In Part I, the problem statement is presented and within it the problem determination, problem formulation, research objectives and work justification are considered.
In Part I I, the theoretical framework is presented. Specifically, it refers to the background of the study; research variables such as timely and reasonable financial statements, business financing and the Celis SAC Group, which is the spatial dimension of work.
In Part III, the variables and hypotheses are presented and within it the research variables, the operationalization of the variables and the general and specific hypothesis are discussed.
In Part IV, the methodology is presented, specifically the type of research, research design, population and sample, techniques and instruments for data collection and the plan for statistical data analysis.
In Part V, the schedule is presented with all the details to comply with the University's titling process.
In Part VI, the budget of the titling process is presented.
In Part VII, the bibliographic references that will be used in the development of the research work are presented.
Finally, the corresponding annexes are presented.
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- Determination of the problem
It has been determined that Grupo Celis SAC of Lima Metropolitana does not have timely and reasonable financial statements to access financing. In this regard, banks to provide financing to companies require the presentation of financial information, contained in the financial statements, such as the Statement of financial position, Statement of comprehensive income, Statement of changes in equity and Statement of cash flows, which must be formulated in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to be reasonable.
When accounting information is not reasonable, it is not reliable, it is not trustworthy, it is not understandable and therefore it is not taken into account by financial entities. But accounting information when it is not timely or reasonable is not only rejected by banks, but also by shareholders, suppliers and users in general.
In 2011, 2012 and 2013, the company had serious limitations in accessing the sources of financing for the banks due to not having reasonable accounting information, that is, financial statements and notes formulated in accordance with international financial reporting standards. In some financial entities, unreasonable accounting information is accepted, that is, without international financial reporting standards, but at higher financial costs, since it is indicated that it is due to the greater risk they represent.
The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) contain the methodology, procedures, and techniques that must be used in obtaining reasonable accounting information to access financing and to make decisions in general.
- Problem formulation
General problem:
To what extent can timely and reasonable financial statements facilitate access to financing for Grupo Celis SAC?
Specific problems:
- How will the efficient recognition and measurement of transactions provide elements for the presentation of the timely and reasonable financial statements in the Celis SAC Group in order to obtain financing? How will the efficient accounting record facilitate the presentation of the timely and reasonable financial statements in the Celis SAC Group in order to access financing? Research objectives
Overall objective:
Determine to what extent the timely and reasonable financial statements may facilitate access to financing for the Celis SAC Group.
Specific objectives:
- Establishing how the recognition and efficient measurement of transactions may provide elements for the presentation of timely and reasonable financial statements in the Celis SAC Group for the purposes of obtaining financing. Determine how the efficient accounting record may facilitate the presentation of Timely and reasonable financial statements in the Celis SAC Group in order to access financing.
Justification
Legal justification:
This work is justified inasmuch as the timely and reasonable financial statements in the Celis SAC Group facilitate access to financing under IAS-23.
The preparation of the financial statements is a legal obligation of the companies. In this regard, Law 26887- General Companies Law, establishes that at the end of the year, the board of directors must formulate the memory, the financial statements and the proposal for the application of profits, if any. The financial and economic situation of the company, the state of its businesses and the results obtained in the year past due must clearly and precisely emerge from these documents. The financial statements must be made available to shareholders with the advance notice necessary to be submitted, in accordance with the law, to the consideration of the annual mandatory meeting. In the report, the board reports to the general meeting on the progress and state of business,the projects developed and the main events that occurred during the year, as well as the situation of the company and the results obtained. The report must contain at least: The indication of significant investments made during the year; the existence of significant contingencies; the significant events that occurred after the end of the year; any other relevant information that the general meeting must know; and, the other reports and requirements that the law indicates.any other relevant information that the general meeting must know; and, the other reports and requirements that the law indicates.any other relevant information that the general meeting must know; and, the other reports and requirements that the law indicates.
Theoretical justification:
Timely and reasonable financial statements facilitate access to financing for Grupo Celis SAC. In this sense, the recognition, measurement, recording and correct presentation of the company's transactions in the financial statements allow obtaining complete financial and economic information in order to obtain financing. The company needs timely and reasonable financial statements that contain information on assets, liabilities, equity; income, costs, expenses and results; to be able to use it in access to business financing.
Technological justification:
In this aspect, the work allows the correct use of the General Business Accounting Plan (PCGE), for the accounting record of the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of the company, and essentially related to business financing. Said Plan is formulated based on International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Additionally, and without jeopardizing the application of the provisions of IFRS, one must consider the rules of law, jurisprudence and commercial customs and uses. According to the PCGE, the companies' accounting must be sufficiently detailed to allow the accounting recognition of economic facts, in accordance with the provisions of this PCGE, and thus facilitate the preparation of complete financial statements and other financial information..
This work is technically justified by the application of International Accounting Standards. In this regard, in accordance with International Accounting Standards, the responsibility for the preparation and presentation of financial statements lies with the company's management. Consequently, the adoption of accounting policies that allow a reasonable presentation of the financial situation, management results and cash flows, is also part of that responsibility. In Peru, the General Companies Law attributes to the manager, responsibility for the existence, regularity and veracity of the accounting systems, the books that the law orders to keep, and the other books and records that an orderly merchant must keep. For its part, the Board of Directors, in accordance with the General Companies Law,You must prepare the financial statements at the end of the year.
- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
- Background of the study
Prado (2014, pp. Pássim), indicates that the financial statements constitute a final summary of the entire accounting process corresponding to a period of time relative to the operating activities, direct and indirect to the company under study. They must contain in a clear and understandable way everything necessary to judge the results of operation, the financial situation of the entity, changes in its financial situation and changes in its stockholders' equity. Its purpose is that readers can properly judge what the financial statements show. The financial information that readers require focuses on: Assessment of the financial situation. Assessment of profitability Assessment of liquidity.The analysis of financial statements is the body of principles and procedures used in the transformation of basic information on accounting, economic and financial aspects into information processed and useful for making economic decisions. It is the objective of the analysis of the financial statements; provide useful information to investors and credit grantors to predict, compare and evaluate cash flows; likewise, provide users with information to predict, compare and evaluate the profit generation capacity of a company. Regarding financial statement applications, operations managers use it to assess financial progress. Financial analysts use it to identify the best stocks they can buy.Investors use it to find companies that don't deserve the high share price the market provides them. The following are considered limitations of the financial statements: 1. A single reason does not provide enough information to judge the performance of the company. Only when multiple reasons are used can reasonable judgments be made. 2. They must be compared and must be dated on the same day and month of each year. Otherwise, they can lead to wrong decisions. 3. If the statements have not been audited, the information contained in them may not reflect the true financial condition of the company. 4. When comparing the reasons of a company with others, or, of this same one, over certain periods, the data can be distorted due to inflation. In conclusion,Accounting standards make it possible to standardize the formulation and presentation of financial statements and thus be able to budget, make decisions and control business transactions.
Juárez (2013, pp. Pássim), explains all aspects of companies' financing decisions and how they optimize companies in general. Some conclusions of the work are the following: Financing decisions facilitate investment decisions. Investment decisions facilitate dividend or return decisions. Risk decisions facilitate dividend or return decisions. Conclusion. Financial decisions facilitate the optimization of companies.
Hernández (2015, pp. Pássim), describes a set of financing decisions that allow companies to make the investments they need to develop within the framework of a competitive market. 91% of respondents accept that financial decisions facilitate the development of companies, through the proper use of financial resources. 93% of respondents accept that financial decisions facilitate business economy, efficiency, and effectiveness. 97% of respondents indicate that optimal financial decisions facilitate business competitiveness.
Aguabarrena (2014), describes financial decisions that allow having an adequate capital structure to dispose of the goods and rights they need to fulfill the institutional mission and thus ensure their continuity in the Chilean competitive market. 90% of the respondents accept that competitive financial administration is only possible with effective financial decisions, that is, framed in the goals, objectives and business mission. 89% accept that financing decisions, as long as they are well informed and timely, facilitate business development.
- Theoretical framework
- Timely and reasonable financial statements
Maldonado (2013, pp. 95-105), points out that the financial statements constitute the final product of the companies' accounting. These statements must be formulated and presented in a timely manner, that is, in time to have the information to use it for different purposes. They must also be reasonable, that is, formulated on the basis of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The financial statements constitute a structured representation of the financial situation and financial performance of an entity.
Financial statements, also called financial statements, financial reports or annual accounts, are reports that institutions use to disclose the economic and financial situation and the changes it experiences at a given date or period. This information is useful for the Administration, manager, regulator and other types of interested parties such as shareholders, creditors or owners. Most of these reports are the end product of accounting and are produced according to generally accepted accounting principles, accounting standards, or financial reporting standards. Accounting is carried out by public accountants who, in most countries of the world, must register with public or private control bodies in order to practice the profession.
The objective of the financial statements is to provide information on the issuer's equity as of a date and its economic and financial evolution in the period they cover, to facilitate economic decision-making. It is considered that the information to be provided in the financial statements should refer to your equity situation as of the date of the statements, a summary of the causes of the result assignable to that period; the evolution of its equity during the period, the evolution of its financial situation for the same period and other facts that help to evaluate the amounts, moments and uncertainties of the future cash flows of investors. Also through the financial statements, companies can get a real idea of their profits, economic operations and accounting movements.
Financial statements provide information about an entity's financial position, financial performance, and cash flows that is useful to a wide variety of users in making their economic decisions. The financial statements also show the results of the management carried out by the administrators with the resources entrusted to them. To meet this objective, the financial statements will provide information about the following elements of an entity: (a) assets; (b) liabilities; (c) equity; (d) income and expenses, which include gains and losses; (e) contributions from the owners and distributions to them in their capacity as such; and, (f) cash flows. This information, together with that contained in the notes,it helps users to predict the entity's future cash flows and, in particular, their timing and degree of certainty.
A complete set of financial statements comprises: (a) a statement of financial position at the end of the period; (b) a statement of income and other comprehensive income for the period; (c) a statement of changes in equity for the period; (d) a statement of cash flows for the period; (e) notes, which include a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information. Many entities also present, outside of their financial statements, reports and statements such as environmental reports and value added statements, particularly in industrial sectors where environmental factors are significant and when workers are considered an important user group. Reports and statements presented outside the financial statements are outside the scope of IFRS.
According to Herrera (2015, pp. 89-105), the financial statements must reasonably present the financial situation and financial performance, as well as the cash flows of an entity. This fair presentation requires the accurate presentation of the effects of the transactions, as well as of other events and conditions, in accordance with the definitions and criteria for the recognition of established assets, liabilities, income and expenses. The application of IFRS, accompanied by additional information when necessary, is presumed to result in financial statements that provide a fair presentation. An entity whose financial statements comply with IFRS shall make an explicit and unreserved statement of such compliance in the notes.An entity shall not indicate that its financial statements comply with IFRS unless they satisfy all the requirements of these. In almost all circumstances, an entity will achieve a fair presentation complying with applicable IFRS. A fair presentation also requires an entity to: (a) Select and apply accounting policies in accordance with IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. IAS 8 establishes a regulatory hierarchy, to be considered by management in the absence of an IFRS that is specifically applicable to an item; (b) Present information, including accounting policies, in a way that is relevant, reliable, comparable, and understandable; (c) Provide additional information,provided that compliance with the requirements specified by IFRS is insufficient to allow users to understand the impact of certain transactions, other events or conditions, on the financial situation and financial performance of the entity. An entity cannot rectify inappropriate accounting policies by disclosing the accounting policies used, or by using notes or other explanatory material. In the extremely exceptional circumstance that management concluded that compliance with a requirement of an IFRS would be so misleading as to conflict with the objective of the financial statements.on the financial situation and financial performance of the entity. An entity cannot rectify inappropriate accounting policies by disclosing the accounting policies used, or by using notes or other explanatory material. In the extremely exceptional circumstance that management concluded that compliance with a requirement of an IFRS would be so misleading as to conflict with the objective of the financial statements.on the financial situation and financial performance of the entity. An entity cannot rectify inappropriate accounting policies by disclosing the accounting policies used, or by using notes or other explanatory material. In the extremely exceptional circumstance that management concluded that compliance with a requirement of an IFRS would be so misleading as to conflict with the objective of the financial statements.In the extremely exceptional circumstance that management concluded that compliance with a requirement of an IFRS would be so misleading as to conflict with the objective of the financial statements.In the extremely exceptional circumstance that management concluded that compliance with a requirement of an IFRS would be so misleading as to conflict with the objective of the financial statements.
In preparing the financial statements, management will assess an entity's ability to continue operating. An entity will prepare the financial statements under the going concern assumption, unless management intends to liquidate the entity or cease its activity, or there is no more realistic alternative than to proceed in one of these ways. When management, when making this assessment, is aware of the existence of significant uncertainties, related to events or conditions that may raise significant doubts about the possibility that the entity continues to operate normally, it will proceed to disclose them in the financial statements. When an entity does not prepare the financial statements under the going concern assumption, it shall disclose that fact,along with the assumptions on which they have been drawn up and the reasons why the entity is not considered a going concern. In evaluating whether the going concern hypothesis is appropriate, management will take into account all available information about the future, which must cover at least the twelve months following the end of the reporting period, without limiting itself to said period. The degree of detail of the considerations will depend on the facts that are presented in each case. When an entity has a profitable history of operations, as well as prompt access to financial resources, the entity may conclude that the use of the going concern assumption is appropriate, without performing a detailed analysis. In other cases, it may be necessary for management,Before convincing yourself that the going concern assumption is appropriate, you need to weigh a wide range of factors related to current and expected returns, debt repayment schedules, and potential sources of substitution for existing financing.
- Business financing
According to Weston (2010, pp. 53-56), business financing consists of having the necessary financial resources to have working capital and capital assets to carry out the activity or activity. Financing involves policies, strategies, tactics and a whole set of formalities to specify those that the company requires to fulfill its clients' orders. Financing decisions aim to determine the best mix of financing sources, taking into account the company's investment structure, the financial market situation, and the company's policies. If it is possible to modify a firm's present value by varying its financing mix, then there must be some optimal structure that maximizes that value.The investment structure must be kept in mind because it determines the entrepreneurial risk which, in turn, has fundamental importance in the availability and in the real cost of the different sources of funds. On the other hand, financing decisions determine the so-called financial risk of the company. The decision to adopt a given financial structure implies a deep knowledge of the different forms of financing, both short and long term, and permanent monitoring of the money and capital markets.The decision to adopt a given financial structure implies a deep knowledge of the different forms of financing, both short and long term, and permanent monitoring of the money and capital markets.The decision to adopt a given financial structure implies a deep knowledge of the different forms of financing, both short and long term, and permanent monitoring of the money and capital markets.
According to Van Horne (2010, pp. 76-80), business financing makes it possible to dispose of the resources for the investments and activities carried out by the company. Financing decisions, unlike investment decisions, are made when you have a project in mind. When making financing decisions, options are sought in the financial markets to finance a business or company in formation. In order to make adequate financing decisions, a study on efficient markets is necessary. It is about analyzing the financial market and deciding which option is the most suitable for our business or company purposes. The objective is to know all the variants that exist to obtain financing and to choose the one that best suits our needs and expectations.
Continuing Van Horne (2010, pp. 103-106), corporate financing is typically sought for the purpose of starting or expanding a business. So, the best time to look for financing is when we see a clear business opportunity or when we notice that there is a possibility that it will grow and improve. When indicators of our business make us think that our product or service is in vogue, it is the best time to request financing. You can also seek financing with the aim of modernizing our business and making it more efficient.
On the contrary, when you have debts for the business in question that have not been adequately paid, or when the business is in a recessive cycle or with few possibilities of growth, it is not an appropriate time to seek financing. In these cases it is more convenient to pay off the debts and wait for recovery or a clear signal of an opportunity for expansion.
In all cases, whether you decide to resort to financing or choose to wait for a more appropriate time, it is important to have a broad knowledge of the options available in the market, their risks and conditions. It is also essential to consult various financial organizations to approach the most appropriate for our type of business.
The advice of an expert to help you develop a business plan appropriate to your current needs, may be the most appropriate solution to any of the financing circumstances mentioned. It is important to remember that the information collected in this article is only intended to introduce the subject of financing, so it cannot be considered as a recommendation or advice of any kind.
Interpreting Gitman (2010, pp. 45-48), financing decisions occur in financial markets. This means that it must be evaluated which of these market segments is more conducive to financing the specific project or activity for which the company needs resources. When such an attitude is taken with the purpose of modifying the proportions of the capital structure of the company. No company can survive by investing only in its own shares. The decision to repurchase should include the distribution of unused funds when the investment opportunities are not attractive enough to use these funds. Accordingly, the repurchase of shares cannot be treated as an investment decision.
Investment decisions are simpler than financing decisions. The number of financing instruments is continuously expanding. In financing decisions you have to know the main financial institutions. Selling a title can generate a positive GO for you and a negative GO for the investor. Financing decisions do not have the same degree of irreversibility as investment decisions. They are easier to change completely, that is, their abandonment value is higher.
Gitman (2010, pp. 81-84), indicates that financial leverage is defined as the ability of the company to use its fixed financial charges, to increase the effects of changes in earnings before interest and taxes on earnings from shares of the company. Refers to the use of fixed income securities (debts and preferred shares) in the capital structure of a company. This affects profits after interest and taxes, that is, profits available to common shareholders. The degree of financial leverage is defined as the percentage change in earnings available to common shareholders that results from a certain percentage change in earnings before interest and taxes
- Celis SAC Group
Celis Peru founded by the Celis family, begins operations on February 22, 2003, with the aim of providing the agricultural sector with quality products and services.
Today, Celis Peru has more than 500 clients nationwide, including a large number of agro-exporters, allowing sustained growth and positioning itself among the top 4 suppliers in the sector, with a participation of more than 18% of the agrochemical market., capitalizing on the experience and recognition of customers for the level of service offered.
View
"To be the main supplier of the agricultural sector in Peru".
Mission
Provide Service and Quality that increase the productivity of the customer and user of Celis products. Offering comprehensive solutions to customers in the agricultural and industrial sector, providing products and services that meet their needs and expectations at the right time, at competitive prices and with effective technical advice.
Quality politics:
At Celis Peru we prioritize the satisfaction of our clients, offering quality products and services that meet their needs and expectations, for which we develop our human capital and continually improve our processes.
Commitment:
CELIS 'raison d'être is customer satisfaction. So we dedicate our experience and knowledge to meet your needs and become the strategic partner in the sustainable development of your business.
Our commitment to quality is based on working responsibly to continuously improve the quality of our products and services; For this we are governed by three basic principles: punctuality, discipline and order.
Regarding the development of our human capital, we provide a productive work environment, recognizing achievements and stimulating participation in teamwork.
The success of our operations is reflected in the satisfaction of our clients and our business partners.
Likewise, we maintain our commitment to the community, with a high standard of integrity, ethical conduct and good citizen behavior in the community where we develop.
Processes:
Following our business philosophy, the processes of our value chain are clearly customer-oriented and are constantly reviewed in accordance with the provisions of the Quality Management System - ISA 9001: 2008. We verify the quality of our supplies and raw materials with modern equipment; controlling the quality of the packaging, with adequate security measures for our collaborators. For this, we have a repackaging plant that has state-of-the-art equipment, positioning it among the modern ones in South America. Likewise, our finished products are stored in heated chambers that allow them to preserve their properties and characteristics.
Additionally, we have products for organic agriculture and certified with USDA / NOP, JAS and European Union standards (ECC2092 / 91), as part of our environmental protection strategy.
Technology and infrastructure:
CELIS has an advanced infrastructure, since in addition to having a modern central office, it has a processing plant and peripheral warehouses in the most important areas of the country. We have modern HPLC (Liquid Chromatograph) equipment that certifies the quality of the products to be repackaged that reach the farmer. Obtaining as a result a greater efficiency in production, a quality repackaging, an improvement in the distribution and commercialization of products. In addition, we have a system that allows us to analyze each client based on sales, operations and financial data, in order to discover new actions, as well as to serve them better and faster.
Partners and businesses:
CELIS has important business partners around the world, with which it has established important strategic alliances that allow it to have products of the highest quality for the benefit of the agricultural sector in Peru.
- Definitions of terms
- International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): They establish the requirements for recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure, regarding facts and economic estimates, which are presented in a summary and structured way in the general purpose financial statements. Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements: This framework is applicable to the objective of financial statements; the qualitative characteristics that determine the quality of the information in the financial statements; the definition, recognition and measurement of the elements that constitute the financial statements; and, the concepts of capital and capital maintenance. Objective of the financial statements:The objective of the financial statements is to provide information about the financial situation, performance and changes in the financial situation to assist a wide range of users in making economic decisions. A complete set of financial statements includes a balance sheet, a profit and loss statement, a statement of changes in equity, and a statement of cash flows, as well as explanatory notes. Responsibility for the financial statements: The responsibility for the preparation and presentation of financial statements rests with the management of the company. Consequently, the adoption of accounting policies that allow a reasonable presentation of the financial situation, management results and cash flows, is also part of that responsibility.Understanding of the financial statements: The information in the financial statements should be easily understandable by users with reasonable knowledge of economic activities and the world of business, as well as their accounting, and willing to study the information with reasonable diligence. Reliability of financial statements: The information must be free of material errors, biases or prejudices (it must be neutral) to be useful, and users can trust it. Furthermore, for the information to be reliable, it must faithfully represent the transactions and other events that are intended; be presented in accordance with its essence and economic reality, and not only according to its legal form. Comparability of financial statements:The information must be presented in a comparative way, so that users can observe the evolution of the company, the trend of their business, and even can be compared with information from other companies. Comparability is also supported by the uniform application of accounting policies in the preparation and presentation of financial information. Timeliness of financial statements: In order for financial information to be useful, it must be made known to users in a timely manner, so that it does not lose its relevance. This, without losing sight of the fact that in certain cases a fact is not fully known or a transaction has not been concluded; in these cases a balance must be struck between relevance and reliability. Elements of the financial statements:The financial statements reflect the effects of a company's transactions and other events, grouping them by categories, according to their economic characteristics, which are called elements. In the case of the balance sheet, the elements that measure the financial situation are: assets, liabilities and equity. In the profit and loss statement, the items are income and expenses. Creditor - Person or entity that lends or grants credit to another person or entity and thereby acquires the right to collect interest and repayment of the amount loaned. Annuity - The predetermined amount that a “beneficiary” is entitled to receive periodically, until his death, or for a certain number of years, as a result of an agreed plan. Finance charge- The cost of a loan or interest on a loan. It can be simple and compound; It can also be considered as a financial expense or financial cost. Credit - It is the promise of payment in the future to be able to buy or borrow in the present. Revolving credit - Commonly called a line of credit, it is a facility that can be used repeatedly, up to the established limit. Depositary - Financial institution that accepts deposits from its clients. Debtor - Person who has a debt and an obligation to pay Credit History - The continuous record of a debtor's debts and commitments and how well they have been paid or honored. Interest- Charge charged to the borrower for using the money or capital of another person or entity. It is paid at agreed intervals and is commonly expressed as an annual percentage of unpaid capital. Principal - Amount of money that has been loaned and on which it is computed and must pay interest. Surcharge - Amount that is frequently added to a payment contract in an installment sale, to cover selling and administrative expenses, interests, risks and sometimes also other factors. Refinancing -Replacement of a debt with a new one. Risk- The probability of incurring a loss due to unforeseen changes in the price or performance of an investment. It can be systematic or market and not systematic or specific or specific to a company. Credit Card - A plastic card issued by a creditor that allows individuals to borrow money and purchase goods or services under a previously established credit agreement. Debit Card - Plastic card issued by a financial institution that allows the cardholder, among other transactions, to withdraw funds from their accounts at ATMs and to pay for goods and services in stores. Fixed rate- It is an interest rate applicable to the principal of a loan or credit agreement that is established from the beginning and does not change at any time during the duration of the contract. Variable rate - It is an interest rate applicable to the principal of a loan or contract that can be increased or decreased during the duration of the contract. Usually, the rate changes cannot exceed certain minimums or maximums agreed in the contract.
III. VARIABLES AND HYPOTHESIS
- Research variables
| VARIABLES | CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION |
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
X. Timely and reasonable financial statements |
The financial statements are schematic tables that present the financial, economic and patrimonial situation of the company at a given date and in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards. They must be timely to make the most appropriate decisions; and, reasonable to correctly express business transactions. |
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Y. Business financing |
It is the activity that consists of obtaining financial resources from different sources, the most common being internal or shareholder financing and external financing or financing entities. Financing includes a series of variables such as the loan obtained, the interest rate, the time, the deductions, commissions, administrative expenses, and others. |
- Variables operationalization
| VARIABLES | INDICATORS | ITEM NR | RELATIONSHIP |
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
X. Timely and reasonable financial statements |
X.1. Transaction recognition and measurement | two |
X AND Z X.1., Y.., Z X.2., AND Z |
| X.2. Accounting record of transactions | two | ||
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Y. Business financing |
Y.1. Liquidity, management, solvency and business profitability | two | |
| Y.2. Business economy, efficiency and effectiveness | two | ||
| SPACE DIMENSION:
Z. Grupo Celis SAC. |
- General hypothesis and specific hypotheses
General hypothesis:
If the financial statements are timely and reasonable; Then, financing may be obtained for the Celis SAC Group in order to obtain financing.
Specific assumptions:
- If recognition and measurement are efficient; Then, there will be timely and reasonable financial statements for the purposes of obtaining financing from the Celis SAC Group. If the accounting record is efficient; then, timely and reasonable financial statements will be obtained to access financing in Grupo Celis SAC
- METHODOLOGY
- Kind of investigation
This research is explanatory, descriptive and correlational.
It will be explanatory because it will have a causal relationship; not only will she try to describe or approach a problem, but she will try to find the causes of it. This type of investigation, in addition to describing the phenomenon, will try to find the explanation of the behavior of the variables. Its methodology is basically quantitative, and its ultimate goal is the discovery of the causes.
The investigation will be descriptive because it will accurately specify the activities, objects, processes, and people that participate in the timely and reasonable financial statements; and, the financing of Grupo Celis SAC. Its goal is not limited to data collection, but to predicting and identifying the relationships that exist between two or more variables. It will not be a mere tabulation of data, but the data will be collected on the basis of a hypothesis, they expose and summarize the information carefully and then carefully analyze the results, in order to extract significant generalizations that contribute to knowledge. All this will take place as follows: The characteristics of the chosen problem are examined; Their hypotheses are defined and formulated,They state the assumptions on which the hypotheses and the processes adopted are based; They choose the appropriate themes and sources; Select or develop techniques for data collection; In order to classify the data, they establish precise categories that are appropriate to the purpose of the study and make it possible to reveal significant similarities, differences and relationships; They verify the validity of the techniques used for data collection; They make objective and exact observations; They describe, analyze and interpret the data obtained, in clear and precise terms.significant differences and relationships; They verify the validity of the techniques used for data collection; They make objective and exact observations; They describe, analyze and interpret the data obtained, in clear and precise terms.significant differences and relationships; They verify the validity of the techniques used for data collection; They make objective and exact observations; They describe, analyze and interpret the data obtained, in clear and precise terms.
The correlational investigation will have the purpose of measuring the degree of relationship that exists between the efficient accounting process and the timely and reasonable financial statements; and, the financing of Grupo Celis SAC, at a specific time. The aim is to determine the degree and direction - positive or negative - in which the variations in the independent variable determine the variation in the dependent variable. The main utility and purpose of correlational studies is to know how a concept or variable can behave knowing the behavior of one or other related variables.
- Design of the investigation
Design is the plan or strategy that will be developed to obtain the information required in the investigation. The design to be applied will be non-experimental.
Non-experimental design is defined as research that will be conducted without deliberately manipulating timely and reasonable financial statements; and, the financing of Grupo Celis SAC.
This design will observe the efficient accounting process and the presentation of timely and reasonable financial statements; and, the financing of the Celis SAC Group, as they occur in their natural context, to later analyze them and obtain the conclusions.
- Research sample population
The research population will be made up of 135 people related to the Celis SAC Group.
The sample will be made up of 100 people related to the Celis SAC Group.
To define the sample size, the probabilistic method has been used and the generally accepted formula has been applied for populations smaller than 100,000.
Where:
| n | It is the size of the sample to be taken into account for the field work. It is the variable that you want to determine. |
|
P and q |
They represent the probability of the population to be included or not in the sample. According to the doctrine, when this probability is not known from statistical studies, it is assumed that p and q have a value of 0.5 each. |
|
Z |
Represents the standard deviation units that in the normal curve define an error probability = 0.05, which is equivalent to a 95% confidence interval in the sample estimate, therefore the Z value = 1.96 |
| N | The total population. This case 135 people, considering only those who can provide valuable information for the investigation. |
| AND | Represents the standard error of the estimate. In this case, 5.00% has been taken. |
Substituting:
n = (0.5 x 0.5 x (1.96) 2 x 135) / (((0.05) 2 x 134) + (0.5 x 0.5 x (1.96) 2))
n = 100
- Data collection techniques and instruments
The data collection techniques that will be used in the investigation will be the following:
- Surveys.- It will be applied to the personnel of the sample to obtain answers in relation to the opportune and reasonable financial statements; and, the Celis Group financing. Information taking. - It will be applied to take information from books, texts, regulations and other sources of information related to the opportune and reasonable financial statements; and, the financing of the Celis Group Documentary analysis.- It will be used to evaluate the relevance of the information that will be considered for the investigation work, related to the opportune and reasonable financial statements; and, the financing of the Celis Group
The instruments to be used in the research are questionnaires, survey sheets and analysis guides.
- Questionnaires.- These documents will be used to present closed-ended questions about the timely and reasonable financial statements; and, the financing of Grupo Celis SAC. The closed nature will be due to the short time that the respondents have to answer about the research. It will also contain an answer box with the corresponding alternatives. Bibliographic sheets.- They will be used to take notes on books, texts, magazines, regulations and all the corresponding sources of information on the opportune and reasonable financial statements; and, the financing of the Celis Group Document analysis guides.- It will be used as a roadmap to dispose of the information that is really going to be considered in the investigation on the opportune and reasonable financial statements; and, the financing of the Celis Group
- Statistical data analysis plan
The statistical data analysis plan that will be followed to test the hypothesis or perform the hypothesis test will be as follows:
- Firstly, the number of people to be surveyed will be defined: This data to date is 100. Secondly, the work margin of error parameter will be established: 5%. Thirdly, the alternative hypothesis and the null hypothesis of The research The research instrument, that is, the survey questionnaire, which contains questions about the variables and indicators of the research topic, will be applied. After applying the instrument, the results of the survey will be received. These results will be entered into the SPSS software for each respondent and the answers to the questions asked. The system is designed to work with the information entered, in this regard, the system can provide information at the level of tables, charts and other forms.In this way the system will provide the following results at the level of statistical tables, correlation, regression, anova and coefficient.
TABLE OF STATISTICS:
| STATISTICS | TIMELY AND REASONABLE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | BUSINESS FINANCING | |
| Shows | Valid | 100 | 100 |
| Lost | 0 | 0 | |
| Half | |||
| Median | |||
| fashion | |||
| Typical deviation. | |||
| Variance | |||
| Minimum | |||
| Maximum |
Source: SPSS Software hypothesis testing model.
CORRELATION TABLE BETWEEN THE VARIABLES:
| INVESTIGATION VARIABLES | STATISTICAL INDICATORS | TIMELY AND REASONABLE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | BUSINESS FINANCING |
|
TIMELY AND REASONABLE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
Correlation
from Pearson |
||
| Sig. (Bilateral) | |||
| Shows | 100 | 100 | |
|
BUSINESS FINANCING |
Correlation
from Pearson |
||
| Sig. (Bilateral) | |||
| Shows | 100 | 100 |
Source: SPSS Software hypothesis testing model.
MODEL REGRESSION TABLES:
INTRODUCED / REMOVED VARIABLES:
| Model | Variables entered | Variables removed | Method |
|
one |
TIMELY AND REASONABLE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
BUSINESS FINANCING |
0 | statistical |
Source: SPSS Software hypothesis testing model.
SUMMARY OF THE INVESTIGATION MODEL:
| Model | R | R
square |
R squared corrected | Typ error of the estimate |
| one |
Source: SPSS Software hypothesis testing model.
TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE-ANOVA:
| Model | Sum of squares | gl | Square root | F | S.I.G. | |
|
one |
Regression | |||||
| Residual | ||||||
| Total |
Source: SPSS Software hypothesis testing model.
COEFFICIENT TABLE:
| Model | Variables | Non-standardized coefficients | Standardized coefficients | t | S.I.G. | |
| B | Typ error | Beta | B | Typ error | ||
|
one |
BUSINESS FINANCING |
|||||
|
TIMELY AND REASONABLE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
Source: SPSS Software hypothesis testing model.
- In these tables there are several elements that can be analyzed, however the most important is the degree of significance (Sig) that is compared with the margin of error proposed by the researchers.
If the degree of significance is less than the margin of error, then the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis or main hypothesis of the work is accepted.
This is what is technically called hypothesis testing or hypothesis testing and is globally accepted.
- SCHEDULE (See PDF) BUDGET
INCOME AND EXPENDITURE BUDGET
| INCOME BUDGETS | |
| OWN RESOURCES | 6,000.00 |
| TOTAL INCOME | 6,000.00 |
| EXPENSE BUDGET | |
| CONCEPTS | TOTAL
ITEM |
| PAYMENT BY THESIS PROCEDURE | 3,850.00 |
| ADVISORS | 500.00 |
| BOOKS AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS | 850.00 |
| DESKTOP MATERIALS | 150.00 |
| DRAFTING AND PASTING | 200.00 |
| TRANSPORT | 100.00 |
| OTHER EXPENSES | 350.00 |
| TOTAL SPENDS | 6,000.00 |
VII. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
- ÁLVAREZ Altamirano, Rosa. Financial accounting and optimal management of companies. Thesis presented to opt for the Professional Title of Public Accountant. Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Lime. 2013.ANTÚNEZ, Antonio Luis. Reasonable financial statements. Editorial San Mateo. 2015.AYALA Zavala, Pascual. International Financial Reporting Standards. Lime. Editorial San Marcos. 2013.AYALA Zavala, Pascual. Reliable financial statements. Lime. Edited by the University of San Martín de Porres. 2015.AYBAR Paredes, Roberto. Financial statements. Lime. Edited by the University of San Martín de Porres. 2015.BENENDÍA Romero, Carlos. financial statements. Lime. Editorial San Carlos. 2015.FLORES Rojas, José. Presentation of financial statements. Lime. USMP. 2014.HERNÁNDEZ Celis, Sunday. Accounting regulations. Lime. USMP. 2014.HERNÁNDEZ Rivera, Sonia. Financial and Economic Information of Multiple Services Cooperatives. Thesis presented to opt for the Professional Title of Public Accountant. National University of San Marcos. Lime. 2014.HERRERA Rojas, Antonio. Financial statements with IFRS. Lime. Edited by the University of San Martín de Porres. 2015.MALDONADO Ortega Roberto. Accounting with IFRS. Lime. Editorial San Marcos. 2013.MARTÍNEZ Duarte José. Consolidated and reliable financial statements.Editorial San Marcos. 2015.PAJUELO Rojas, Antonio. Business financial accounting. Lime. USMP. 2014.WALLS Carmona, Norka. IFRS and corporate financial accounting. USMP. 2014 PAREDES Martínez, Sara. Accounting and permanent improvement in business decision making. Thesis presented to opt for the Professional Title of Public Accountant. National University of San Marcos. Lime. 2013.PRADO Renteria Angela. Analysis of financial statements and business situation. Thesis presented to opt for the Professional Title of Public Accountant. Federico Villarreal National University. Lime. 2014.RODRÍGUEZ Fernández, Marina. Financial decisions for business development. Thesis presented to opt for the Professional Title of Public Accountant. Inca Garcilaso de la Vega University. Lime. 2013.ROMERO Montes, Ana. Business financial information. Lime. Editorial San Marcos. 2015.SAAVEDRA Rojas, Antonio. Financial information with IFRS. Lime. Editorial San Pedro. 2015.SÁNCHEZ Ramírez, Carlos Antonio. Financial statements with international financial reporting standards. Lime. Editorial San Pedro. 2015.SANTIAGO Rosas, Francisco. Accounting policies and the reasonableness of unaudited financial and economic information. Thesis presented to choose the professional title of Public Accountant. Federico Villarreal National University of. Lime. 2014.SILVA Olmedo, Orlando Javier.Financial accounting as a factor towards the total quality of financial management. Thesis presented to opt for the Professional Title of Public Accountant. San Martín de Porres University. Lime. 2014.SOTO Campos, Roberto. Financial statements. Lime. Editorial San Marcos. 2015. TRAVERSO Rosado, Daniel. Business accounting. Lime. USMP. 2014.
Prado Renteria Angela (2014). Analysis of financial statements and business situation. Thesis presented to opt for the Professional Title of Public Accountant. Federico Villarreal National University. Lime.
Juárez Zapata, Diego (2013) Thesis: Financial decisions for business optimization. Presented at the Monterrey Institute to apply for the Master's Degree in Administration.
Hernández Fernández, Maritere (2015) Thesis: "Financial decisions for the development of companies". Thesis presented to choose the Master's Degree in Finance at the Autonomous University of Mexico.
Aguabarrena García, Carlo Magno (2014). Competitive financial management with effective financial decisions. Thesis presented to choose the Master's Degree at the Catholic University of Chile.
Maldonado Ortega Roberto (2013). Accounting with IFRS. Lime. Editorial San Marcos
Herrera Rojas, Antonio (2015). Financial statements with IFRS. Lime. Edited by the University of San Martín de Porres.
Weston J. Finance. Bogotá: Libreria el Ateneo Editorial; 2010.
Van Horne J. Financial Administration. Mexico: Compañía Editorial Continental SA de CV.; 2010.
Ibid.
Gitman J. Fundamentals of Financial Administration. Mexico: Editorial Harper & Row Latinoamericana; 2010.
Ibid.
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