One of the current concerns, both for governments and global associations, is development at a historical moment in which there is a social demand for changes for a better quality of life.
Summary
This work whose objective is to analyze development in light of its conception, its elements and the approaches under which it has been addressed, will be conducted from the perspective of human development by virtue of man being its protagonist and object. The methodology is inscribed under the experiential introspective approach based on the identification that occurs between the research subject and their object of study (Finol and Camacho, 2006). The need to generate development plans is inferred, primarily aimed at contributing to the evolution of the human being, from organizations, with a humanistic and comprehensive vision of people, where the main ingredient is the values.
To achieve this, management that privileges personal and professional development is required, with an emphasis on locating ethical values from concrete local experiences in order to put principles and criteria into practice in interventions, with the participation of populations in their own decisions..
Abstract
One of the current concerns, for the governments and for the world associations, is the development, in a historical moment in which a social demand of changes claims for a better quality of life. The goal is guided to analyze the development under its conception, its elements and the focuses under these have been approved. This research will behave under the perspective of the human development because of human being represents its main character and object. The methodology is considered introspective vivencial in function of the identification that take place between the research and its study object (Finol and Camacho, 2006) The necessity is inferred of generating development plans, primarily directed to contribute with the human being evolution, from the organizations, with a humanistic and integral vision of people,where the main ingredient constitutes the values.
To achieve it, an administration it is required that privileges the personal and professional development, with emphasis in the localization of ethical values from the local experiences sum up to be able to take to the practical principles and approaches in the interventions., With the participation of the populations in their own decisions.
Reason Exhibition
One of the current concerns, both for governments and for global associations, is development, at a historical moment in which there is a social demand for changes for a better quality of life.
In the consulted literature several edges on development are handled, there is talk of economic, scientific, technological, endogenous development, however, in my view, the development of man is neglected.
In this work role, the perspective of human development will be taken, in consideration of man as a thinking entity, who is responsible for developing nature, the environment where he lives.
What is Development?
In a didactic way, we must begin by understanding what development is; For this we will locate ourselves in biology, from where it can be defined as the process that leads, in favorable conditions to a situation of full deployment of capacities: physical, cultural, political, economic and ecological.
Among the physical capabilities are being healthy and being fed. Cultural capacities encompass traditions, creativity and knowledge. Economic capacities refer to production and distribution and consumption to live well. Policies take into consideration participating in government tasks and enjoying citizenship without discrimination.
In a figurative sense, development constitutes the unfolding of possibilities that are present in a certain being that has not reached the state of maturity or fullness, which does not yet have all the capabilities. Transferring this conceptualization to the area of the economy, we have economic growth as a fundamental element for human development (Velásquez and Gutiérrez, 2006).
Economic growth is understood as the increase in total production of goods and services that is experienced over a certain period of time (Martínez, 2000) and is represented by a country's gross domestic product (GDP); To calculate it, the GDP is divided by the total number of inhabitants, thus resulting in per capita income, used as an indicator of economic growth. However, this is not a sufficient condition to guarantee the development of man. In this regard, the report of the United Nations for the Development of Peoples PUND (2003), highlights among its conclusions that measures such as the reassignment and greater mobilization of National resources are not sufficient for development.
This idea is shared by Lescher (2000) who comments that the good performance of macroeconomic and macro-social indicators does not lead the population to feel safe, the author highlights the fears that they express towards exclusion, crime, pollution and stress, among others. In other words, despite the existence of a good economy, feelings of insecurity persist.
According to Martínez (2000), social development implies overcoming the identification between economic growth and development, as well as setting aside the ideology based on Rostow's theory of growth because it does not take into account the problems of non-renewable resources, nor ecological limits of growth.
On the contrary, it must be understood as a multilinear process, where the deployment of the human capacities of the entire population, the equitable distribution of the socially produced wealth and the respect of ecological balance are valued. As early as 1986, Max-Neef and his collaborators expressed that human development is concentrated and sustained in satisfying man's needs, and tries to articulate human beings with nature and technology.
In this perspective, they propose a development on a human scale, whose basic postulate refers to people; consequently, the purpose of development will be to seek to satisfy most human needs adequately. Seen in this way, the indicator to measure development should be the quality of life of people, as recommended by the PUND when saying that human development should focus on satisfying fundamental human needs.
Basic Elements of Development
Finding the best way to use resources and knowledge to meet people's needs implies thinking about their needs as basic elements of development, while the person is a being of needs, which can be multiple or interdependent, because they are interrelated and they interact. (PUND; 2003) Needs have been classified from existential and axiological categories, this combination allows us to recognize needs to be, have, do and be within the first categories; in the axiological ones, the needs of subsistence, protection, affection, understanding, participation, leisure, creation, identity and freedom are recognized.
The needs for their satisfaction can be met at different levels and may require various satisfiers; A classic example is represented by the mother who breastfeeds her child, providing her with food is satisfying her need for food, but at the same time, gives her affection and protection; in turn, several satisfiers can contribute to satisfy different needs simultaneously.
It is necessary, also to refer to the purposes of development, Tortosa cited by Martínez (2000) presents four generic aspects related to poor development and their areas of incidence, which are displayed in the table below.
| Areas of incidence Terms
generic |
NATURE | WORLD | SOCIAL | PERSONAL |
| Wellness | Exhaustioncontamination | Equal Development Poverty | StagnationInjustice | Idleness |
| Security | Catastrophes | Directwar | Violence | Aggression |
| Freedom | Domination marginalization | dependence | Repression, submission | Disinterest |
| Identity | Alienation | Homogenization | Colonization | Alienation |
Possible contents of the bad development. Source: Tortosa in Martínez (2000)
Likewise, the aforementioned author presents a table referring to the possible contents of the development in the same terms as the previous table, only highlighting the positive aspects.
| NATURE | WORLD | SOCIAL | PERSONAL | |
| Wellness | Sustainable development | Global developer | GrowthEconomicEquity | Laboriosity |
| Security | Protection | Peace | Cooperation | Alienation |
| Freedom | Solidarity | Political development | Commitment | |
| Identity | Transcendence | Diversity | Self-confidence | EthnodevelopmentIntegration |
Possible contents of the development. Source: Tortosa in Martínez (2000)
Martínez refers to Tortosa's thoughts regarding the problems of poor development, which he attributes mainly to the case of nature and the world system, arguing that the world will continue to be more polluted and more vulnerable than today, in the case that continue wrong policies. Therefore, new ways of seeking fair development must be sought, leading to the economic integration of all, without exclusions, seeking peace, through justice. In other words, there is still time to avoid worse evils, leading to the destruction of the planet and, therefore, of the human being.
It is worth recalling here the ideas of Goulet (1995) who considered that development should focus on a decent life, in a just society, in which a good relationship with the environment prevails based on respect for ecological balance. To do this, it proposes a model to be applied in own tasks to achieve development.
It is based on reflective exploration applied to the location of values and counter values that are achieved in the policies and practices of the leading sectors.
Said model consists of four levels of ethical reflection: the first is directed towards development purposes, the second is for the evaluation criteria of the fulfillment of the purposes, the third is for the ethical evaluation of development strategies and finally the evaluation media ethics used in strategies. For a better visualization they are shown in the following table.
Levels of Ethical Reflection on Development
| Reflection levels | Characteristic issues | Degree of discussion |
| 1. Aims of development | Peace, equity, freedom, cultural identity, equality, harmony with nature | Low |
| 2. Criteria for evaluating the degree of fulfillment of the purposes | Adequate indicators of development: economic growth, distribution of wealth, quality of life, participation | Tall |
| 3.Ethical evaluation of development strategies | Economic policies, role of the market, welfare state, political democratization, | Tall |
| 4. Ethical evaluation of the means used in the strategies | Trade and finance reforms. Global and local projects, Advice, Loans, Donations, Technologies… | Low |
Source: Martínez, in Goulet, 1996
Most of the time they are the planners of the organizations, the people to whom the subject of development corresponds and it is their concern to take into account the proposal given by Martínez (2000) on the approaches that converge in decision-making, namely: technological rationality, politics and ethics.
These rationalities refer to the way of thinking or the body of criteria on which decision-making is based. In the particular case of technical rationality it aims to get something done, that is, to accomplish a specific task; politics seeks to ensure the survival of institutions, keep the rules of the game and ethical rationality seeks to promote, defend certain values for themselves, therefore it is up to them to make judgments as good, bad, correct or incorrect.
The convenient thing, Martínez points out, is that decision-making takes place taking into account the interaction of the three rationales, where the different knowledge and approaches at the service of a common objective are included in a balanced way, without there being a predominance of a criterion on the other.
Approach of Development Management
Castellano (2004) relates that development has been conceived as economic growth, a conception that has been supported by classical theorists such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Stuart Mills, Keynes, among others. They have proposed several models for growth, however such models have not responded to the problems, showing weaknesses in development, especially in Latin American countries.
He argues that development must be seen as a process of social change, leading to changes in social organizations. In this sense, for Castellano (2004: 56) development constitutes a "continuous and significant social change, more or less directed from a traditional society to a modern one". He explains that modern society should be completely different from the traditional one, characterized by low birth rates, high social and geographic mobility, predominance of formal relations, economy for mass production, among other characteristics.
Human development has also been approached from an option for the future, as proposed by Max-Neef (2001) based on a theory that goes beyond traditional conceptions with economic bases, based on the need to promote development aimed at satisfying human needs, focusing on the consideration of the human being as a promoter of local development and therefore regional and national.
It also focuses on the organic articulation of human beings with nature and technology, on the democratic deepening that encompasses all social groups. Said approach has been located within the popular nationalist economic style due to the similarity it has with it, in terms of the emphasis that both have on the development of the human being, as well as the definition of the State as a fundamental entity for development.
The management that is adapted to the development constitutes the social management, since it pursues the benefit for the community. It is important to locate the term management in a field that seeks to work as expressed by Kirchner (1997: 26) from "the perspective of a new organizational culture to respond to the challenges that the current hour poses, organizing activities decentrally, by strengthening local levels, working with projects that are real responses to needs ", with actions that serve to improve the quality of life of human beings, without losing the sense of it, without undermining the dignity of other people, seeking compatibility with others through solidarity relationships.
Another model for development is the one outlined by Martínez (2000) and which has been proposed by Goulet, which is known as “Ethics for Development”. It is characterized by emphasizing the localization of ethical values from concrete local experiences to put into practice principles and criteria in interventions.
They also analyze the values and counter values that are implicitly found in the practices and policies of the different sectors related to development.
They emphasize in this model the importance of the participation of populations in their own decisions and activities that affect them.
Lately, there has been talk of sustained development, in this regard Castellano (2002: 58) refers that it constitutes the most important emerging paradigm of recent times. He cites the definition of Meadows who conceives it as "one who can persist through generations, sees far enough ahead, is flexible enough, and wise enough not to undermine his physical or social support systems."
This definition implies the care that must be taken with the environment, with the family structure and with long-term planning.
The United Nations, through the world commission for environment and development, defined in 1982, sustainable development in the following terms “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the capacities that future generations have to meet their own needs ”
On the other hand, it is understood as a comprehensive process that requires commitments from the different actors in society in the application of the economic, political, environmental and social model, as well as in the consumption patterns that determine the quality of life, in which must incorporate sustainability.
The word sustainability, according to the teacher's manual (2003: 54) supposes a structural change in the way of thinking about development, since it imposes limits on productive growth, resource consumption and environmental impacts, to avoid exceeding the ecosystem holding capacity.; It means changing the quantitative bases that sustain it to think about a development capable of linking the economic, social and environmental, in a balanced way.
Final thoughts
Once the different elements that are related to development are considered and analyzed, it is inferred the need to generate development plans from organizations, primarily aimed at the development of the human being, with a humanistic and comprehensive vision of people, where the main ingredient are the values.
A development that involves learning as a primary factor for the personal and professional growth of the human being, which learns to communicate effectively and empathetically; in which culture, motivation and productivity are considered.
To achieve adequate development, management focused on the principles of participation, democratization, responsibility and transparency is required, in which people are given the capacity to respond with the primacy of the law.
The management that is applied must also consider and pay attention to their organization, as well as to the surrounding communities, with the elimination of poverty as a priority.
References
Castellano, H. (2004) Planning: tools to face complexity, uncertainty and conflict. Caracas: CENDES
Goulet, D. (1996) Assessing the cultural costs and benefits of development. Lima: Friedrich Ebert Foundation
Finol, M. and Camacho, H. (2006) The scientific research process. Maracaibo: EDILUZ
Kirchner, A. (1997) The management of social knowledge. Something more than Social Management. Buenos Aires: Editorial Space
Lecher, N. (2000) Challenges of Human Development: individualization and social capital. Development and Culture Forum organized by Science Po, for the general assembly of the Inter-American Development Bank.
Martínez, NE (2000) Ethics for the development of peoples. Madrid: Editorial Trotta
Max - Neef, M. (2001) Development on a human scale. Hopenhayn, Second Edition
UNDP (2003) Report on human development. The Millennium Development Goals: a pact between nations to eliminate poverty. New York. Mundi editions. United Nations development program.
INET / GTZ Project (2003) Teacher's Manual. Buenos Aires. Educate for the environment.
Velásquez EJ and A. Gutiérrez (2006) Economic growth and human development in Venezuela. An evaluation of its possible double causality. Venezuela: Editorial Production L + N XXI Diseños, CA
