The administration had its beginnings in the primitive era when man became sedentary and the development of primary activities was essential for his survival, therefore he was forced to divide these tasks among the members of the group, giving rise to the first leaders.. Subsequently, as the group grew, they had to implement more complex forms of administration, the need arises to use advisers and later courts of justice and administrative officers, in this way it grew, structuring and ranking the group of people who guided the civilization. On the other hand, "the pioneers of the administration" also emerged who, with their theories, together with the events that revolutionized the industry, provided the basis for what we know today as modern administration.
The present work was developed with the purpose of providing information about the evolution of the science of the administration from its beginnings and throughout the universal history. The purpose of the data collection is to present how it has changed, improved and has been used in different times and places.
Key Words: administration, evolution, history.
Administration definition
To begin with, the concept will be defined, Chiavenato (2004) presents a definition that divides the word administration into two parts, according to the Latin words ad which means towards, direction, tendency and minister whose meaning is direction or obedience, reason why In its entirety, the concept refers to the person who carries out a series of activities under the supervision and direction of another, it can be determined that this definition is not sufficient since the administration is currently considered as a set of activities that include planning, organize, direct and control the human, material and financial resources that an entity has for the achievement of objectives.
There are some other authors who consider it a process and some others consider it an art, in reality it is both, because it represents a process in itself and requires different techniques, methods, models, theories and approaches that when used in the proper way serve to achieve successful operation.
Administration history
When primitive man stopped walking around the world and decided to settle at a single point, the development of primary activities such as fishing, hunting and agriculture was necessary for his survival, so these tasks had to be coordinated and divided The members of the group, giving rise to the beginnings of leadership, in those times were considered the longest-serving member of the group as the leader, since due to their experience was the wisest, this is called the patriarchal system.
These groups were considered families, as they grew demographically they became tribes, to later form what is now known as nations, whose operation and integration required more complete and complex forms of administration and leadership.
First civilizations to implement administration
The first records that have been found of the fragmentation, assignment and supervision of labor in an established society were the tablets of the Sumerian civilization, which were made of clay and whose organizational structure continued to use the patriarchal system, however now its leaders are they considered religious or spiritual guides, also called priests.
On the other hand, in the Babylonian cities the Hammurabi code was established, which is considered a precedent of the Ten Commandments, it contained the bases of behavior for civilization that included from the family structure, punishments, contracts, witchcraft, as well as those economic penalties and physical for breaches of the code that were applied at that time, among other aspects.
The Egyptian civilization was paramount in the history of the administration, implementing it both in its government and in the construction of the pyramids. The Egyptians revolutionized the form of administration in the structure of civilization, since the pharaohs at that time had advisers; moreover, by 5000 BC they were able to plan the construction of their gigantic structures, as well as organize and control around 100,000 people and slaves that were required for the 20 years that on average the construction of a pyramid lasted.
By this time in China a similar form of government was employed however instead of organizing and controlling construction slaves, it was using standards to organize and control its army.
Later in the development of the first leaders and according to the old testament, Moses is found who guided what amounts to almost the population of a city of Jewish slaves oppressed by the then pharaoh, Ramses, to free themselves from tyranny and domain in which they lived.
To maintain order, the Greek public administration established bodies such as councils, administrative officials, courts of justice, among others. Up to this point, great thinkers had already made various contributions to the science of administration such as the parables of Confucius that served as inspiration for public administration, Aristotle established that with a timely administration a perfect state can be achieved and Plato who proposed the bases for a healthy republic thus becoming the forerunners of it.
Another example of the excellent organization of a civilization was the Roman Empire, which stood out for the conquest of much of Europe thanks to the good administration implemented in its army.
Meanwhile, in the West, cultures such as the Aztec and the Mayan had a structurally well-defined civilization at the highest point of hierarchy was an emperor, who led the empire through the advice of his spiritual guides, his beliefs were based in rituals to attract abundance. The administration in these civilizations was so well implemented, even when their technological level was lower than that of other latitudes, that they designed and built their own aqueducts and even commercialized agricultural and mineral products with other civilizations through barter.
As can be seen, many techniques that are used in the current administration began or have their bases in the birth and development of the first civilizations in the world (Johnson & Breckon, 2007).
The Church and Feudalism
In the Middle Ages the church had a well-defined hierarchy, it was then that it was at its peak leading a large number of believers, who were attracted and guided through their faith, its power became so great that it had even influence on politics.
It was in charge of recruiting men to train them and send them to the world to spread their beliefs, so it positioned itself thanks to the importance that believers gave it, thus establishing itself in much of the globe and becoming one of the powers that today they move the world.
Feudalism was mainly characterized by the division of land and servitude, at this time the owner of each piece of land was called the feudal lord, and in addition to being who administered them, he was in charge of assigning workers their tasks in the field It is worth mentioning that these workers received in exchange only the protection of the feudal lord.
Industrial Revolution
The main motto of this era was "Use wealth to create more wealth" and the event that marked the beginning of this era was the appearance of inventions that revolutionized industry, economy and commerce Mainly, the steam engine stood out, since handicrafts began to be replaced with machines to increase production in what were the first factories, so now the worker contributed a scarce workforce in exchange for compensation, which in most cases it did not justify the excess hours that they were required to meet.
Research and development on production began, from which the implementation of series production emerged, as well as factors such as movement and the times required for production, another important contribution of this time. It was the specialization in the products and the establishment of work zones by areas.
A short time later, with the arrival of the First World War, it was observed what the mass production of weapons used in combat was, under the previous investigations that had been carried out on the increase in production.
Modern administration and its approaches
The General Theory of Administration
It establishes that the administration is practically the logical direction of the tasks and activities that the operation of an organization entails, although it does not intend to obtain an economic benefit, so this theory aims to study the administration of organizations, and therefore administration in the field of action regardless of where it is applied, that is, whether or not it is for profit. For this theory, a manager or administrator must contribute strategies, provide solutions to problems, improve competitiveness, allocate resources and provide innovation.
Classic Approach
This approach emphasizes the efficient administration of workers, its main drivers were industrialization and capitalism, the disciplines it implemented were organization theory and bureaucratic and administrative management. Its theorists were Macchiavello, Adam Smith, and Henry Fayol.
Scientific Approach
The drivers of this approach were capitalism, industrialization, and war, its theorists being Frederick Taylor, Henry Gantt, and Henry Ford, with an emphasis on the application of the methods of the physical sciences.
Humanist Approach
Its theorists were Robert Owen, Karl Marx. Mary Parker Follet, Elton Mayo, Abraham Maslow and Geer Hofstede, their main disciplines were the power of human relations and motivation in behavioral science, the main drivers were capitalism, industrialization and democracy, and towards emphasis on relevance of the human being and the culture of motivation.
Structuralist Approach
The bureaucracy theory was the basis for the authors of this approach, who focused on organizational sociology, which seeks to relate the company to its external environment in a way that leads to interdependence, using a globalizing approach.
Neo-liberal approach
This approach towards emphasis on wealth, the market, capitalism, consumerism, internationalization and leadership, its theorists were Peter Drucker, Henry Mintzberg and Edwards Deming, its drivers were capital, consumers, colonialism and industrialization and its main disciplines were economics, private policy and business ethics.
Post Neo-liberal approach
Its main drivers were political pressure, nuclear treaties, indigenous ancestry and post-capitalist reforms, the disciplines on which it was based were human relations, theory of law, public policy and business ethics, towards an emphasis on relations, structures global business, open economy, open science, interculturalism, cooperation, and its main theorists were Martin Heidegger Gilles Deleuze, Peter Senge and Michael Peters.
conclusion
It can be seen that the administration was born at the same time as the first events in human history, so it could be said that it develops with humanity as it evolves. In its beginnings it did not require large structures or written codes because the number of people that addressed it was very small, however as humanity grew demographically, the administration necessarily had to evolve in order to organize and control the large volumes of people with the tribes that later became nations, each civilization implemented it differently and according to what it required, adapted it to their culture, so it was molded until it reached what we know it today.On the other hand, over time it has grown to a level in which it has different aspects that complement it in order to achieve the objectives established by each company.
Bibliography
- Blaschke, J. (2000). The great enigmas of Christianity. Barcelona: Robinbook Editions. Chiavenato, I. (2004). Introduction to General Administrative Theory. Mexico.: McGraw-Hill.Imitola de Franco, M. (October 06, 2010). Origin and evolution of the administration. Obtained from Introduction to the administration.: http://introduccioniujoadmon.blogspot.mx/2010/10/origen-y-evolucion-de-la- administracion.htmlJohnson, J., & Breckon, D. (2007). Managing Health Education and Promotion Programs. Jones & Bartlett.JR, G., S., C., & Álvarez, L. (2005). History of administrative thought. Mexico: PEARSON EDUCACION.Salazar, C. (October 17, 2007). History of administration in ancient civilizations. Obtained from Theology and History.: http: // csalazar.org / 2007/10/17 / history-of-the-administration-in-the-ancient-civilizations-3 / Shaw, R. (May 08, 2013). The evolution of management theory. Obtained from http://www.gdufs.biz/MGPLect11.pdfVillarreal Toral, A. (October 29, 2013). History, changes and evolution of the administration. Obtained from Gestiopolis.: http://www.gestiopolis.com/historia-cambios-y-evolucion-de-la- administracion /
