This work is carried out at the CPP VARADERO HEADQUARTERS, taking as sample for our experiment groups IX and VIII of the project of the specialty of exploration production, which are made up of students graduated from the higher education centers of Cuba in engineering specialties, the purpose of this work is to develop the critical and creative thinking of the students of the specialty of petroleum engineers, focusing teaching on the investigative method as the central axis of the process of formation of the disciplines of business sciences that make up the Diploma of Trends Modern Management, obtaining as main results, theoretical frameworks, methodological designs and research reports with high scientific rigor,Research projects that solve practical problems and a high level of independence in problem solving, which confirms the usefulness of the investigative method as a stimulus for cognitive activity and triggers any problem-solving process, and to validate this hypothesis the experiment was used field, survey, observation for data collection, which were processed using statistical techniques and instruments.those that were processed using statistical techniques and instruments.those that were processed using statistical techniques and instruments.
Introduction
The current era is characterized by an accelerated rate of development in all orders, and especially in the production of knowledge that individuals must assimilate in a short period of time; In addition, the validity of this knowledge is constantly exceeded, making it an essential requirement for the improvement of the educational teaching process and the use of teaching methods aimed at training critical and creative thinking in students.
The achievement of a teaching capable of providing students with the possibility of (learning to learn) gains strength in this improvement. This highlights the need to incorporate methods that promote independent and creative activity the students, among whom the so-called Investigative Method stands out in the pedagogical literature
Commander-in-Chief Fidel Castro Ruz has expressed: »The interest of the students in one aspect of knowledge can only be awakened, demonstrating its importance, legitimately motivating them to investigate»
Esta consideración resulta particularmente importante para el tratamiento de una área de relevante significación científica y social como las ciencias empresariales, considerando principalmente las asignaturas de Metodología de la investigación, Dirección y planeación estratégica, Comportamiento organizacional, Técnicas de negociación y Gestión económica financiera, cuyo proceso de enseñanza -aprendizaje contradictoriamente, se considera deficiente en muchos lugares, por la contradicción que existe entre la teoría recibida y el como incorporarla a la práctica para solucionar problemas existentes en su vida laboral
The process of assimilation of knowledge by students must approximate that of scientific thought, it must be shown as a process of discovery of existing knowledge, through a set of procedures that shape thought and is of a search, investigative nature.
The activity of the graduate requires the application of deductive, creative methods and a way to model this behavior is using the investigative method of teaching
As the main antecedents of the work to be carried out, we have the existence of an experiential learning model, which most teachers and instructors know and master, but its main contradiction lies in which teaching method to select to get better results from said model, if the expository, reproductive, partial search, problem or investigative
Other antecedents contrasted with empirical methods are the low quality of specialty thesis designs, incorrect use of research techniques, methods, procedures and tools, topics with little application in practice aimed at solving problems, under scientific rigor in the works presented, apathy and disinterest in the investigation of existing problems and lastly the need for an industrial sector to receive a specialist with initiative, independence and creativity trained to solve new problems
Of all the aforementioned, the following problem must be solved
How to develop the critical and creative thinking of the students of the engineering project of the CPP SEDE VARADERO with the use of teaching methods? To solve the previous problem, the following hypothesis is proposed
If the investigative method is used as the center of the teaching process in the specialty of petroleum engineers of the CPP SEDE VARADERO, then critical and creative thinking can be developed in the students
Variable operationalization
Dependent variable
Critical and creative thinking: aptitude incorporated to the solution of problems following the steps of the scientific method
Indicator
• Studies of facts and phenomena
Dimensions
Approach to research problems Formulation of research objectives Indicator
• Formulation of solutions
Dimensions
Hypothesis statement Hypothesis check Indicator
• Preparation of research projects Dimensions
Execution of research projects
Development of solutions
Preparation of research reports
Research reporting
Independent variable
Research method: it is the one that allows students to directly intervene in the development and acquisition of knowledge
Indicator
• Required time
Dimensions
Time spent in-person student
Independent student employee time
Time spent on classroom teaching
Time spent teaching tutoring
Indicator
• Teacher preparation
• Student preparation
• Degree of knowledge fixation
The population is made up of the four projects of petroleum engineers The sample to select groups IX and VIII of the specialty made up of 36 students graduated from different engineering specialties
The research method to develop the field experiment and as main techniques to use the questionnaire, the observation, analysis and documentary review and the statistical techniques
Conceptual basis
¨ I have thought that our teaching must stop being verbal and rhetorical to become objective and scientific. ¨ The creative capacity is developed through the learning carried out by students at school, hence the importance of using teaching methods that promote the cognitive activity of students ¨ 3
Method comes from the Greek word, methods, which means path, way, means to reach an end, as we see, in its meaning the word method indicates that the path leads to a place, to a predetermined objective
According to L. Klingberg, he defines the teaching method as ¨ the main path taken by the teacher and the student to achieve the objectives set in the teaching plan, to impart or assimilate the content of that plan ¨.4
The main features to take into account when using the teaching method
The presence of objectives, a system of actions, the use of means, the existence of an object and achieving a result
It is recognized by all that teaching methods are educational in nature and that, at the same time, their educational potential is complemented by the use of both
The explanatory-illustrative method shows the volume of knowledge accumulated by humanity, awakens in the students respect for the forces of man, that of problematic exposure, in addition to the above, ratifies in the students the knowability of the world and the investigative includes everything what has been expressed also models the development of creative thinking of the students
The essence of the "experiment" is that it involves the intentional manipulation of an action to analyze its possible effects
Development
After the background analysis process that motivated the work, we proceeded to diagnose the current state of the research object, for which it was necessary to administer a survey that lists the main variables that need to be measured.
After analyzing the initial results that are shown, see (Annex 1), the experiment was carried out, for which it was necessary to reorganize the study schedule of said graduate in modern management techniques, which in our opinion It should not start with the order that follows, Strategic management and planning, Management of the economy and finance, Research methodology, Positive negotiation techniques and Organizational behavior, but rather that a new order was imposed to teach these modules, following the proposed order
(1) Research methodology, (2) Strategic planning and direction, (3) Organizational behavior, (4) Positive negotiation techniques and (5) Management of the economy and finances, this allowed us to follow a logical order and in ascent, forming the spiral of knowledge, thus reflecting the internal nature of thought through the cognitive tasks that students must perform, which in the way it had been conceived would be very cumbersome to form a base that would sustain knowledge in a stepwise manner, and search as conceived by the scientific method
The experiment is first conceived with oil group IX, made up of 18 students, from engineering, civil, hydraulic, chemical, electrical and industrial careers, most of whom are graduates and others with no more than two years of experience, in all cases the diagnosis showed that they were from very bad to bad to face a diploma that covers a lot of content in such a short time, the survey was administered one week before the first module began and two weeks before it was administered to the second group of students with the same characteristics, but with a worse diagnosis than IX
We start from the following thesis ¨ people who study want to spend less and less time in a classroom, the accumulation of knowledge grows exponentially every day, and the knowledge received is applied less in practical life ¨
The work aimed to carry out two weekly meetings for each module of five planned, the first meeting, a correct orientation of the skills that are required to develop and importance in your practical life, main ways of finding it in everyday life, main most common ways to solve it, more practical methods, where they can be given and in what way, main sources of consultations, personal, literature, websites, orientation of the investigative work where students choose from a bank of problems that they are given or propose one, which will be the central axis of his research to be presented after the completion of the five modules, one month later and the establishment of individual and subject tutoring hours
The second meeting of each module is held on Friday of each week, with the presence of a court chaired by Dr.c. Juan. R. Penton of the UMCC, Msc. Eduardo Sori of the UMCC and I Msc, and guests of the CPP SEDE VARADERO, at that moment the student shows a report, a presentation, a scientific speech, answers questions from the court, loses stage fright, said design continues to be perfected for the next module and thus all the content is integrated towards the solution of a practical problem, where the student collides with the problem, feels it, questions it and solves it following the steps of the scientific method, he receives an evaluation of the design of his project holistic research that takes into account, rigor, knowledge, use of techniques, methods, interdisciplinary relationship, expression,wording, etc.
The student presents himself five times to a court before presenting his final dissertation, we name this first and second meeting the conformation of the skeleton, he incorporates meat, and on the fifth he gets his senses, that's how simple the experiment works, which is repeated until the end of the defense of the thesis project
Results
Among the main results obtained from the experiment we have
• Relevance of Humanism and Honesty in the teamwork of the Board of Directors of the Polytechnic Center of Petroleum based in Varadero
• Strategic diagnosis of the CPP SEDE Varadero
• Influence of organizational values to achieve the vision of the Polytechnic Center of Petroleum Sede Varadero
• Knowledge and Involvement of the Directors of the CPP based in Varadero, on the strategies outlined
• The predominant leadership in the management of the Polytechnic Center of Petroleum based in Varadero
• Critical success factors of the Varadero headquarters CPP
• The value of patriotism in the leadership of the CPP SEDE Varadero CPP headquarters Varadero
• Management by values according to the concept of revolution in the CPP headquarters in Varadero
• Motivational factors that lead to the main cause of teacher dropouts at the CPP in Varadero headquarters
• Degree of centralization for the fulfillment of the strategic objectives of the Varadero headquarters CPP
• Posing problems in various ways
• Formulate and prioritize objectives
• Hypothesis formulation
• Hypothesis testing
• Preparation of research projects
• Execution of research projects
• Preparation of research reports
• Presentation of scientific reports or speeches
• All this we can enclose in a single word scientific rigor
Conclusions
1. the investigative method is a way to develop the critical and creative thinking of the student
2. When we use this method, the knowledge acquired by students has greater solidity, because they are discovered and built by them in their investigative work.
recommendations
Use this method as a teaching model in the other disciplines taught at this center, since it is applicable to both language and history teaching
Bibliography
• Almendros, H. (compiler): José Martí, Pedagogical Ideary. Cuba National Press, Havana, 1961
• Babanski, Yu. K.: Optimization of the teaching process. Editorial pueblo y Educación, City of Havana. 1982
• -: ¨ Speech delivered at the graduation of 247 doctors, on September 10, 1964 ¨, in Revolutionary Work. No. 20, September 1964, Edited by the PURS Revolutionary Guidance Commission. Havana, 1964
• Klingberg, L.: General Teaching. Separata 1. Editorial Pueblo y Educación, Havana, 1970
• Reyes, GL and others.: Pedagogy. Editorial Pueblo y Educación, Havana, 1988
• Gómez, GR and others.; Qualitative research methodology. Editorial Félix Varela, Havana, 2004
Annexes (11) See downloadable file
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