Definition
A guru is considered to be the person who has or possesses great abilities, gifts and intelligence, for which he is considered a master in something specific, during the existence of the human race and its activities, some management gurus have been recognized that They have aimed at the analysis and research of the administration to increase its heritage in this matter, creating new theories to strengthen it.
In these times, the enormous teaching that thinkers and researchers leave us related to the strengthening of administration, for people, for labor issues, teamwork and the functionality of a whole to achieve objectives, contributes to the science of today today have many growing organizations in such globalized markets and the world economy that we live today.
The gurus of administrative theory from primitive times, agricultural times, the Middle Ages, modern times and contemporary times, comment on some of the most important things that each of them did, it is of utmost importance to recognize the main works based in administration, having a good range of terminology and defining the practices of each one, all this allows companies to understand each of the responsibilities of each action that is taken and how important it is to make good decisions.
The correct application of theories to which each of them refers, not only focuses on for-profit companies, but also on all that have monetary income as a common goal, but without putting aside that they are organizations with an environment business.
Early times
The principles of administration date back to primitive times, in those times the inhabitants were organized by tribes, which were assigned tasks of hunting, fishing, it is from these ideas that the work of individuals in group terms begins to be visualized for the achievement of a general objective.
The administration really begins from the existence of humanity, from primitive times since the people of this time were organized by tribes to which they gave specific tasks such as hunting, fishing and harvesting the fruits of the field, and it begins from Those ideas to generate the work of the people in a group way to achieve common objectives that will benefit the members of the area.
- They divided the tasks by age and sex. They begin to organize themselves for group tasks. This is considered principles of administration.
Agricultural season
This time is where we can see the organization of individuals and a process where they must collaborate as an organization since the cultivation of plants, fruits, flowers, and food led to the abandonment of the nomadic way of living of groups of people, being in this way agriculture the best form of sustenance for these groups.
- Sedentary life begins, the state is born, and the growth of cultures begins.
Greco-Latin period
It is in this period where slavery arises, it is being the way to make others do tasks that directly corresponded to those who enslaved them, this method for some time worked, but the system of repression and physical attacks for not doing the assigned tasks or disobedience, and it is clear that production was practically nil since the slaves did the work with total discontent and dissatisfaction.
- Slavery Supervision of work Control of persons with physical aggression
China
This city formed by four ancient empires is the ones who presented the most progress in administrative development, as well as the Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians. The thinker Confucius made the study of the growth in the administration and was politically important with a large number of tasks within the state and government positions.
Confucius' contributions were:
- Completely impartial governments Eradication of favoritism Creation of a ruling spirit Increase the economic prosperity of the population Prudent development without individualism Ethics in politics and government
We can also see another author within the Chinese administrative currents, Micius or also known as Moti, he had similar things in government aspects but different in the elements of idealistic thought. Later Chou used material made by Confucius to set rules and other regulations. In short, these gurus of Chinese origin gave a great development to the government in administrative aspects.
Greece
This was a city that contributed administrative issues on the part of Socrates who, after discussing and analyzing with his fellow thinkers, had as their main objective the performance of administrative activity, being an individual capacity of each person who performs work in the government without being part formal or empirical preparation.
Plato also a thinker of this culture created thoughts in support of administrative development, one of the main ones was the following. The individual skills of workers create a specialization of tasks. I order the role that each person plays within an organization that was usually within the Government, and I support with the social justice treaties.
Plato wrote the book "The Republic", where he played the following teachings:
- Administration in markets Specialization of labor Democracy, the oligarchy, the aristocracy. Social classes such as: the government; gold, silver the warriors, workers and merchants and silver.
Aristotle: Within Aristotle's contributions, ethics occupies a very important place. He also wrote a book called "Politics" where he establishes forms for government administration and classified the government in political spheres such as democracy and monarchy.
Pericles: This thinker made the choice of workers for companies, coupled with this he made decrees where citizenship was delimited in order to separate foreigners from citizens by birth of the country.
Rome
The Romans contributed great things in matters of administration and organizations, supporting their theories with examples of themselves, reaching unsuspected goals and objectives, this culture had three stages they were the first to consider a republican civilization, so that in later times it would be Directed by empires, which caused the centralization of power and decision-making on cultures, without allowing the free expression of people, this was the reason for the fall of the Roman Empire. A reliable reason for the fall was Catholicism within the government's decisions.
Catholicism at this time rejected the purpose of profit and sought honorable relationships between the people who carried out the trade, of course there were thinkers who opposed this position since it was little remunerative for the businesses. And we have the leading idealists and thinkers like B. Franklin and Martin Luther.
Max Weber opined on the capitalist spirit and the Protestant ethic. This idea analyzes the proposals of the churches that have to do with elements of capitalism.
Martin Luther combines religion with professional performance, since he believed that it was a mission set by God, the professionalism that each person performed within organizations in capitalism.
Middle Ages
At this time we can see a better organization like feudalism where a decentralized government is sought.
Feudal epoch
It was characterized by being a system of labor service in charge of the feudalists, they controlled all the tasks of which they had to do the servitude, once this time is over, the systematization of the service is broken, starting the workers to perform independent tasks, organize and the birth of unions began, they defended the rights of workers.
- Service as an employment relationship End of servitude Birth of artisans Origin of unions
Fray Luca Paccioli: He was the creator of the accounting double entry in 1494, coupled with this support with control tools in the administration.
Tomás Moro: This thinker establishes the creation of an ideal state, and proposes the creation of the specialization of tasks, the greater use of the labor force, and asks the workers and the bourgeoisie the correct administration of resources, seeking beneficial opportunities to they.
Nicolás Machiavelli: It makes known the conditions where a ruler gets to achieve the authority of politics and keep it under any situation. What gave a reputation for evil, giving the term Machiavellianism associated with actions carried out outside the moral framework and values, in addition to the government and the use of leadership as weapons of the political sector for the objectives and the creation of tactics considered unethical.
James Stuart: Collaborates with the work "source of authority" and the creation of techniques such as automation, also considers the work class and leaders to know their performance and requirements to better understand them.
Modern era
Industrial Revolution
This is the period when manual work was revolutionized with the help of tools and systems that made production faster and more specialized with volume production, knowing in advance that there were imbalances and lack of protection for the worker, the important thing was produce, not people. It was necessary to create standards to monitor and control companies for this reason the birth of specializations, given this the different types of thoughts, administrative and labor theories.
- Industrial toolsCompetenceAutomationSpecialization in workProductionSpecialization in machines and tools
Adam Smith: He made contributions to classical economics, and was the writer of the work "The Wealth of Nations" this gave him prestige and in which he gave economic tools such as "division of labor to achieve productivity", and "experience of workers in processes and tasks ”and his well-known phrase“ let go, let go ”.
James Watt: He created the steam engine, a machine that came to revolutionize the industry, gave a great advance in the conditions of production processes, considerably increasing the productivity of companies. The Industrial Revolution made the socio-economic, technological and cultural transformation of England and later the whole world; Transportation routes grew enormously, and railroads were the highest paying companies of the 19th century.
The Industrial Revolution had two eras:
- 1770 to 1860: Where coal and iron were the main resource. 1860 to 1914: This period is recognized as the second industrial revolution, where electricity replaces steam and steel replaces coal.
Charles Babbage: Father of computing, and his main works are:
- Development of computers A model called differential machine Design and elaboration of the analytical machine Applied and demonstrated the theme of analytical calculus
Henry Varnum Poor: I create the principles of management in work processes for railways, because the rails of the tracks were severely expanded, and that those who had the railway lines as a transport company should be governed by three important principles, the information, communication and organization being the most important and important
Daniel C. McCallum: I work in conjunction with Henry Vamum to have experience in positions of railway lines, where I use an organization chart of hierarchical levels by placing it as a model which allows knowing the activities and communication, to make understand the authority of managers and decision-making.
The classical concept of administration: It is scientific administration and the classical theory of administration.
Scientific management
Scientific administration gurus
Scientific administration gurus
Frederick Taylor: He is known as the father of scientific management. Its main idea was to intensify production through the efficiency of work activities and the increase of salaries to employees.
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth: Frank is credited with time and motion studies and Lillian, being a famous psychologist in the industrial sector, made great humanistic contributions in labor processes and in how the characteristics of the workforce and what were perceived. necessary for its performance.
To this couple are added great humanistic achievements within the labor processes, since being a famous psychologist made great contributions to the industry within its workforce to increase the performance of the workers.
Now a table is presented where the achievements of these two thinkers can be emphasized:
Scientific administration gurus
Contribution of Frank and Lilian Gilberth
Henry L. Gantt: professional in the mechanical engineering area and disciple of Taylor, he supported for approximately fourteen years to carry out work in industrial organizations Gannt carried out great activities where the investigations that established a control and planning system for the processes stand out. By means of graphs, which today are so widely used and known as Gannt diagrams, today they are used for planning the activities of a company, I also carry out a task bonus system from the humanistic point of view.
Harrington Emerson: Pioneer in research focused on selection and training of industrial operators, he made contributions in the areas of performance principles to increase productivity; initiating what today we call goal-based management.
Classical administration theory
Henri Fayol: He is recognized as the father of modern administration, and classified the industrial area in six steps:
- TechnicalCommercialFinancialSecurityAccountingAdministrative
Henry Fayol established planning, organization and control as parts of the administration and the importance of the manager's cunning, as fundamental in work matters. It also established fourteen points today recognized as "Administrative principles based on the administration process."
Wilfrido Pareto: Of Italian origin, his contribution is the well-known “Pareto principles”, with these demonstrations were made that only 20 percent of the variables caused 80 percent of the remaining effects.
Conduct or human relationships: This current has elements that are based on psychological, sociological treatises from which the purpose is to achieve efficiency in how to direct people.
Scientific administration gurus
Authors of behavioral sciences
Currently we can find thinkers who continue to give contributions to the administration and the business world we have Gurus of the current era such as:
Scientific administration gurus
Bibliography
- The prism. (2009) Entrepreneur.com. (2010).Española, RA Dictionary of the Spanish language.George, JC (2005). History of administrative thought. González, CB (2009). Administration I. Xalapa.Hernández and Rodríguez, S. (2006). Introduction to administration. Koontz, H., & Heinz, W. (2001). Management a global perspective.Munch Galindo, GM (2001). Administration Fundamentals.
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