Introduction
To speak of administration is to speak of an organization as such, since it maintains stability, but above all the success of the company. For large companies, scientific management is essential, it takes perfect care of the nonsense to which it is subjected, but without, however, the operation in small and medium-sized companies, they prefer to manage it with an improvement in the administrative approach, taking care of the resources it possesses without losing the emphasis on the human.
That is why this article talks about the importance that the administration has been developing, and there are several scholars who dedicated part of their time trying to create new ways of operating this branch. Each and every one of them were making an improvement in the contributions, it is interesting to emphasize how they were optimizing over time, and since thanks to them we can learn about the different forms of administrative operation to make our activities more efficient.
Guru
Guru is a word that comes from the Sanskrit gurus and that means "teacher". The term began to be used in Hinduism to name the religious head or spiritual master. Over time, its meaning was extended to popular language to refer to that which is recognized as intellectual authority or is considered a spiritual guide. (Julián Pérez Porto, 2009)
The similarity to this word is similar to "teacher", to a person who knows a lot about a specific subject or topic. Now, speaking of the administration gurus, we contract experts in the administrative area, those who have achieved organizational objectives.
It is interesting to know who they were and what their main contributions were, since we speak from the first civilizations when the exchange of goods existed until the 20th century.
The ancient Gurus
For 1800 a. C. in Babylon the Hammurabi code is created one of the best contributions to the administration, which is created as an accurate example of the use of written and testimonial control, it established the minimum wage for workers, the obligations of contractors and some sentences like the one that condemned the death of those architects whose buildings collapsed and killed an inhabitant.
Confucius
(500-400 BC)
China sees the need for systems and standards, Confucius laid the first foundations for good governance, among which he stresses that the administrator must have impeccable and selfish behavior towards his colleagues. (Rivero Vargas, 2015)
Her ideology was based on the feudal structure model, proposing for her a policy based on high moral principles: the "understanding of the just."
The contribution was:
- It is the obligation of the rulers to enlighten themselves to solve a problem. The solution to a conflict must be seen from an objective way and without exceeding the rules of professional ethics. It works towards a people, for which the ruler must have a broad criteria of resolution of problems and impartiality among officials. The basic concern is the economic, but with collective effort it will overcome. The mind of a ruler must always be working, to somehow improve his government without preferences of any kind. be of blameless and selfish conduct towards his colleagues. This understanding consists of "five relationships" Ruler to subject, Father to son, Husband to wife, Older brother to younger brother, and between friends. (Alejandro Marines, 2015)
Socrates
(470-399 BC)
Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher. He was Plato's teacher, who had Aristotle as a disciple, these three being the figures that lead the philosophy of Ancient Greece.
This philosopher exposes administration as a personal practice separate from technical knowledge and experience. In a conversation with Nicómaco, he explains this:
In understanding Socrates' words to the administration, this theme is driven by post-activity benefits. The need makes you learn to direct your work, regardless of whether you study administration or not.
Plato
(Athens, 427 - 347 BC)
Philosopher of Greece, who was a disciple of Socrates. Plato was concerned with the political and social problems facing the people. In his work; The Republic can find out his opinion on the style focused on democracy that the government of the time had, as well as the administration of public business.
Your contributions:
-The classification of the forms of government that are divided into:
- Aristocracy: Government of the nobility or upper class.Oligarchy: Government of a single social class.Timarquía: Government of those who collected rents.Democracy: Government of the people.Tiranía: Government of a single person.
-Classification of social classes that are divided into:
- Gold: They were the rulers Silver: The warriors Bronze: They were the artisans and merchants.
-His works: "Phaedrus", "The Banquet", "Laws and the Republic"
Aristotle
(384-322 BC)
Aristotle, who was a disciple of Plato, who shows great learning from him. He took a great step within philosophy, as well as developing cognitive skills in cosmology, epistemology, metaphysics, and the natural sciences, opening great hopes for the knowledge of humans. Aristotle created the logic. He studied politics, the organization of the state and presented important points about the forms of public administration, which are:
- Monarchy: (Government of a person, which can result in tyranny).Aristocracy: (Government of an elite that can end in oligarchy).Democracy: (Snow, 2010) (Power of the people that can end in oligarchy)
And according to Aristotle the administrative facts, in the economic field are two:
- The natural economy that is in charge of the administration of the resources The crematistics that is in charge of the increase and acquisition of the resources
Feudal epoch
Friar luca paccioli
He was a mathematical forerunner of probability and economic studies. Of the Franciscan order. He created the double-entry method of accounting in accounting and was constantly appeasing with control tools in administration.
Adam Smith
(1723-1790)
He was a Scottish philosopher, recognized in economic liberalism, an expert in classical economics. Author of "The Wealth of Nations" where the main review is that the key to well-being is in economic growth, therefore, wealth comes from the work of the people, that is, from the workers, from the artisans, but above all division of labor is the key to achieving productivity.
Adam Smith recognizes that the help of his fellow men is necessary. Thus, people are able to understand that there is a personal interest of the partner and to reach a beneficial reciprocity through empathy.
"Give me what I need and you will get what you want" Some of the most important contributions are:
- The differentiation between use value and exchange value. Recognition of the division of labor, for the reduction of production costs. Presentiment of conflicts between factory owners and workers with low wages. Capital accumulation as a source for economic development. The defense of the competitive market as the most efficient resource allocation mechanism.
Industrial Revolution
Carlos Fourier
(1772-1837)
I travel in France, and thanks to these displacements, I was able to get in touch with the neediest classes and reflect on appropriate forms of government and social organization to resolve their problems.
Carlos created a system of phalansteries that they will apply in the form of cooperatives in which the benefits are distributed equally and fairly.
He argued that it is a social evil that man works out of coercion, out of misery or interest, whereas man's activities should be his own and voluntary. He also commented that these ills could be solved if the man improved the organization in communities where everyone had to work and live together, calling these communities "phalansterios".
Henry Varnum Poor
(1812-1905)
Henry made himself known in the history of the administration when he was at the forefront in the constitution of railroads in various countries, which benefited their economy.
Henry's contributions in administration:
He applied the use of the key elements of the administration, especially in the railway work processes, which is where he mostly developed due to problems in the expanding rails.
Varnum instituted that the representatives of the administration of this type of transport should govern through three important principles:
- The organization Communication Information
The first being the most important, since it said that in order for success to coexist, the recommendation is for a leadership that begins from the low levels of the company to involving the entire organization and thus creating absolute integration for joint work, an esteem for work and a team spirit.
Henry Fayol
(1842-1925)
Henry is a well-known character in the administrative field, he maintains many contributions, but above all different, it could be said that the majority related to administration. These contributions were successful within organizations that to date remain one of the first options to implement.
One of his most valuable contributions was summarized in the article published "Administration
Industrial and General ”published in French in 1916, where the principles of administration and its most important functions were shown.
His main contributions were:
- School of managers: Each administrator must dedicate part of his time to the planning of the particular activity to which he is focusing within the organization Administrative functions: These basic principles of administration continue to be included in the new theories of administration (planning, organization, control, direction and coordination) Principles of the administration: Better known and recognized contribution, the definition of the 14 principles that have been a guide for the administrative processes:
division of labor, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination, remuneration, centralization, hierarchy, order, equity, stability of personnel, initiative, group spirit.
- Basic functions or activities of companies, definitions widely known in the administrative field. Formalization of administration and its teaching.
Frederick W. Taylor
(1856-1915)
Frederick was a professional in the field of mechanical engineering, however, he is booming within the scientific administration. I make a big change in this issue, like the concept of initiative of the working party by the initiative of the administrator.
- - The work is something prone to be planned, measured and standardized. - Since work is a task independent of who performs it, the bosses must take the initiative planned and organizing the activities to be carried out. - The workers will do mechanical work, routine and repetitive. - The only incentive will be economic.
It also managed to increase productivity through regulations, rewards and punishments through:
- Systematic observation of events and production. Separation of manual and mental work. Specialized people at the job. Standard performances. Analysis of "times and movement".
Henry L. Gantt
(1861-1919)
Of American origin, Henry made himself known thanks to contributions to the scientific administration on the job, especially talking about the diagram that bears his name. He was a student of Frederick W, Tylor with whom he was in constant dedication on the application of his famous doctrine to improve productivity.
Main contributions:
- Task bonus system according to the quality and quantity of the tasks. Training of the workers. Application of psychology to dealing with the workers. Gantt charts: Diagram in which the units of time are indicated, and in the vertical record the various functions, are currently used.
Max Webber
(1864-1920)
A German national who is in charge of subjects such as economics, philosophy and sociology, he is considered one of the founding figures of modern studies in sociology and public administration. Administrative proposals
- Bureaucracy management theory: He sought to understand and explain the normative and dynamic behavior in small and medium-sized organizations. Webber's theory: This theory contains different characteristics, for example: maximum segmentation of work, pondering authority, objective attitude of the administrator, qualification and safety at work and evasion of corruption.
The perfect idea about administration for Weber was to create a completely bureaucratic system, but, as he was under investigation, he realized that the bureaucracy lacks perfectionism and also becomes too time consuming.
Chester I. Barnard
(1866-1961)
One of the characters who studied organizations in great depth, and although he did not consider himself an academic, his book “The Functions of the Executive”, which means “The Functions of the Executive”, was very popular. Chester was catechized in a classic and a special technician in business theory, also in the field of organizational sociology.
Main contributions:
- Theory of cooperation: Organizations were incorporated as a cooperative social system, in other words, I create a system composed of different impulses: perfectly coordinated social, biological and physical and whose balance is always in balance. Informal organization: The cooperation of workers is unconscious and open. The activities are carried out easier if you are convinced of it, than when they are only imposed or commanded by the boss. Theory of acceptance of authority: It establishes that authority is personalized in different individuals and these, are willing to be controlled.
Mary Parket Follet
(1868-1933)
Parket is more focused on the school of Human Relations, I create a great concept about Participatory Management, where it is developed; group strength, where each collaborator had the option of exchanging talents to achieve a different objective. This is an important guru, as he has a background in organizational management. It has a role of group integrator, authority is a competence and control of the bosses.
Douglas McGregor
(1906-1964)
He was born in United States. His greatest performance was being an administrative consultant and a great theoretical figure of the administration, especially because he created a great theory within this branch such as Theory X and Y of the workers.
- Theory X: Within an organization we have a type of workers, those who need them to direct them, to tell them what to do, need to receive instructions and set rules, they are usually lazy and not very dynamic people. And the only way to incentivize them is by satisfying their economic needs, above all they carry out their activities and increase their productivity through threats of losing their jobs. Theory Y: It is a theory contrary to the previous one, this type of collaborator has the motivation to get ahead, to self-actualize, you don't need to be watched or given orders to do your job. Looking for work and personal benefit. Their aspirations go beyond money, they are personalized.
Edwards Deming
(1900-1993)
Deming developed various sampling techniques within statistics. She is a mathematician, physicist, statistician, lecturer, professor, and engineer, but is best known for her work in Japan with business leaders after World War II and here is the experience. and knowledge of management. Although Deming gave a quality twist, he developed several concepts to take care of, such as the following.
- Systematic view of organizations Variation analysis 14 points for quality management Deadly diseases of management PDCA cycle Quality helix Total quality management
conclusion
These gurus have made great contributions in human business, talking about administration is a long topic with many traits to take, strategies to implement and, above all, methods to follow.
The participation of each and every one of them has helped all the companies in their entirety, they have dedicated time and above all contributions to improve the activities that a worker carries out.
It is incredible to realize how each one of them has their time, their year where they dedicated themselves to perfecting the contributions that one had previously made, but without losing sight of the fact that they are possibly just totally different theories or changes.
The task, for the moment, is to imagine the changes that the administration will have, the turn on collaborators or on bosses, the strategies and especially methods that will be efficient according to demand.
I think it would take a lot of experience to have a vision of theories or contributions to the administration, nowadays this topic is so extensive that you could get to it in different ways, but without, however, it is not impossible to create improvements on existing contributions.
Thanks
Appreciation is a state of peace, simplicity and humility, since it is accepted that you could not have done something without the support of someone.
Thank God for the opportunity to be another day to live, learn and teach.
To my parents, for the patience they have over me when giving me my space when they see me work.
To Dr. Fernando Aguirre and Hernández, for guiding me towards really interesting topics, which are helping me about my training, their interest in wanting to help us grow. Thank you for the time you dedicate these mornings on time, setting the example of professionals.
To CONACYT and INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO DE ORIZABA, for being expert organizations in research and dedicated with great effort in training young people, for accepting me to fulfill the goal of the master's degree.
References
Cajal, A. (2016). Wiliams Edwards Deming: Biography, Principles of Quality, Contributions.
lifeder.com. Obtained from
Daly, Y. (November 16, 2011). Contribution of the philosophers to the administration. Obtained from
Fernandez, VM (March 26, 2018). Father of utopian Socialism. Obtained from
THE ONLINE BIOGRAPHIC ENCYCLOPEDIA. (sf). Henry Gantt. Obtained from
Marinez, A. (August 22, 2015). Confucius contribution to the administration. Obtained from
Snow. (2010). Management fundamentals. Obtained from
Porto, J. é. (December 11, 2009). Guru. Obtained from
Ruiz, C. (August 10, 2018). Meeting again with a classic: Chester Barnard. The financial. Obtained from
