The deductive method is one that breaks the general data accepted as valid, to deduce by means of logical reasoning, various assumptions, that is; it starts from previously established truths as general principles, to then apply it to individual cases and thus check its validity.
Visiting some pages to know a little more about educational research and specifically to identify what the method is and which exist, I can now define that:
The method is considered the way to achieve a goal.
For this, certain series of steps or techniques are carried out, repeatedly so that it can be performed amounts of times to achieve the desired objective repeatedly.
For example, if we wanted to explain a way to carry out an investigation, we could do it this way:
- In the first instance, what would have to be generated would be the approach of a problem, observing it carefully, so that you can be sure of what will have to be done. Secondly, you would turn to a hypothesis, where you have to give it a possible answer to the question that is being asked. In the third moment would come the experimentation of the hypothesis, with this we will have to investigate our subject and with respect to our investigations where the hypothesis will be verified. At the end we would fall back on the conclusions of such research.
The aforementioned would be a possible method to use in an investigation, but if we approach the subject a little more, we could define that an investigation method is a systematic (that is, structured) way to obtain knowledge about the object of investigation (which is you are studying, the subject or object of our study). In practical terms it is the way in which a solution to a problem is sought.
There are logical research methods contemplated by some authors, which serve to solve abstract problems, such as those presented in mathematics and philosophy. On the other hand, there are the empirical methods, which are actually variations of the same scientific method based on observation and experimentation, which has allowed the great advance that we observe in all the sciences.
If we wanted to focus on Source: We could identify the types of methods:
- The historical method The systemic method The synthetic method The logical method
If we talk about Sigmund Adler (1988) he focuses on the scientific method.
Having investigated by various sources, now I could safely say that all intellectual work requires the use of a method and / or procedure that leads to knowledge.
- DeductiveInductiveAnalyticSyntheticComparative
The deductive method is one that breaks the general data accepted as valid, to deduce by means of logical reasoning, various assumptions, that is; it starts from previously established truths as general principles, to then apply it to individual cases and thus check its validity.
“It begins with the observation of phenomena with the purpose of pointing out the particular truths contained explicitly. The advantages of the deductive method are based above all on rigor and certainty: we can be sure that, if the general premises or principles are true, then the theorems or conclusions are also true. A classic example, derived from Aristotelian logic, would be the following syllogism or reasoning: All human beings are mortal. Socrates is a human being. Consequently, Socrates is mortal. "
This indicates that in this method it is considered the opposite of the inductive method since, from general knowledge, particular knowledge is sought. To do this, it seeks to classify certain elements.
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This method mentions that part of the particular to the general, we use it when from the observation of the particular facts we obtain general propositions, that is, it is one that establishes a general principle once the study and analysis of particular facts and phenomena has been carried out.
"Knowledge process that begins with the observation of particular phenomena in order to reach the conclusion. Inductivism or logical inductive method is a scientific method that draws general conclusions from particular observational statements ".
This indicates that in this case, an attempt is made to achieve knowledge through the generalization of the particular data obtained.
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Before moving on to the next method, we would have to answer the following approach. What does analyze mean?
To analyze means to disintegrate, to decompose a whole into its parts in order to intensively study each of its elements, as well as the relationships between themselves and with the whole. The importance of analysis lies in that to understand the essence of a whole, one must know the nature of its natural parts.
With the answer to the previous question, I conclude that it is the one that distinguishes the parts of a whole and proceeds to the ordered review of each of its elements separately. Analyze means: Observing and entering each part of an object that is considered as a unit.
“It begins with the identification of each one of the parts that characterize a reality, in this way the cause-effect relationship is established. Analysis is the observation and examination of a particular fact. It is necessary to know the nature of the phenomenon and object that is studied to understand its essence. This method allows us to know more about the object of study, with which it is possible to: explain, make analogies, better understand its behavior and establish new theories ”.
The aforementioned indicates that they do not study the desired object in its entirety, but they do it in smaller fractions, and then analyze its relationship with each other.
This method consists of bringing together the various elements that had been previously analyzed and, in general, the Synthesis and Analysis are two complementary phases, in which the synthesis is indispensable insofar as it brings these elements together and produces new judgments, criteria, thesis and argumentation.
“It proceeds from the simple to the complex of the cause to the effects, of part of everything, of the principles of consequences. Synthesis means you rebuild, re-integrate the parts of the whole; but this operation implies an overcoming with respect to the analytical operation, since it does not represent only the mechanical reconstruction of the whole, since this will not allow advancement in knowledge; it implies getting to understand the essence of it, knowing its aspects and basic relationships in a perspective of totality ”.
This indicates that data is collected in this that is not organized to be understood. For this, a hypothesis is used, that is to say; that an assumption is made about a certain fact or object. In order to explain the data obtained, they are organized and tested to corroborate or discard the hypothesis created.
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This last method is to compare one next to the other, to then reach conclusions.
“Collect information by making this a comparison of the information collected. The comparative method (of comparison or contrast) consists of putting two or more phenomena, one next to the other, to establish their similarities and differences and from it draw conclusions that define a problem or establish future paths to improve knowledge of something. ”
Having briefly explained the types of methods, I will now continue to mention the type of method that my research will go into.
The design of this research work is framed in qualitative methodology, which refers in its broadest sense to research that produces descriptive data, such as: people's own words, spoken or written, and observable behavior, This also develops concepts, theories, hypotheses and questions, through the design of a “… holistic investigation where the researcher considers the setting, the people or groups as a whole, trying to understand them in their development with the environment in the which are and seek an understanding of the perspectives of other people ”(Taylor S. J, Bogdan R, 1992, p. 20).
(Taylor S. J, Bogdan R, 1992, p. 20) “The researcher is a humanist, he is sensitive to the effects they cause on people who are objects of study and place themselves in the position of the other, interacting with informants of in a natural way, identifying with them and focusing on the principle that all settings and people are worthy of study, because they are both similar and unique ”, which affirms that this method is the most relevant during the execution of research, given that in this study of reality as others experience it, and from this new actions will be taken to try to solve the needs demonstrated, in this case by children, teachers, and school representatives Primary "Adolfo López Mateos".
This qualitative research opts for the inductive method, which starts from the data to arrive at the theory, from definitions that surround the process and are concretized, by intuition and creativity during the process, by concepts that are made explicit through the properties and relationships, by holistic synthesis and comparative analysis and by a selectively chosen small sample.
It can also be said that the type of methodology used is Sociocritical, because with this research work it is intended to carry out an educational transformation, based on a change of attitude, valuation of environmental development by raising awareness and creating ecological awareness in Regarding recycling in the population (parents, teachers and students) that make up the "Adolfo López Mateos" primary school.
According to Kurt Lewis (1944) the type of method to be used in this work will be Action Research, which links the experimental approach of social science with action programs that respond to the main social problems.
In action research, scientific work consists not only in understanding aspects of existing reality, but also in identifying the social forces and relationships that are behind human experience. It offers other advantages derived from the practice itself, since it allows the generation of new knowledge for the researcher and the groups involved, the mobilization and strengthening of organizations and, finally, the best use of available resources based on a critical analysis of needs. and exchange options. The results are tested in reality by developing guidelines for the action processes or the modifications of the preceding processes.
For his part, Moser in 1994 stated that: “action research is based on questions of improvement and social change. One of its main objectives is to clarify the intentions of the people who act and to analyze the communication relationships and social structures based on their actions. It is about knowing the way in which people interpret social structures to carry out common activities, through their organizations ”. Awareness is a central idea and goal in action research, both in the production of knowledge and in the concrete experiences of action.
Through this research work, it is desired to achieve a change in behavior of both children, teachers and representatives of the primary school "Adolfo López Mateos", towards the use and reuse of waste, to develop teaching materials, so that they can be collected and used by the teacher and children. The aim is to raise awareness and make them see the importance of environmental conservation, using recycling as an instrument.
