Educating the digital society. pisa tests in the world

Knowledge has positioned itself as the key factor of competitiveness for the social, economic, productive and cultural progress of societies. Today, having an efficient National System of Educational Innovations becomes a crucial element for the development of society and therefore the country.

We face profound changes that are transforming the known world and will do so more dramatically and profoundly in the coming decades, in such a way that we cannot imagine the consequences of its impact. It is not the first time that humanity faces crises produced by innovations that change the lives of people, communities and all human activities. For example, the emergence of the wheel, the steam engine, electricity, telephony, and so many other inventions that changed, over the course of a few decades, the life and work of man.

The difference of the current crisis with these historical breaks is that in a very long time (a few years and even months) the contributions derived from digital technology, computing, the universalization of technological devices favored by their low costs, affects drastically everyday life, ways of working, ways of linking us, ways of recreation, ways of producing, marketing, transporting, manufacturing and transferring large volumes of data.

These changes have plunged societies into deep confusion, as they have happened in a very limited period of time and people face a world that is not only unknown but also changing, at a speed that any situation that is quickly mastered evolves and it becomes unknown. At this moment of convulsion, a part of the population born in these circumstances are technological natives, adapted to this environment of convulsion and permanent change. They are called Millennials, Generation Y (as a reference those born between the years 1980 and 2000) and Generation Z (what was born between 2000 and 2010).

The characteristic of the world in which we live today is permanent change. We call today's society with the label that most determines it:

"Digital Society". These phenomena especially impact education as a field of human interaction, transmission of knowledge, transmission of values and cultural patterns and also because it is the area responsible for the training of people, citizens and the workforce of decades to come.

CHAPTER 1 ROLE OF EDUCATION IN THE DIGITAL ERA

The education that is provided, in general, responds to a model generated in the 19th century. It is not enough to introduce improvements in its structure and organization or modify some of its variables. It is necessary to think of proposals that reinvent and update it from the building, curricular, equipment proposals, the curriculum, the roles, the budgets, the training and the hiring of teachers, the sources of financing, the methodology, and especially the pedagogical paradigm. Regarding the role of the student, to replace "teach" by

"to learn".

Education must guarantee the possibility of reaching the greatest personal potential to function as a citizen and to successfully insert into the economic structure of your country and cooperate in the development of the country. In other words, it must guarantee both personal and social development.

Education is going through a historical moment of profound change as a result of the impact of the digital revolution, in the same way that it is deeply affecting all areas of society. In education, the impact of informatics and digitization are factors that have a more decisive impact on its effects, and that is why it must not only be updated in the use of technology, the adequacy of the times, but must be anticipated as it must educate and empower people who in the immediate future must successfully perform in this new, open, changing, connected, global, digital context.

This transformation, due to its breadth and complexity, requires the involvement of political structures, of the community through its institutions, of parents as first and foremost responsible for student training, of the world of production making known the requirements of the labor market and providing the economic resources required.

Education must be flexible, formal and informal, complementary, with exits aimed at higher studies or technical training, with possibilities of recognizing available competences, with structures that provide bridges to mobilize and insert themselves at different levels of the system and with highly diversified offers to that people can be educated throughout their lives.

The design of new educational paradigms is characterized by being broad to contemplate all the needs of people and society, incorporating the changes, innovations and transformations that the

"Digital society". This is the new concept that replaces "the knowledge society". The changes and innovations will be aimed at enabling people to perform successfully in the 21st century Digital Society.

This innovative process is already changing in many countries and in some cases the innovations are already showing very successful results. He with the social, cultural, political and economic parameter of the society that wishes to transform his education with an eye toward the future and identify the initiatives with the greatest development potential. In addition, and as a corollary to this report, we will present the synthesis of the most original innovations and proposals that emerge from the analysis of pioneering institutions and systems.

There are different sources of information to visualize innovative practices, for example: International tests such as Las Pisa (OECD) and LLECE (UNESCO) (ⁱ that provide the results of the evaluation of student learning and allow us to appreciate the effectiveness of the basic education systems of the participating countries.

When the results of a university level innovation scale score are compared, it is found that they are not correlative with the results of the evaluations of basic education, although it can be expected that successful basic education systems mark a high level of education for incoming students at the next level. An indicative case is Switzerland.

EPISODE 2

PISA TEST RESULTS

We present a table showing the countries, by geographical area, that have obtained the highest scores in the latest PISA tests published in 2016.

The abbreviations correspond to the evaluated subjects:

(C = Science) (CL = Reading Comprehension) (M = Mathematics) and the Average of the OECD countries.

REGIONS	COUNTRIES	CLASSIFICATION
		C	CL	M
AMERICA OF THE NORTH	STATE UNITED CANADA MEXICO	25 7 58	24 two 55	39 10 56
OECD		30	28	30
AMERICA SOUTH AND CARIBBEAN	T84ARGENTINA CHILE URUGUAY PERU BRAZIL COLOMBIA COSTA RICA	38 Four. Five 47 64 63 57 55	38 42 47 65 59 54 52	42 48 47 62 65 61 59
OECD		30	28	30
EUROPE	GERMANY BELGIUM DENMARK SPAIN FINLAND FRANCE NORWAY PORTUGAL UK SWEDEN SWITZERLAND ESTONIA SLOVENIA IRELAND HOLLAND DENMARK AUSTRIA	16 twenty twenty-one 30 5 27 24 2. 3 17 28 18 3 12 19 fifteen twenty 26	12 19 17 25 4 twenty 9 22 twenty-one 18 29 6 14 5 16 17 3. 4	16 fifteen fifteen 32 12 26 19 28 27 24 8 9 14 17 eleven 13 twenty
OECD		30	28	30
ASIA	SINGAPORE JAPAN TAIPEI MACAU VIETNAM HONG KONG CHINA KOREA NEW ZEALAND AUSTRALIA	one two 4 6 8 9 10 eleven 13 14	one 8 2. 3 10 31 3 27 7 eleven fifteen	one 5 4 3 22 two 6 7 twenty-one 2. 3
OECD		30	28	30

Brief considerations on the Pisa 2016 results:

With the exception of Canada, in North America the results are closer to the OECD average than to the top positions.

In South America, all countries are below the OECD average.

Europe concentrates the largest number of countries that are above the OECD average.

Asia is the region that gets the top positions in the table. It is interesting to note that in some countries the score of Science and Mathematics is lower than that of reading comprehension, despite the fact that both for Science and Mathematics it is necessary to understand the slogans of the evaluation.

When comparing the results of the PISA 2016 test with the level of educational innovations, it can be seen that in Europe one country stands out, Finland. In recent years Asian countries have topped the list, in 2012 it was Shanghai, China, Singapore and Hong Kong that occupied the first three places and Finland the twelfth. In 2014 Singapore, Japan and Estonia were the first three and Finland the fifth. In 2016 the top five countries in the results table Estonia and Finland are located in Europe. The rest are Asian: Singapore, Japan, Taipei…

When analyzing its educational systems, it is precisely Finland that presents the greatest innovations despite the apparent success of the Asian countries whose results are due, rather than innovations, to the social and family commitment in education and to the system of demands and pressures that it has students to exceed educational goals.

The present work seeks to collect the peculiarities of the most successful countries and to recognize the strengths of each educational system. The order that we have chosen to analyze them will follow the classification obtained in the Pisa Tests 2016.

CHAPTER 3 THE FIVE COUNTRIES THAT LEAD THE PISA TESTS

COUNTRY: SINGAPORE

SCORE REACHED IN THE PISA 2016 TEST:

Science: First place in the table and 7 points more than in the previous test.

Reading Comprehension: First place and 5 points more than in the previous test.

Mathematics: First place and 1 point more than in the previous test.

BASIC DATA OF THE COUNTRY THAT INFLUENCES ITS EDUCATION:

Parliamentary Republic, made up of sixty-three islands. Its official languages: English, Malay, Chinese, Mandarin and Tamil. Population: 5,500,000 and its density is 7,700 inhabitants / km² HDI (Human Development Index): very high It is the third country with the highest per capita income. Singapore spends approximately 3% of its GDP on education.

HIGHLIGHTS OF EDUCATION IN SINGAPORE

The key to Singapore's educational success in Pisa is due to student effort, family pressure and social pressure, and an educational system based on demand and control. The academic, work and social life of the students depends on the school success. The educational system segregates the youngsters according to the academic results from the primary school. the hours of their day. Another element that explains success is the training and economic recognition of teachers. Only the best students can access the National Institute of Education . The high income of teachers is similar to that of an engineer (around 3,000 euros per month).The economic recognition is complemented by bonuses and benefits depending on the ranking that the school achieves, the results of the students and the seniority. In other words, teachers are also highly demanded and evaluated annually.

BASIC EDUCATION

It extends from 6 to 12 years old. Students learn English, the country's official language, in addition to their mother tongue (Tamil, Mandarin, or Malay), mathematics, science, humanities, and the arts. At the end of this period, the children face a kind of test that will assess their knowledge of languages, mathematics and science. The results determine your academic and professional future. Although almost all the children approve it, the grade obtained will allow them to choose the center where they will study in secondary education. The 160 high schools are ranked on a merit ranking.The grade on the primary level revalidation test also serves to divide children into three groups: advanced, normal and technical. The groups are permeable, so that students can move from one level to another according to their academic progress. In secondary school, students continue with elementary subjects to which a third language is added, to choose between Japanese, Korean, French, German or Spanish. The daily teaching hours are five for primary and six for secondary. Students have 10 weeks of vacation, in which most families resort to private classes so that children achieve the required levels of demand.This has sparked intense debate in public opinion, as families with higher purchasing power can pay more and better private teachers for their children, altering the principle of equal opportunities in public schools.

HIGHER EDUCATION:

After high school, which lasts between four or five years depending on the level, students undergo a new test to continue pre-university or vocational training.

STRONG POINTS OF EDUCATION IN SINGAPORE:

High demands on students due to family pressure and the system, as they must go through two selective evaluations. At the primary level, according to their results, they can choose the school where they will attend the secondary level. Institutions are classified in a merit ranking and when they finish this level, students are classified into three groups according to their academic results. Multilingualism is practiced from primary school The high demands that must be overcome to enter teacher training exert a strong selection. These requirements provide it with high social prestige and a very good economic income. The percentage of the annual budget allocated to education is relatively low.Children study long hours and throughout the year which makes them academically successful neglecting other aspects of personal training. The educational system is so intertwined with the cultural values of society that it is very difficult to transfer to other cultures.

COUNTRY: JAPAN

SCORE IN THE PISA 2016 TEST:

Science: Second place in the table and 3 points more than in the previous test. Reading Comprehension: Eighth place in the table and 2 points less than in the previous test

Mathematics: Fifth place in the table and 1 point more than in the previous test

BASIC DATA OF THE COUNTRY THAT INFLUENCES ITS EDUCATION

It is a parliamentary monarchy. ' Its population is 127,000,000. Its density is 336 inhab / km². The HDI (2015) is very high. It has recognized languages, its official language being Japanese. It is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. I participate in World War II and ended with two nuclear bombs in 1945. Its GDP places it as the third world economy.

KEY ASPECTS OF JAPAN EDUCATION:

Education in Japan is organized into six years of elementary level , three years of lower secondary education and three years of upper secondary education. Education is compulsory only during the nine years of primary and lower secondary education, but 97% of students continue their upper secondary studies. Japanese culture values the possession of a certain degree, and the higher the better, it is the one that determines the social position. The success of their achievement in the Pisa tests is based mainly on the social, family and system demands, since the students have to undergo an iron discipline and several exams to access the institutes and the universities.Students completing upper secondary education can access five types of higher education institutions, into which international students can enter. Japan's educational model is the product of a culture and society that demands efficiency in all aspects of personal life, putting great weight on teamwork and meritocracy. Compulsory education is mostly public and free. Children start school at 6 years of age and education is compulsory until the age of 15, although 95 percent continue until the age of 18. There are four fundamental educational levels: primary (from 6 to 12 years), lower secondary (up to 15), upper secondary (up to 18 years) and 74% of the university level.The Ministry of Education decides which textbooks are approved for each level and are distributed to schools free of charge. The students have to collaborate in various tasks such as cleaning the center or serving meals, which are taken in the center itself. To do this, the students divide into groups and work together. The school also organizes a multitude of complementary activities, such as sports tournaments, excursions or cultural outings, and very varied after-school activity clubs: sports, music, art, science, etc. These types of activities are considered to contribute to developing the ability to solve problems, work as a team and collaborate for a common purpose.In addition to the core subjects studied at each educational level, students have subjects such as home economics, where they learn to cook or sew, traditional Japanese arts, such as calligraphy or poetry, and moral education courses. It is considered essential that students develop cooperative behavior, group discipline, and respect for the rules. The most outstanding students help those with more difficulties, and the teacher has at his disposal different tools such as providing personalized attention in the classroom and after-school classes. The successes achieved in international tests such as TIMSS or PISA show high educational returns. Highlighting discipline and high-quality training, the system offers a model that will be exported to other countries in Asia, the Middle East and Africa.

STRONG POINTS OF EDUCATION IN JAPAN:

The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (with the collaboration of university professors and the Central Council of Education) establishes the Curriculum at the national level, where the basic lines of all the subjects taught in Japanese schools are established, its objectives and contents. These guidelines, which must be followed by all schools in the country , are reviewed every ten. Japanese society believes that success depends exclusively on personal effort achieved through cooperative work. Students adjust to the meritocracy system with two objectives: to achieve good results in order to have better training and employment opportunities in the future, and to gain the approval of the social group and their own family.Competitiveness is high, especially in exams that allow access to the best upper secondary schools and the most prestigious universities. The Japanese educational curriculum is very complete and demanding in terms of content and is completed with the resolution of problems and conflict situations as a way to overcome the memorization of information. They are thus prepared to face the selection that companies make than to hire their staff. The market values general skills more than knowledge or experience in concrete work, as specific knowledge is provided when they enter the company. Both primary and secondary school students have to do homework. Among other topics, they should practice the characters of the Japanese writing system.They also invest many hours in extracurricular activities, reinforcement classes and study hours. They also do homework during the winter and summer holidays, which usually consist of a project of their choice. The annual holidays are shorter, a total of 60 days, and divided into four times of the year. The prestige of teachers is high Intrinsically because the teachers in Japan came from the Samurai class and were highly regarded in society and respect for teachers remains intact. These two motivators make this profession highly demanded.a total of 60 days, and divided into four times of the year. The prestige of the teachers is intrinsically high because the teachers in Japan came from the Samurai class and had a high regard in society and respect for teachers remains intact. These two motivators make this profession highly demanded.a total of 60 days, and divided into four times of the year. The prestige of the teachers is intrinsically high because the teachers in Japan came from the Samurai class and had a high regard in society and respect for teachers remains intact. These two motivators make this profession highly demanded.Parents have the responsibility and the social duty to support the education of their children personally or by hiring a professional. The failure of the student is also considered a failure of her family environment. Success is based on the effort of the students and their families. ❖ The student studies many hours a day and during most of the year, even on vacation. Teachers are highly valued, well paid and highly demanded with continuous training and validation of your certification every 10 years. ❖ School failure is responsible, in addition to the student, family and teachers. The system is highly meritocratic since the possibility of choosing the institutions of the next level depends on the marks obtained.Institutions are classified according to the results obtained by the students, by the evaluation of their teaching staff, by the complementary benefits they offer, and by the opinion of the parents.

COUNTRY: ESTONIA

SCORE IN THE PISA 2016 TEST:

Science: Third place in the table and 2 points more than in the previous test. Reading Comprehension: Sixth place in the table and 9 points more than in the previous test

Mathematics: Ninth place in the table and 2 points more than in the previous test

KEY DATA OF THE COUNTRY THAT INFLUENCES ITS EDUCATION

Estonia has once again stood out in the PISA report for being the first European country in the science category. This European country has a population of 287,000 inhabitants. The Education Law in force in Estonia (1992) together with the Base Curriculum was (1996) still in force, which allows us to speak of great legislative stability that allows us to sustain and improve educational practices. ✓ The Estonian educational system is decentralized since it is the municipality that manages the public educational centers.In the distribution of the management of the centers that are not municipal: in secondary education 3% of the centers are state and 5% private. 92% of the centers are municipally owned. The State intervenes only in a subsidiary way. The administration from a local instance - the municipality - allows the proximity of the problems to be addressed. In Estonia educational centers have great autonomy for management. Each center is responsible for the selection and dismissal of teaching staff who must pass an opposition to work in public education. Professors in public institutions are subject to a hiring regime that makes the hiring system very transparent.Teachers and school directors are also obliged to train throughout their careers. In economic terms, Estonia allocates only 2% of its GDP to education, which means that the distribution of economic resources is substantially optimized.

BASIC EDUCATION

In Estonia schooling is compulsory one year later than in most countries as it starts at age seven. Students complete nine years of primary education, that is, they enter the secondary level at 16 years of age so that they arrive more mature to meet the objectives of a very demanding second cycle.

SECONDARY EDUCATION

Secondary education, which has a high level of demand, is three years long. At the end of the intermediate level, students can choose two itineraries: the first option allows them to pursue higher studies. Estonia is the country in which the most hours are devoted to Natural Sciences. 18% of the hours are spent in foreign languages and more than 10% in art. Graduation requires passing a practical job. ▪ The second option is Vocational Training with more specialties than traditional ones. This speaks to us of decisive, highly future-oriented secondary education, not a mere period of stability before the next level. Classes in Estonia are smaller since they have a limit of 24 students per classroom. Personalized education is a horizon that seeks equity in the system.

STRONG POINTS OF ESTONIAN EDUCATION:

Primary education is extensive and prepares the student for a brief and very demanding secondary education. Vocational training offers a wide range of options. The system grants great curricular space to sciences and foreign languages.

COUNTRY: TAIPEI (Taiwan)

SCORE IN THE PISA 2016 TEST:

Science: Fourth place in the table and the same as in the previous test.

Reading Comprehension: Twenty-third place in the table and 1 points more than in the previous test

Mathematics: Fourth place in the table and the same as in the previous test

KEY COUNTRY DATA INFLUENCING EDUCATION

For centuries many Asian societies have placed great emphasis on teaching. That attitude dates back 2,500 years, to the time of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, who maintained that education, respect and strong family ties were the key to a strong and functional society.The Republic of China (Taiwan) is an island of 36 One thousand square kilometers and 23 million inhabitants, whose capital is Taipei, which is why foreign trade is very important for economic development. Through the hard work of the Government, together with the schools, these efforts not only facilitate democratic development and economical, but also cultivate talent among young people, which is demonstrated by statistics of Taiwan's remarkable success in international academic competitions.Education has played a fundamental role in the economic and technological development of Taiwan in recent years. The economic development that Taiwan has undergone goes hand in hand with an educational system, guaranteeing the results with the constant monitoring that the State gives to students. inside and outside the classrooms. ✓ In accordance with the Education Law, no parent may retain a child at home during school time with the penalty of being imprisoned. When the student misses school, the teacher communicates with the parents to find out the reason for their absence, on the second consecutive day the educator appears at the student's house to personally investigate why he did not go to class, on the third occasion the guardian could be arrested.That is how rigorous the system is that places the primary responsibility for education in the family. ✓ The school system guarantees nine years of free and compulsory education. All education, public and private, is subject to state oversight, with the state spending no less than 15% of the nation's total budget on education. Education in Taiwan must not only focus on excellent academic achievement, it must also Emphasize the importance of assisting disadvantaged families. Taiwan focuses on training highly qualified personnel, research, production and marketing of technological products, production of inventive brains and creative designs that promote the country brand.The country has set its development potential in education and training, especially at the university level, with very ambitious goals that are achieved by focusing all efforts on the established goals. For example, in 2014 the Taipei Department of Education, the American Innovation Center and the American giant Microsoft Corporation announced a program to train one million computer programmers in Taiwan within one year.

KEY ASPECTS OF EDUCATION IN TAIWAN

School uniforms are required in most schools. ✓ There is a deep level of respect as a culturally forced attitude. In elementary school, students should stand up and say in unison, “Thank you, Teacher.” Students must pass the high level of requirement especially in math and science. The language of instruction is Mandarin. The current law organizes the system into just nine years of compulsory schooling. However, 95% of students go to high school, technical school, or college. The school year consists of two semesters separated by winter break lasting three weeks during which students must complete a school project.. Two years of preschool education are optional.

Primary school.

Formally, students start school at age 6 and finish at age 12. Elementary education is grades 1-6. Classes are held Monday through Friday, usually 7:30 AM to 4:00 PM., eight and a half hours (except Wednesdays that end at noon) ▪ The curriculum includes: Mandarin: The official language of instruction. Mathematics: Mathematics education begins with the foundations and scope of introducing algebra and geometry in 6th grade..Science: science classes covering basic biology, physics, and chemistry. English: English is a compulsory subject within the general school system of Primary School from grade 3 onwards. The habits of order and respect are very strict and regulated. Students are responsible for cleaning their own classrooms.Corporal punishment is officially prohibited, but many reports indicate that it continues to be practiced by many teachers, with often the support of parents.

Lower Secondary Level

It comprises 3 years, from 7 to 9 grade, and is the last section of compulsory education. Instruction ends around 4:00 pm, however, many students often remain at school until late until 9:00 pm for additional study. After-school tutoring is a popular option. The curriculum, in addition to the basic subjects, maintains English and includes Classical Chinese Literature, Composition and Oratory; Home Economics and Crafts, Arts (Fine Arts, Music and Theater) and Scout Education: Outdoor Survival Skills. At the end of the third year, students participate in exams that will enable them to enter Upper Secondary School. ▪The schools are ranked in order of merit and the possibility of accessing the best rated will depend on the score obtained in the exams at the end of the primary cycle. Students can also participate in an Exam

National Independent Professional that allows them access to the professional school.

Upper Secondary School

Upper secondary school extends grades 10-12. ▪ The focus is again on the test upon completion, this time to enter college. Most schools allow incoming students to select an interest in science or the liberal arts: Group I is comprised of liberal arts students, Group II, and Group III based on science studies (biology as an additional subject). The discipline is administered by military officers stationed in the schools. Along with the basic symbols of the Secondary school, there is a military education class covering issues such as civil defense, military training, national defense, firearms.

He ingresed at the University

It is administered through two methods:

Recommendations: Students take a national academic exam and select a list of majors they are applying for. They are evaluated for the first time by the results of the admissibility exam, then the second is determined by academic departments of the careers that are applying.The exam: the second option is for students who did not pass their applications must participate in the tests. of access to national universities after graduation, hoping for university access. Vocational School

Professional schools are similar to high schools. ▪ They are three-year institutions, aimed at developing skills with practical and professional emphasis. Incoming students choose a single concentration, such as electricity, civil, computer, or business engineering. Graduates of the vocational school can also participate in entrance exams at national universities.

Private schools

Available private schools are expensive and have had a reputation as an option for students whose test scores were not high enough to access public schools. ▪ Almost all private schools provide international programs. University About 43% of Taipei residents have obtained a university education. Approximately 66.6% of the more than 100,000 students who take the national entrance university exams are accepted into a higher education institution. Tuition is less expensive at public universities. Some federal funds are available from the government to support private universities. Universities in Taiwan offer a variety of master's and doctoral programs. The required study period is two to four years for master's degrees, and two to seven years for a doctorate. ▪ There are more than 100 educational institutions in the city of Taiwan. In contrast to the high pressure ambient nature of previous educational levels, university life is generally much more relaxed. Graduate degrees from the US and Europe are highly appreciated and many students study abroad. An average of 13,000 college graduates per year decides to pursue graduate studies in the US

Exchanges and studies abroad:

In view of international competitions, Taiwan has put a lot of effort into promoting academic exchanges, promoting study abroad and volunteering. Many young people travel to foreign countries to study and learn about other cultures.

Furthermore, the Republic of China (Taiwan) establishes a favorable environment to attract more and more international students to study at various universities in Taiwan. High technologies attract many young people every year interested in studying science and technology.

STRONG POINTS OF THE TAIWAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

The state's presence is manifested in the high percentage of the budget that is allocated to education, control of attendance and the development of a curriculum that maintains the Chinese cultural tradition, such as the Mandarin language and classical literature. The requirement for high returns to continue higher education is high. Learning English from the third grade of elementary school. ❖ Family pressure is added to the social and state pressure that requires students to spend many hours of study, high performance, great respect and an attitude of service. The state promotes the exchange of students with educational institutions abroad and with the reception of students from other countries.The university level is very prestigious and valued for its results at the international level. The time dedicated to study is very high: eight and a half hours per day, after-school study, only three weeks of annual vacations and during it they must carry out a school project.

COUNTRY: FINLAND

SCORE IN THE PISA 2016 TEST:

Science: Fifth place in the table and 11 points less than in the previous test. Reading Comprehension: Fourth place in the table and 5 points less than in the previous test

Mathematics: 12th place in the table and 10 points less than in the previous test

BASIC COUNTRY DATA INFLUENCING EDUCATION

Despite having fallen in the table of scores of the Pisa tests with respect to previous years, it is still the European country with the best results. As it is the country of western culture with the most educational success, it is very interesting for us to study the keys to Its achievements, since it is from this system that we can take some strong points to innovate in schools in European and American countries. Finland has as a strategic objective to ensure social and economic development, sustainable and balanced, based on productivity and international competitiveness. For this reason, since 1995 when I entered the European Union, the economy based on the exploitation of natural resources has changed for an economy based on knowledge.In a few years, the achievements are important, for example the population speaks, in its majority, at least 3 languages and 65% have a university degree. Finland has two official languages, the Finnish (92%) and the Swedish (6%). The Lappish people speak Saame, so education is provided in these languages. In some schools, education is provided only in English or Romani for Gypsies. Its population is 5.2 million inhabitants. Religion is Lutheran (85%) Although changes in education are constant, the organization of the system has remained almost unchanged since 1970. There is a responsibility-based Lutheran cultural heritage in Finland that fosters discipline and effort.The country's investment in education is high (6.8% of the national budget, which increases when the participation of municipalities is added, reaching up to 12%). This budget is enough to provide families with official aid so that they can reconcile work and care for their children. ✓ 80% of the population attends public libraries on weekends and in the adult population continuing education is common practice. ✓ School years have 190 days. The school week is 5 days and the number of hours is between 19 and 30 per week (between 3.8 and 6 hours per day).

There is local autonomy to establish extraordinary vacations.

The Finnish National Directorate for Education designs the National Curriculum which is then adapted by context-sensitive centers and local authorities.

KEY ASPECTS OF EDUCATION IN FINLAND

PRESCHOOL EDUCATION:

Two years in duration, it is not compulsory and takes place in a toy library, in or near the public school, at a low cost to families, according to their purchasing power. It has a daily duration of two hours. And if it is dictated in a school building it is before or after school hours. At home they begin to learn the language and socialization. The family attaches great importance to education. The teaching, support and guidance staff of the nurseries have post-secondary professional training.

BASIC EDUCATION:

It does not divide the years into primary and secondary, but it provides that the first 6 courses are in charge of teachers who teach almost all subjects and the last 3 courses are taught by teachers specialized in the subject or graduates with pedagogical training. At the end of the ninth year they can go to the next level or do an additional year that to improve their average of basic education and

a certification will accredit it.

The average number of students per class is between 12 to 20. In general, the students are the same age but there may be children of other ages, since the continuous system allows the educational process to be advanced or delayed according to the needs of the child. Socialization at school is very important and the bond with the teacher is high, since in general they continue with the same group until the sixth grade and the number of students in their care does not exceed 20 children.

Teachers do not transmit information but teach how to think, they emphasize the development of curiosity, creativity and experimentation.

Educational planning is agreed between teachers and students. Classes are not one-way and take place in a relaxed and tolerant environment. The teacher is obliged to be innovative in his classes to attract the attention of the students, linking what is discussed in class with real events. Teachers are the mainstay of the Finnish educational system. Despite the fact that his salary is not too high, he is highly valued by society. The prestige it possesses makes it a highly valued and highly sought-after profession by students upon finishing high school.The entrance to the teaching career already produces a great selection since only 10% of the applicants enter. To be a teacher requires a score of 9 on a scale of 10 in your high school and test average, a significant dose of social sensitivity, appreciated for participation in social and volunteer activities. Overcoming this first obstacle, each university provides other evaluations to the applicants, for example, an interview to evaluate their ability to communicate and empathy, a written summary of reading a book, the explanation of a class topic, a demonstration of artistic skills, a math test, and technology management. ▪The teaching career lasts for five years, three are for a bachelor's degree and the last two years for a master's degree in pedagogical specialization. Training is very demanding as they are expected to be educational experts. The brightest students are dedicated to the early childhood years as it is considered the most important and decisive stage for the rest of their educational process. The prestige that teachers have makes them people of social importance who deal with the multiple issues that concern society. University professors must have a doctoral or postgraduate degree

Schooling begins at 7 years of age because it is considered that at that time they are intellectually mature to assimilate and understand the information provided.

The system ensures that no student is excluded from the process with an efficient support system and individual classes. It is a way to strengthen their emotional stability and security. The personal attention dedicated to each student, especially those who have some difficulty, They receive individual support trying to overcome learning problems from the beginning of schooling. Self-sufficiency, creativity, intellectual development, thinking for oneself, reasoning and not memorizing are encouraged from the beginning of schooling. Educational supervision has been replaced by evaluation. ▪ Each center is governed by the legal framework and the objectives of the curriculum.The system is based on the quality and competence of teachers. The center's self-evaluation and external evaluation are carried out, thus overcoming the supervision system. Although reading and writing begins at age 7, children generally reach the beginning of basic education knowing how to read, learning that takes place in preschool and at home. Up to fifth grade there is no numerical evaluation as it seeks not to promote competition among children. They have fewer teaching hours than children from other countries. ▪ The Basic Education and Baccalaureate teaching levels are integrated and organized as a whole. Educational centers choose their teachers.These are supported by more experienced teachers and are evaluated by the system, by students and parents. By law, children must have time for rest, play, recreation and affections after school hours, educational trips and homework. In the first years they have very few homework and in the last years they increase the burden of home studies, but these are always necessary and never excessive. Homework should include cooking, sewing, and lots of book reading.

The learning environment in the centers is very welcoming since it has a community center, where students can find pool or ping-pong tables at school, set up so that young people enjoy sharing leisure time with their classmates. The centers have open learning spaces, with sliding walls and furniture, which adapt to the needs of the group and with complete and updated technological equipment, since the pedagogical approach stimulates group work and enhances the skills of the s. XXI.

The architectural design combines the striking colors of the furniture and the walls, large spaces heated by geothermal and solar energy. As of August 2016, teaching increases the study of phenomena or topics, gradually replacing the subjects. It is not proposed to eliminate traditional subjects, but there will be substantial changes to increase this pedagogical model since all Basic Training schools should gradually include an extended annual period dedicated to teaching by topics. Are phenomena or topics are for example, "Change

Climatic "" European Union "or" Cafeteria services ", and that for their treatment require a multidisciplinary approach (knowledge of mathematics, geography, history, foreign languages and public health, for example). For this, 70% of teachers are training. To prepare the work proposal by topics, teachers will work as a team and receive a small financial recognition for this work.

The change includes teaching on the basis of problems, breaking the arbitrary and schematic fragmentation in schedules and subjects and generating the impulse to knowledge starting with big questions . The last educational tranche is 3 years long and ends at age 14 or 15 if you are taking an optional tenth year that allows you to improve your qualifications to have access to a better educational career. This educational section enables them to start the next level.

SECONDARY INSTITUTES:

The continuity of Basic Education can be carried out in an Upper Secondary Institute (Baccalaureate) or in a Professional Upper Secondary Institute.

Both modalities are free except for the didactic material. ▪ The planning is agreed with the students. Adolescents give their opinions about the teachers' proposals, inform about their interests and participate in educational planning.

INSTITUTE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION SUPERIOR GENERAL (BACHILLERATO):

The entrance to this level is conditioned by the grades obtained in the high school. Although it lasts three years, it can be taken in two or four, as the learning is continuous. Upon completion, you must take a Baccalaureate Revalidation to enter the university. Universities have different tests and admission requirements.

This event is held twice a year.

There is almost no private education because public education has high quality standards. The pedagogical organization is modular or credits that students approve and upon completion. It ends with the Baccalaureate or Revalidation Exam that covers four compulsory tests: the second national language, a foreign language, mathematics and general studies (humanities and natural sciences) and may include optional tests. A certificate is obtained that details the tests taken, the qualifications obtained. The Pedagogical method is by Projects or Topics, in addition to the basic subjects.

INSTITUTES OF HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION FOR VOCATIONAL TRAINING:

It covers 7 education sectors, 52 professional qualifications including a total of 112 different study programs. The studies span 3 years or 120 credits.

Each professional qualification consists of professional studies (20 credits equivalent to six months of business practice), basic subjects (language and science), optional studies, orientation for students and a final project. The study plan is individual and includes compulsory and optional subjects. Each module upon completion is evaluated. At the end of the credits the student receives a certification. In general they are private or in charge of the municipality. The selection criteria for admission include, in addition to practical work experience and other comparable factors as well as admission and aptitude tests.Students from vocational higher education schools can take the Baccalaureate Examination. The professional qualifications obtained at this level can be obtained by taking the level education or in the form of an Apprenticeship Contract, which is a vocational training guided by a contract between a professional institute and a company. These institutions have a practical orientation

PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATION BY COMPETENCES:

At the end of middle school, you can obtain Specialized Professional Certifications or Additional Professional Qualifications, approving an evolution that certifies the competence that is certified by work experience.

HIGHER EDUCATION:

There are two modalities that continue the medium level guidelines: University Education and Professional Higher Education. Young people access them with the Baccalaureate Examination or with a Professional Higher Education diploma. Universities can also receive people who have acquired the necessary knowledge to study, after taking evaluations that support them.

PROFESSIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION:

It is accessed with a certification of Professional Upper Secondary Education and or with a certification of General Upper Secondary Education. In general, it is 4 years long and allows access to Postgraduate Professional Education. The selection of students is based on entrance test, academic qualifications, and work experience. The duration of the studies lasts from 3 to 6 years, obtaining a lower or Diploma degree (180 credits) and a Higher or Master's degree (240- 270 credits)

UNIVERSITY EDUCATION

Universities emphasize research and scientific teaching All areas of study have restricted admission and universities apply different criteria for selecting students. The studies cover between 3 and 5 years and its completion allows access to postgraduate and doctoral studies.

ADULT EDUCATION AND TRAINING:

All of the above forms of education are available to adults. These opportunities are offered by institutions for this population or also within working life. They can also participate in the Baccalaureate or Professional Education exams.

EXPERIENCE BASED RATINGS:

The Competency Accreditation system is specially designed for adults since it allows them to obtain professional degrees by demonstrating in competency tests without taking into account the origin of those skills. The studies are based on personalized learning programs designed for the individual student. There are two levels of competency-based professional qualifications: Specialized Professional Qualifications and Additional Professional Qualifications. The accreditation criteria are determined by the Finnish state and also its funding. They are highly autonomous institutions for the selection of subjects, teaching methods and types of proficiency tests.

STRONG POINTS OF EDUCATION IN FINLAND:

The expenditure per student is of a moderate level. Higher education does have high levels compared to other European countries. The number of hours of training devoted at the secondary level is below the OECD average. The important thing in this educational system is the quality and not the quantity of education. The system is uniform in different regions, sociocultural environments and distance between good and bad students. The system empowers the group to be as good as the best of the students and not just uniformity. When looking for group performance average, it discourages bright students and penalizes those who must improve. In the Finnish system it has two strong pillars such as the quality and prestige of teachers, hired by the center on an annual basis, so they are subject to pressure from other workers, and the concept of education, which allows them to obtain high levels of performance on international tests with an educational proposal that is much less rigid than that of Asian countries. The stability of the system, given the importance of education for the development of the country that derives from the political consensus sustained over time. The method that imposes the group work of the teachers among themselves and with the students. Classes are participatory and in an environment of trust that encourages students to participate actively. Teachers are committed to each student's learning and focus on developing skills.The center involves parents in its activities. The ways of good education and social driving are the responsibility of the parents. ▪ The number of hours of class is low because in the first two years, it is 4 to 5 hours a day. The curriculum incorporates reading, with a very important weight, as well as cooking and sewing, preparing them for life. The best teachers are in charge of the first years of schooling because the students will be developing the foundation of all their schooling.

CHAPTER 3

EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS THAT GAVE HIGHS

PERFORMANCE IN THE PISA 2016 TESTS

The Asian countries, which lead the results, present:

Educational systems are so intertwined with the cultural values of society that it is very difficult to transfer to other cultures. Students who suffer a great demand from families and from the system itself, because they must pass two or more selective evaluations. A performance along the learning path determines, through the results obtained, the quality and level of the next and successive level of teaching. Institutions are classified in a merit ranking and when they finish primary and secondary level, those with the highest standards of merit can choose the institution they want.

In Singapore:

Students are classified into three groups according to their academic results. Multilingualism practiced since primary school High demands to be overcome to enter teacher training exert a strong selection. Requirements for the choice of teachers provide high social prestige and good economic income. The percentage of the annual budget allocated to education it is relatively low. The state's presence is manifested in the high percentage of the budget that is allocated to education, control of attendance and the development of a curriculum that maintains the Chinese cultural tradition, such as the Mandarin language and classical literature. The requirement for high returns to continue higher education is high.Learning English from the third grade of elementary school. ❖ Family pressure is added to the social and state pressure that requires students to spend many hours of study, high performance, great respect and an attitude of service. The state promotes the exchange of students with educational institutions abroad and with the reception of students from other countries. The university level is very prestigious and valued for its results at the international level. The time dedicated to study is very high: eight and a half hours per day, after-school study, only three weeks of annual vacations and during it they must carry out a school project. Thes children study long hours and throughout the year which makes them academically successful neglecting other aspects of personal training.

European countries:

ESTONIAN EDUCATION:

Primary education is extensive and prepares the student for a brief and very demanding secondary education. At the end of the primary level, students can choose professional training and preparatory studies for the university level. Professional education offers short careers (2 or 3 years) and a wide range of training offers. The curricula provide ample curriculum space for science and languages. foreign.

EDUCATION IN FINLAND:

It is of great interest since it is the country whose culture is most similar to western countries. The expenditure per student is of a moderate level. Higher education does have high levels compared to other European countries. The number of hours of training devoted at the secondary level is below the OECD average. The important thing in this educational system is the quality and not the quantity of education. The system is uniform in different regions, sociocultural environments and distance between good and bad students. The system empowers the group to be as good as the best of the students and not just uniformity. When looking for group performance average, it discourages bright students and penalizes those who must improve.In the Finnish system it has two strong pillars such as the quality and prestige of the teachers, hired by the center on an annual basis, so they are subjected to pressure from other workers, and the concept of education, which allows them to obtain High levels of performance in international tests with an educational proposal much less rigid than that of Asian countries. The stability of the system, given by the importance of education for the development of the country that derives from the political consensus sustained over time. The method that imposes the teachers' group work among themselves and with the students. Classes are participatory and in an environment of trust that encourages students to participate actively. Teachers are committed to each student's learning and focus on developing skills. The center involves parents in its activities. The ways of good education and social driving are the responsibility of the parents ❖ The number of hours of class is low because in the first two years, it is 4 to 5 hours a day. The curriculum incorporates reading, with a very important weight, as well as cooking and sewing, preparing them for life. The best teachers are in charge of the first years of schooling because the students will be developing the foundation of all their schooling.

ⁱ - PISA TESTS: The Organization for Economic Development Cooperation (OECD) carries out these educational evaluations that measure school performance in 15-year-olds.

LLECE: Test developed by the Unesco Latin American Laboratory for Quality Assessment.

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