SCIENTIFIC ADMINISTRATION
As a consequence of the Industrial revolution, the main approaches of the Modern Administration of the last years of the 20th century were emerging. It is from 1880 when the development of the new theories gains strength and substance.
The first school of administrative thought is the SCHOOL OF SCIENTIFIC ADMINISTRATION.
scientific-administration-and-classical-theory-of-administrationMain representatives of the Scientific Administration
HENRY L. GANTT
One of its main contributions to the administration is the bar graph known as the Gantt chart or diagram, which consists of a diagram in which the horizontal axis represents the units of time, and the different functions are recorded in the vertical, which They are represented by horizontal bars, indicating the various times that each of them requires. He was called the father of Management.
GANTT DIAGRAM
HARRINGTON EMERSON
His book, The 12 Principles of Efficiency (1911), laid the groundwork for efficient operations, and his 12 principles that were somewhat parallel to the teachings of Frederick Winslow Taylor were as follows:
1. Clearly defined ideals.
2. Common sense.
3. Competent advice.
4. Discipline.
5. Fair treatment.
6. Reliable, immediate and adequate records.
7. Distribution of work orders.
8. Standards and programs.
9. Conditions.
10. Standard operations.
11. Standard written practice instruction.
12. Reward for efficiency
There is no doubt that the 12 principles put forth by Emerson in 1911 are as valid today as they were then.
FRANK AND LILLIAN GILBRETH
- They introduced the study of times and movements of operators as a basic administrative technique and studied elementary movements. They also conducted studies on the effects of fatigue on production.
- They isolated 17 basic movements in carrying out the tasks, which they called therblig («Gilbreth» spelled backwards, with the t and h reversed).
Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)
- Was born in Philadelphia, USA. He started out as a laborer at Midvale Steel Co, then went on to become a supervisor, and Workshop Manager and Engineer in 1885 after graduating from the Stevens Institute.
- Taylor reaffirmed that the role of managers is to plan and control.
- The main scientific methods in administration are observation and measurement.
Better to manage by planning
- Taylor realized that workers worked best when you put them in the right job and under the right conditions.
- Maintaining an equal division of labor
- Training, teaching and following instructions to the letter.
- “Administrative efficiency is increased with the specialization of work ''
Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management.
For Taylor, management acquired new powers and responsibilities described by the following four principles:
1 - Planning Principle:
To not improvise when doing the work.
2 - Principle of Preparation:
Generate adequate conditions organizing the work.
3 - Control Principle:
Supervise that everything was done as planned.
4 - Execution Principle: It
implied discipline in carrying out the work.
PRODUCTION LINE OF FORD'S FAMOUS MODEL T
Contributions of Scientific Administration
- Concept of administration as science.
- Concept of efficiency.
- Time and movements study.
- Division of labor and specialization.
- Serial production.
- Payment through incentives and prizes.
- Standardization.
- Supervision of functions.
Classical Theory of Administration or Administrative Process
Henri Fayol (1841-1925), creator of the Classical Theory. He was born in Constantinople and died in Paris. He lived through the First World War.
He graduated in mining engineering and joined a metallurgical and coal company, where he developed his entire career.
UNIVERSALITY OF ADMINISTRATION
Fayol points out that the Administration is a common activity to all human organizations, and applicable to all group activity, be it 'the home', 'business' or' the government 'and that, therefore, it is' universal ”
THESE THEORY HAS THE FOLLOWING CONTRIBUTIONS:
1- Develop the first studies and analysis of the management and administration aspects of the organizations.
2- It enunciates the 14 classic principles of Administration.
3- Apply a concept of division of the Company into areas and an important administrative methodology which integrates an important starting point for the administration.
FAYOL PART OF THE PROPOSITION THAT ANY COMPANY CAN BE DIVIDED IN SIX GROUPS:
1-Technical functions, related to the production of goods or services of the company.
2-Commercial functions, related to the purchase, sale and exchange.
3-Financial functions, related to the search and management of capital.
4-Security functions, related to the protection of property and people.
5-Accounting functions, related to inventories, records, balances, costs and statistics.
6-Administrative functions, related to the integration of the other five functions. The administrative functions coordinate and synchronize the other functions of the company, always on top of them.
Fayol defines the act of managing as:
- Planning: Visualize the future and outline the action program.
- Organize: Build the material and social structures of the company.
- Lead: Guide and guide staff.
- Coordinate: Link, unite and harmonize all collective acts.
- Control: Verify that everything happens according to the established rules and the orders given.
Administrative functions encompass elements of administration, that is, administrator functions.
PROPORTIONALITY OF ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS
The administrative functions are distributed at all levels, proportionally.
According to Fayol, the 14 general principles of administration are:
1. DIVISION OF LABOR
Divide work into specialized tasks and assign responsibilities to specific people.
2. AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITY
The first is the right to give orders, the other is a natural consequence of the first. Both must be balanced.
3. DISCIPLINE
Chiefs: energy and justice in sanctions orders, clear and fair rules.
Subordinates: obedience and respect for rules.
4. CONTROL UNIT
Each employee must receive orders from a single boss.
5. UNIT OF MANAGEMENT
Employee efforts should focus on achieving the organization's objectives.
6. SUBORDINATION OF INDIVIDUAL INTERESTS TO GENERAL
General interests must take precedence over private interests.
7. REMUNERATION OF PERSONNEL
There must be a fair and guaranteed satisfaction for the employees and for the organization.
8. CENTRALIZATION
Concentration of authority at the top of the organization
9. SCALE CHAIN
Maintain communication within the chain of command.
10. ORDER
There must be a place for everything and everything must be in its place. Material and human order.
11. EQUITY
Kindness and justice to obtain loyalty from the staff.
12. STABILITY OF STAFF
Rotation has a negative impact on the efficiency of the organization.
13. INITIATIVE
Encourage employees to act on their own in support of the organization's management.
14. TEAM SPIRIT
Promote unity of interests between employees and management.
FAYOL PRINCIPLES
Fayol also established a "profile" of an administrator in terms of:
- Physical qualities Intellectual qualities Moral qualities Specific knowledge Experience
Contributions of Classical Theory
- Consider management as a profession in which it is possible to train and develop. Give importance to the great political aspects of higher-level managers. Offer universal management principles or standards.
