Introduction
In this next research paper we will talk about industrial automation, which is the use of control systems and computer technology to reduce the need for human intervention in some process.
We will also talk about robotics, its classification, how important the use of technology and systems is for companies today, since it optimizes the use of human resources, increased production, etc. and computerized control.
Abstract
We next discuss research on industrial automation, which is the use of control systems and computer technology to reduce the need for human intervention in any process.
Also talk about robotics, classification, how important it is nowadays the use of technology and systems for businesses, as it optimizes the use of human resources, increased production, etc. and computerized control.
Development
1.1 Industrial automation
It is the use of computerized and electromechanical systems or elements to control machinery and / or industrial processes replacing human operators.
Automation as an engineering discipline that is broader than a control system, encompasses industrial instrumentation, which includes sensors, field transmitters, control and monitoring systems, data transmission and collection systems, and Real-time software applications to monitor, control plant operations or industrial processes.
The earliest simple machines replaced one form of effort with another that was human-driven, such as lifting a heavy weight with a pulley system or a lever. The machines were later able to substitute natural forms of renewable energy, such as wind, tides, or a flow of water for human energy.
In 1801, the patent for an automatic loom using punched cards was given to Joseph Marie Jacquard, who revolutionized the textile industry.
The most visible part of today's automation may be industrial robotics. Some advantages are repeatability, tighter quality control, greater efficiency, integration with business systems, increased productivity and reduced work. Some disadvantages are large capital requirements, a severe decrease in flexibility, and an increase in dependence on maintenance and repair.
There are many jobs where there is no immediate risk of automation. No device has been invented that can compete against the human eye for precision and certainty in many tasks; neither does human hearing. The most useless of human beings can identify and distinguish more essences than any automatic device. The skills for human recognition pattern, language recognition, and language production are beyond any expectation of automation engineers.
There is a fundamental and very current concept around Industrial Automation and that of DCS (Distributed Control System). A Distributed Control System is made up of various levels of automation ranging from a minimum of 3 to 5. They are called: field level, control level, supervision level, MES level and ERP level.
Specialized computers and analog and digital input and output cards are used to read field inputs through sensors and, based on your program, generate outputs to the field through actuators. This leads to control precise actions that allow close control of any industrial process.
Human-Machine interfaces (HMI) or Human-Computer interfaces (CHI), formally known as Human-Machine interfaces, are commonly used to communicate with PLCs and other computers, for tasks such as entering and monitoring temperatures or pressures for automatic controls. or response to alarm messages.
Another form of automation involving computers is automation testing, where computers control automated test equipment that is programmed to simulate humans who manually test an application. This is usually accompanied by automated tools to generate special instructions that direct the automated test equipment in the exact direction to end testing.
1.2 Robotics
Robotics is the branch of technology that is dedicated to the design, construction, operation, structural arrangement, manufacturing, and application of robots. Robotics combines various disciplines such as: mechanics, electronics, computing, artificial intelligence, control engineering, and physics. Other important areas in robotics are algebra, programmable automata, and state machines.
The term robotics is coined by Isaac Asimov, defining science that studies robots, he also created the Three Laws of Robotics. In science fiction man has imagined robots visiting new worlds, taking power, or simply relieving themselves of housework.
Robot classification:
According to its chronology:
1st Generation.
Manipulators. They are multifunctional mechanical systems with a simple control system, either manual, fixed sequence or variable sequence.
2nd Generation.
Learning robots. They repeat a sequence of movements that has been previously performed by a human operator. The way to do it is through a mechanical device. The operator performs the required movements while the robot follows and memorizes them.
3rd Generation.
Robots with sensorized control. The controller is a computer that executes the commands of a program and sends them to the manipulator to make the necessary movements.
4th Generation.
Smart robots. They are similar to the previous ones, but they also have sensors that send information to the control computer about the status of the process. This enables intelligent decision-making and process control in real time.
According to its architecture:
1. Polyarticulates
Robots of very diverse shape and configuration are found in this group, whose common characteristic is that they are basically sedentary (although exceptionally they can be guided to carry out limited movements) and be structured to move their terminal elements in a certain workspace according to one or more coordinate systems, and with a limited number of degrees of freedom. In this group are manipulators, industrial robots, Cartesian robots and are used when it is necessary to cover a relatively wide or elongated work area, act on objects with a plane of vertical symmetry or reduce the space occupied on the ground.
2. Mobile
They are robots with great displacement capacity, based on cars or platforms and equipped with a rolling-type locomotive system. They continue their way by remote control or guided by the information received from their environment through their sensors. These Robots ensure the transportation of parts from one point to another in a manufacturing chain. Guided by materialized tracks through electromagnetic radiation from embedded circuits in the ground, or through photoelectrically detected bands, they can even get around obstacles and are equipped with a relatively high level of intelligence.
3. Androids
They are robots that try to reproduce totally or partially the form and the kinematic behavior of the human being. Currently, androids are still very little evolved devices with no practical utility, and mainly intended for study and experimentation.
4. Zoomorphic
The zoomorphic Robots, which in a non-restrictive sense could also include the androids, constitute a class characterized mainly by their locomotion systems that imitate the diverse living beings. Despite the morphological disparity of their possible locomotion systems, it is convenient to group zoomorphic robots in two main categories: walkers and non-walkers.
5. Hybrids
They correspond to those of difficult classification, whose structure is placed in combination with any of the previous ones already exposed, either by conjunction or by juxtaposition. For example, a segmented articulated and wheeled device is at the same time one of the attributes of Mobile Robots and Zoomorphic Robots.
1.3 Computerized control
The Production Control System automatically records batch production, its movements between warehouses, quality control and shipment; With this information, the complete operation of the factory can be immediately known and controlled in detail.
A label is printed with the number that identifies each individual batch, as well as the Line, Shift and quantity data; When this production batch is transferred to the different stages of its process: other lines, warehouses, quality control or shipment, its batch number is recorded. A Database is automatically fed with this information, which allows obtaining immediate and updated information on the operation of the factory.
Three methods can be used to record movements at the factory:
- Barcode reader with a PalmPalm to write the number of each label Printed format to record the data, which is captured on the computer.
Computerized System for Production Control
The central advantages of an automatic system over the usual manual procedures are:
- Loss control: A detailed, immediate and automatic control is maintained over production, which allows a high degree of security in the handling of goods, because it can be quickly verified where and when each Lot has been. detailed and automatic control over the work of the production areas, quality control, warehouses and shipments, and it can be known immediately: who has done what, where and when. From there derives a supervision of work rates, productivity benefits, etc. Automatic capture: Significant labor savings and errors in capturing production data, which is usually done by transcribing reports written by the Operators, and organizing the information to control factory operations Ability to make immediate and sound decisionsbecause the information is always available and updated, at the computer level. In a manual system, information exists in written reports, but it must be processed to be useful in monitoring and decision-making.
In a computerized system, from the moment the information is recorded, it can be processed and the results obtained.
These benefits of the computerized system are for:
Directors:
Information is power. They have reliable information on the essential operations of the factory, which is used to diagnose problems and their solutions, while allowing Excel to have the necessary information for planning activities and finances.
Supervisors:
Monitor the factory with reliable data, less work, and more opportunity.
Workers:
In a well-organized factory, there are usually fewer problems, better wages, and more opportunities for those who work.
conclusion
In conclusion, Industrial Automation is the use of computer technology and control systems to reduce human resources in a process. Thus, it has great advantages in terms of more efficient production and less risk to the operator, such as replacing the human operator in tasks that are beyond the scope of its capabilities, such as lifting heavy loads, working in extreme environments, or tasks that require handling of high precision. Another advantage is the increase in production.
Robotics studies the design and construction of machines capable of performing tasks performed by humans or that require the use of intelligence. The most important result of a factory is its production, and the computerized control aims to report in detail and statistical production.
