble of heart; and you will find rest for your souls; " Jesus of Nazareth. He taught us with his life: humility. Deny yourself… The fruit of your heart (spirit) is love: joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faith, meekness and temperance; against such things there is no law. For the just there is no law,… he for himself is law. And being on the cross he expressed… "Father, forgive them, because they don't know what they are doing." Your thoughts, attitudes and behaviors,they were guided by the beacons of their conscience: respect, responsibility, and honesty. And the roots of your heart to the ability to forgive and radiate joy.
Potential of the leader's personal values: in management
The five instrumental personal values and the five terminal personal values are:
to. An "operational" and "strategic" potential in organizations and in their work teams. They have an impact on the organization's strategy, structure, systems, processes, personnel policies, and productivity.
b. They are basic requirements for "strategic skills." Ability to: visualize the future (clear vision), a strong sense of direction, with flexibility to change (learning), and the development of human talent (energy).
c. The bases to "motivate" and "inspire", manifest their identification with people, are interested in their work and their person. Feel: compassion (empathy).
The values of responsibility, honesty and respect allow you to behave “assertively” and inspire “confidence”. Without them there will be no: mutual trust, spontaneous communication and mutual support, this is the translation of trust and spontaneous communication; in turn, the basis of both. These three conditions are linked together in a closed circuit, if one of them is missing, the circuit breaks.
The values of respect, responsibility and honesty, plus freedom, inner harmony and wisdom have: a positive impact on "productivity", "creativity" and job satisfaction. In addition, the competence of "personal integrity" and "ability to influence" others.
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