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The historical cultural heritage and its valuation in camagüey, cuba

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Anonim

The management of cultural historical heritage requires the evaluation of the efficiency of the resources that are destined to its development, in order to support the allocation of financing and control over the execution of projects.

A proprietary model for measuring the efficiency of public spending applied to the historical cultural heritage of the city of Camaguey in Cuba faces several challenges: the complexity of heritage values, the diversity of international approaches and criteria, the multiple variables to assess, the existence of financially non-recoverable projects and the mixture of tangible and intangible capital.

The conservation and maintenance of Cultural Heritage has historically been studied by architects, historians and art historians, but it is only in recent years that this legacy has been seen to be of importance from the point of view of the economy in high-value cities. patrimonial. Cultural heritage can become a factor of economic development that allows the city to improve its financial and social indicators and in turn protect that legacy so that it can be enjoyed by future generations.

For this reason, there are various organizations, national, regional and international, that promote actions to preserve this cultural heritage. Among them, UNESCO stands out, whose actions include the declaration of World Heritage sites to places that are in danger and are limited in financing for maintenance, protection and conservation.

One of these cities declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO is the City of Camagüey. In this way, government authorities and institutions in charge of managing heritage preservation are currently facing the difficult task of evaluating the economic-financial efficiency, and not only socio-political, of the application of resources in projects. development of the cultural heritage of this city.

The problem lies in finding an answer to the following questions:

What criteria and procedures to use to measure the efficiency of public spending in projects for the development of the historical cultural heritage of the city of Camaguey, taking into account the weight that intangible assets play in them?

In which projects does the application of resources have the greatest economic-financial impact? How to assess the efficiency of these projects during their execution process?

But the clarification of these questions faces, among others, two great challenges:

The complexity of the historical cultural heritage of the city of Camaguey

The diversity of existing models in international practice for the assessment of the historical cultural heritage of cities

Complexity of the historical-cultural heritage of the city of Camagüey

UNESCO defines Heritage as “the territory that a country occupies, its flora, fauna and all the creations and expressions of the people who have inhabited it: its social, legal and religious institutions; its language and its material culture from the oldest historical times. The patrimony includes the tangible and intangible assets inherited from the ancestors; the environment where you live; the fields cities and towns; the traditions and beliefs that are shared; values ​​and religiosity; the way of seeing the world and adapting to it. The natural and cultural heritage constitutes the irreplaceable source of inspiration and identity of a nation, since it is the inheritance of what it was, the substrate of what it is and the foundation of tomorrow that it aspires to bequeath to its children "

When we refer to cultural heritage properly, we find several definitions, among them is that of (Krebs and Schmidt - Hebbel, 1999) that affirms that it is “everything that confers a determined identity to a country and (Harvey, 1980) as a“ set of movable and immaterial property, tangible and intangible, owned by individuals or public or semi-public institutions or bodies that have an exceptional value from the point of view of history, art or science, of culture in short, for therefore they are worthy of being considered and preserved for the nation and known by the population through generations as permanent features of their identity.

Cultural heritage encompasses heritage: urban, religious and traditional.

But, heritage has another important edge for its study: it is made up of tangible and intangible elements and manifestations.

The tangible heritage of the city of Camaguey is inventoried and grouped in the following areas, dissimilar to each other:

  • Zone 1 Agramonte Park Zone 2 San Juan de Dios Zone 3 Martí Park Zone 4 La Soledad Zone 5 Plaza de la Merced Zone 6 Plaza de Santa Ana Zone 7 Plaza del Carmen Zone 8 Plaza del Cristo Zone 9 Plaza de la Caridad Zone 10 La Vigia Zone 11 Reparto Boves Zone 12 Vista Hermosa Zone 13 East Zone of the city Zone 14 West of the city.

The complexity of the tangible heritage of the historic center of Camaguey is illustrated in its comparison with other historic centers of the country:

Historical Center

Area

(he has)

Buildings

(quantity)

Value buildings

(quantity)

Trinity

48.5

1167

312

Old Havana

214

4000

+ than 900

Camaguey

362

14351

4769

Santiago

320

9775

7213

For its part, intangible cultural heritage:

• It is transmitted from generation to generation;

• is constantly recreated by communities and groups based on their environment, their interaction with nature and their history;

• instills in communities and groups a sense of identity and continuity;

• promotes respect for cultural diversity and human creativity;

• is compatible with existing international human rights instruments;

• meets the imperatives of mutual respect between communities, groups and individuals and of sustainable development.

The historical-cultural heritage of Camaguey has, among many other elements, with:

23 Legends

22 Popular festivals and traditional celebrations of a cultural, religious and patriotic nature in the city

59 cultural and scientific events

3 dance music expressions (the rumba, the comparsa and the conga) that in Camagüey, have a different touch and are linked to 4 African councils

35 cultural institutions

In this way, a model for evaluating the efficiency of public spending for the development of the historical-cultural heritage of Camaguey has to take into account its complexity, that is, the particularities of the different elements that compose it. It must be a multivariate and flexible model, which differentiates in its treatment:

The operating expenses of capital investments, that is, the resources that are applied for the short and long term.

The projects that generate future benefits of those that are not financially recoverable.

The tangible equity of the intangible equity.

Existing models in international practice for the valuation of historical cultural heritage

The economic valuation of Cultural Heritage in the world is determined on many occasions by the price comparison method. It is used for the good that has a price in the market. This method is based on the price that the good has before the demand of the market interested in it.

However, when addressing the economic aspects of cultural heritage, we are faced with a great difficulty, since it is made up mostly of non-marketable goods. For which Daniel McFadden developed a method, adapted to a good that had no market price. This method was first directed to natural resources or natural heritage but was later extrapolated to tangible assets of cultural heritage. It consists of looking for approximations of what people are willing to pay to enjoy this cultural heritage through assumptions such as the cost of the trip, hedonic price and contingent valuation.

The technique of comparative application of statistical methods for estimating willingness to pay to conserve and enjoy this asset has also been developed. These methods have been applied in Scotland, Spain and other European and Latin American cities of high heritage value. It is based on conducting surveys of the population of how much they are willing to contribute from their income through what they pay in taxes to dedicate to conserve a certain heritage asset that they enjoy and are the ones who have that cultural legacy.

In Cuba this subject is little discussed, although there are several methodologies for carrying out asset valuation, such as: the Asset Valuation Department of the State Heritage Directorate of the Ministry of Finance and Prices and BANDEC; all aimed specifically at determining the economic value of real estate constructions.

These have been applied in some buildings of the Office of the Historian of the City of Havana, which has made it possible to revalue these assets, adjust them in accounting and know their economic-financial value, for business purposes, such as contribution of Cuban capital in the formation of a joint venture.

The existing Cuban and foreign methodologies to determine the economic-financial value present limitations because the techniques used are limited only to real estate constructions of heritage value, when in reality the Cultural Heritage is much broader and is increasingly relevant as an important source of development of Heritage Cities.

For the authorities in charge of sustaining and rescuing the Cultural Heritage to carry out the difficult task of allocating the scarce resources they have in the most suitable place, they need a tool that not only gives them value, but also allows them to choose the plans. development, based not only on socio-cultural criteria, but also by generating the economic value of tangible or intangible heritage assets.

For this, it is necessary to seek equity valuation methods with a high intangible component, those that appear fundamentally towards intellectual capital supported, on the one hand, in coefficients of efficiency of intangible assets and, on the other, in a monetary base of expression of the expenses in intellectual capital that are incurred to enhance these assets.

Below are some of the main methods of valuation of cultural heritage that are used in the world and their main limitations that they would have for their application in the city of Camaguey.

Method

Applicable to…

Description and importance

Disadvantages and limitations

Market price method

Direct use values, especially products from heritage The value is estimated from the price in commercial markets (law of supply and demand). Market imperfections (subsidies, lack of transparency) and policies distort the market price.

Cost of damage avoided, replacement cost method

Indirect use values: heritage protection, pollution control, etc. The cost of pollutants can be estimated from the cost of construction and maintenance (substitute cost). The value of maintenance control can be estimated from the damage that failure to do so could cause (cost of damage avoided). The cost of the harm avoided or of the substitutes is presumed to be comparable to the original benefit. But many external circumstances can change the value of the expected original benefit and, consequently, the application of this method can lead to underestimations or overestimates. Insurance companies are very interested in this method.

Travel cost method

Recreation and tourism. The recreational value of the site is estimated from the amount of money people spend to get there. It is only used to obtain estimates. It's easy to get an overestimate, because the site itself may not be the only reason for traveling to the site. You need a lot of quantitative data.

Hedonic price estimation method

Some aspects of indirect use value, future use and non-use. It is used when equity values ​​influence the price of the goods that are traded. It only captures people's willingness to pay for a perceived benefit. If people are not aware of the link between the attribute and the benefit for themselves, the value will not be reflected in the price. It is data intensive.

Contingent valuation method

Tourism and non-use values. In this method, people are asked directly how much they are willing to pay for specific environmental services. This is often the only way to estimate the non-use value. She also refers to it as a "method of indicated preference." Possible sources of bias can be introduced into the techniques applied in the interview. It is also uncertain whether people are actually willing to pay the amount indicated in the interview. It is the most controversial valuation method of those not corresponding to the market, it is one of the few ways to assign a monetary value to the non-use of values ​​that does not involve purchases in the market.

Contingent choice method

All goods and services Values ​​are estimated by asking people what there will be tradeoffs and comparisons between series of services Willingness to pay is not directly asked, it is inferred from tradeoffs and comparisons, which include the cost attribute. It is a very good method that helps decision makers to categorize policy options.

Profit transfer method

For services in general and recreational uses in particular The economic value is estimated by transferring existing value estimates made in studies already completed in another location or context. It is often used when a full economic reassessment of a particular site is costly to perform. It can only be as accurate as the initial study. The extrapolation is only valid between sites with the same basic characteristics.

Productivity method

specific goods and services from heritage The economic value of products or services from heritage that contribute to the production of marketable goods is estimated. The methodology is straightforward and little data is needed, but the method only works for some goods or services.

Of course, for investments in cultural historical heritage that generate benefits because they are linked to income through tourist, commercial, gastronomic activities or other similar services, the methods based on discounted future flows, inherent to the business sector, are valid.

The variety of existing valuation methods in international practice highlights another challenge: to build for the city of Camaguey a valuation model that takes into account this diversity of approaches and criteria, adapting them to the particularities of the historical cultural heritage of that city.

Conclusions

1. The determination of a model for evaluating the efficiency of public expenditures applied to the development of the historical cultural heritage of Camaguey faces two important challenges

The complexity of the historical cultural heritage of the city of Camaguey

The diversity of existing models in international practice for the assessment of the historical cultural heritage of cities

2. A model for evaluating the efficiency of public spending for the development of the historical-cultural heritage of Camaguey has to take into account its complexity, that is, the particularities of the different elements that compose it. It must be a multivariate and flexible model, which differentiates in its treatment:

The operating expenses of capital investments, that is, the resources that are applied for the short and long term.

The projects that generate future benefits of those that are not financially recoverable.

The tangible equity of the intangible equity.

3. The design of a model for the valuation of cultural historical heritage for Camaguey must take into consideration the diversity of approaches and criteria existing internationally, adapting them to the particularities of this city.

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The historical cultural heritage and its valuation in camagüey, cuba