Below are generalities to understand quality management in organizations, knowledge of international standards contributes to make life simpler and increase the effectiveness of products and services. It also helps ensure that such materials, products, processes, and services are appropriate for your purpose.
D DEVELOPMENT
DEFINITIONS
Quality management, also called a quality management system, is that set of rules corresponding to an organization, linked to each other and from which it is that the company or organization in question will be able to administer the quality of the organization in an organized manner. same. The mission will always be focused on continuous quality improvement. (ABC, 2016)
QUALITY MANAGEMENT
A Quality Management system can be defined as the organizational structure, procedures and resources necessary to implement a method that ensures that all activities in the life cycle of a product or service are effective, with respect to the system and its performance., and that contribute to satisfying the needs of users.
For Joseph Juran, a quality management system is made up of three basic processes: Quality Planning, Quality Control and Continuous Quality Improvement.
QUALITY PLANNING
Quality planning is a process that allows the development of an advance strategy that ensures that the products and services that are created and provided have the capacity to satisfy the needs and expectations of customers. A quality plan includes the identification, classification and weighing of quality characteristics, in the same way that it contemplates its objectives, requirements and restrictions.
There are a series of steps to develop a quality strategy:
- Identify the customerDetermine their needs (customers) Translate their needs into the language of the organizationDevelop a product that can respond to those needsOptimize the product so that it meets the objectives of the organization and the needs of the customerDevelop a process that can produce the productOptimize and standardize said process Prove that this process can produce the product under normal operating conditions Transfer the process to operation
QA
The quality control process participates in the characterization of new products or services in their development phases and in the establishment of their quality specifications. It also coordinates the execution of test methods to determine the quality characteristics of raw materials, materials, intermediate products and final products.
There are a series of steps to develop quality control:
- Choosing to control: the subject.Developing a target for a control characteristicDetermining a unit of measurementDeveloping a means or sensor to mediate the control characteristicMeasuring the characteristic during or at the end of the process or performanceEvaluating the differences between actual development and the expected Take the necessary actions
CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY
P lanear: at this stage is desirable to collect related information with key indicators of competitiveness of the business and graphically. Tools such as histogram, control chart, and historical trend analysis can be used. Once this analysis has been carried out, they must be prioritized by means of a Pareto diagram. The selected project for improvement is obtained from this process.
Do: At this stage, the causes of the problem and its possible solutions are identified. The theoretical causes of the problem must be identified. These theories can be represented for analysis in a cause-effect diagram. Next, we will look to test which of the possible causes are causing the problem. Variable correlation studies or scatter diagrams or the nominal group technique can be used.
Not all solutions can always be implemented due to budget constraints. For this reason, it is necessary to analyze which solutions will have the greatest effect in improving the problem and recommend them for subsequent implementation.
Verify: Through techniques such as histograms, control graphs or trend graphs over time, the degree of improvement achieved with the implementation of the solutions approved in the make phase is verified.
Act: This phase consists of incorporating into the next planning cycle the necessary adjustments that have been evidenced in the verification phase. Continual improvement is precisely about solving problem after problem without interruption. (INDUSTRIAL, 2013) QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
As mentioned in the definition, quality management systems are a set of standards that interrelate to enforce the quality requirements that a company requires to satisfy the requirements agreed with its customers through continuous improvement.
There are several Quality Management Systems, which, depending on the organization's business, are applied. All systems are regulated under an international non-governmental body called ISO, the International Organization for Standardization.
This organization started in 1926 as the ISA organization, International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations (ISA). It focused mainly on mechanical engineering and later, in 1947, it was reorganized under the name of ISO, expanding its application to other business sectors.
ISO is made up of representatives of international standards organizations from more than 160 countries, with the mission of:
- Promote the development of standardization. Facilitate the international exchange of products and services. Development of cooperation in intellectual, scientific, technological and economic activities through standardization.
The family of ISO 9000 standards listed below have been developed to assist organizations of all types and sizes in the implementation and operation of effective Quality Management Systems.
ISO 9000: 2015 - Describes the fundamental terms and definitions used in standards.
ISO 9001: 2015 - Values the ability to meet customer requirements.
ISO 9004: 2009 - Considers the effectiveness and efficiency of a Quality Management System and therefore the potential for improving the performance of the organization. (Continuous improvement).
ISO 19011: 2002 - Provides a methodology for conducting audits of both Quality Management Systems and Environmental Management Systems.
All these standards together form a coherent set of Quality Management Systems standards that facilitate mutual understanding in national and international trade. There are some other standards such as:
ISO 14001: 2004 - Defines the requirements of an Environmental Management System.
OHSAS 18001: 2007 - It is the applicable standard in the areas of industrial safety and occupational health. For its acronym, Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (Occupational Health Systems and Safety Administration)
ISO / IEC 27001: 2005 - Standards that apply to requirements in matters of computer security and security techniques. Implements requirements for the control of: risks, attacks, vulnerabilities and impacts on systems.
AS9100 (C): 2009 - Quality Management System specifically adopted for the Aerospace industry to meet the quality requirements of DOD, NASA and FAA.
Currently, there are some other Quality Management Systems that were created by some other standardizing bodies, but currently the most widely used are those of the ISO family. (QUALITY, 2011).
QUALITY MANAGEMENT MODELS
The Malcolm Baldrige model is named after its creator. The model is elaborated around 11 values that represent its foundation and integrate the set of variables and Quality criteria:
- Customer-based quality. Leadership. Organizational improvement and learning. Participation and staff development. Quick response. Quality in design and prevention. Long-term vision of the future. Management based on data and facts. Development of the association between those involved. Social responsability. Orientation to results.
These values have had extensive modifications over the years. In 1996 a version for education appeared that is being implemented. Rafael López Cubino. The model used for the self-evaluation of the following criteria.
- Leadership: The concept of Leadership refers to the extent to which senior management establishes and communicates strategies to staff.Strategic Planning: how the organization sets out the strategic direction of the business and how this determines key action projects, as well as the implementation of these plans and the control of their development and results Customer Focus: how the organization knows the demands and expectations of its customers and its market. In what proportion all the processes of the company are focused on providing customer satisfaction. Information and Analysis: examines the management, analysis of data and information that supports the key processes of the organization and the performance of the organization. Focus on Human Resources:monitors how the organization allows its workforce to develop its potential and how the human resource is aligned with the organization's objectives. Administrative Process: analyzes aspects such as production factors, delivery and support processes. Business results: Explore the improvement of key business areas, customer satisfaction, financial performance and market performance, human resources, supplier and operational performance.
The European model of excellence: This model emerged in the 1980s due to the need to offer customers higher quality products and services, as a way of survival in the face of international competition. In 1988, the European Foundation for Quality Management was created by 14 organizations with the objective, already mentioned, of promoting quality improvement.
The European Model for Total Quality Management, divided into two groups: the first five are the Agent Criteria, which describe how the results are achieved, the last four are the Results Criteria, which describe what the organization has achieved. This model has undergone modifications in order to adapt it to the singularities of the educational world and schools. (CUBINO, 2001)
C ONCLUSION
As explained in this work, the Quality Management Systems were designed by organizations that collaborate together, thus establishing quality standards, to control and manage the quality regulations required by the needs of companies, thus also satisfying the consumer..
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABC. (2016). ABC. Obtained from: http://www.definicionabc.com/economia/gestion-de-calidad.phpCALIDAD. (2011). TOTAL QUALITY. Obtained from: http://www.sistemasycalidadtotal.com/calidad-total/sistemas-de-gestion-de-la-calidad-%E2%94%82-historia-y-definicion/CUBINO, RL (2001). EUROPEAN MODEL. Obtained from: http://www.jesuitasleon.es/calidad/Modelos%20de%20gestion%20de%20calidad.pdfINDUSTRIAL. (2013). II. Obtained from: https://www.ingenieriaindustrialonline.com/her Herramientas-para-el-ingeniero-industrial/gesti%C3%B3n-y-control-de-calidad/
