In general, all companies in one way or another carry out basic activities to avoid work accidents. At least you have notions of how to move materials, care in the use of different work surfaces, you know the importance of order and cleanliness of workplaces, you take care not to cause fires, caution with electricity, some talks or advice from the supervision, some even do a work procedure or hand out catalogs, etc.
There are other companies, in which this matter is an integral part of daily work, they hold daily five-minute talks, for each critical job a work procedure is carried out, investigations of accidents and incidents are carried out, statistics are kept, and statistics are carried out. weekly or monthly meetings, etc.
risk-prevention-investigation-of-occupational-accidents-1However, experience teaches us that although we try to avoid them, accidents do still occur at work. Typically, risk prevention measures have long-term positive effects. Thus, even with the best operational risk prevention or control plan, we will have to see some occupational accidents that affect workers, equipment or the environment.
At those times we will see how the supervisor in charge of the worker or the work area shows up on the spot and starts asking questions.
What to do then?
What attitude should be adopted?
Why investigate?
What conclusion should the researcher reach?
Answering these questions is equivalent to answering the other question. What is accident investigation good for? and Who is responsible for Investigating?
And if you don't know how to investigate and get to the true cause, who will advise you?
¿
Every time an accident occurs in a place, we must bear in mind that there is a problem that gave rise to this fact. That problem exists because:
1.- The correct way of doing things is unknown.
2.- Deficiencies are not corrected
3.- The working conditions are not inspected or evaluated and the risk is underestimated
4.- Someone without authorization or without experience decided to go ahead, despite the deficiency
5.- Someone with authority decided that the cost to correct the deficiency exceeded the benefit derived from the correction.
6.- Someone in authority did not listen to the worker when he reported the deficiency.
Every incident, accident or process defect must be reported to be investigated and the worker must cooperate to transform the negative event into a safety action or opportunity to improve.
In the same way, the supervisor has the obligation to listen to the contribution of the worker, analyze the information and make a decision to improve the process.
DEFINITIONS
To develop the topic in question, we are going to define some terms associated with it.
Accident investigation
It is a preventive technique aimed at detecting and controlling the causes that originated the accident, in order to avoid the repetition of one the same or similar to the one already occurred.
It consists of objectively evaluating all the facts, opinions, statements or related information, as an action plan to solve the problem that gave rise to the deficiency.
Research purpose
The fundamental purpose of accident investigation is:
Discover the causes that caused the accident to eliminate them. When an accident is investigated, it must be established with the greatest possible precision, what were the sub-standard acts and conditions that allowed the accident to occur.
Accident
Unwanted event that results in losses due to injury to people, damage to equipment, materials and / or the environment. It generally involves contact with a source of energy, whose power exceeds the limit capacity of resistance of the human body or structures.
It is any unexpected event that interrupts a normal process and that can lead to injury or damage. It is not necessary that there be injuries in an accident, it is enough that there is only an interruption. Also this interruption is unexpected.
Substandard act
Any deviation in the performance of people, in relation to the established standards, to maintain the continuity of operations and a minimum level of losses, is considered an abnormal act that imposes risk and directly threatens the security of the system or respective process. A substandard act is detected with observations.
Substandard condition
Any change or variation introduced to the physical characteristics or to the operation of the equipment, materials and / or the work environment and that entail abnormality based on the established or accepted standards, constitute risk conditions that can be a direct cause of operational accidents.. A substandard condition is detected with inspections.
Once this fundamental point has been clarified, we can clarify the doubts that arise if the supervisor asks us something as witnesses of an accident, being part of the accident or participating as an investigator of the same.
ATTITUDE OF WORKERS AND WORK ACCIDENTS
It is important that the worker knows that he must participate in the accident prevention work, since he depends to a great extent on the control of operational risks.
All materials or machines can be unsafe if the person who moves them does not do it in the correct, safe way, or does not know how to do it.
If the worker is the one who suffers the pain of the injury, if it is the worker who suffers the consequences of the accident, then he is the one who must apply the safety regulations, which have been instructed by his supervisor or the risk prevention advisor.
As we know that the investigation tries to get to the causes of the accident to eliminate them, the only attitude we can adopt is to collaborate with the investigation, giving as much detail as possible about it. With this, we will be effectively collaborating to prevent accidents, because if we eliminate the causes found, we can avoid the repetition of the accident.
If an accident, even a slight one, is repeated, it does not ensure that the result of the repetition is the same as before. What was mild before, when repeated, can be not only serious, but can even be fatal. Nobody can assure the consequences of an accident, and the only thing left is to try to prevent it from happening again. Hence the importance of a good accident investigation.
Accident reports
In general, workers do not report or report accidents, mainly because:
1.- They are afraid of disciplinary measures
2.- Concern about the report
3.- Concern about your reputation
4.- Fear of medical treatment
5.- Antipathy towards medical personnel
6.- Desire to avoid interruption of work
7.- Desire to keep your resume clean
8.- Little understanding of the importance of informing them.
9.- Lack of motivation to get involved.
Normally in companies it is established by means of the Internal Regulation of Order, Hygiene and Safety, the obligation to report accidents, no matter how minor they may be.
This requirement is due to the provisions of preventive labor legislation and the need to investigate and analyze the facts, to adopt the pertinent preventive measures.
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INVESTIGATION
The person responsible for doing the investigation is the line supervisor. But why him and not the security officer, for example?
The reasons for the investigation to be done by the supervisor are:
a.- He is the one who best knows both the work and the workers.
b.- He is responsible for the safety of his people
c.- It is who must apply the corrective action and, therefore, must be convinced of it.
For these reasons, the supervisor must do the research, in addition to this, he shows his commitment to the worker, to the company and to himself.
The work of the Safety Advisor or Risk Preventionist will be to help the supervisor in the investigation and to provide the means to carry it out.
Once the causes that motivated the accident have been found, it will be the supervisor's obligation to use all the means available to him to eliminate said causes.
PROCEDURE FOR CARRYING OUT AN INVESTIGATION OF WORK ACCIDENTS
We must remember that it is an investigation like any other, therefore, we will have to answer the same questions that all investigation tries to answer. But what is the best way to do research?
We must answer the following questions:
1.- Who is the injured person?
2.- Where did the accident occur?
3.- When did the accident occur?
4.- How did the accident happen?
5.- Why did the accident occur?
6.- Who were the witnesses to the accident?
1.- Who is the injured person?
This question is generally thought to be easy to answer. However, the question requires having a complete picture of the situation. It is not only a matter of knowing the name and age of the injured person, but also the years they have been with the company and the experience they have at work, in which they were injured.
Many times it happens that highly experienced people are injured at work that they have never had the opportunity to do in the company before.
That is why it is also about knowing who is the responsible boss of the person at the time of the accident. It is often the case that the supervisor responsible at the time is not the person's usual supervisor or because she was doing that job.
2.- Where did the accident occur?
Answering this question means having a detailed picture of the exact site where the accident occurred. Many supervisors settle for general descriptions, such as:
Company garage or winery yard
When what is requested are descriptions that help to clarify the accident. In the cases mentioned, perhaps the descriptions should be: lubrication pit, left side of the empty drum storage, right side of access to the workshop, south door of the workshop.
3.- When did the accident occur?
Now it is about knowing not only the exact time at which the accident occurred. Answering the question means knowing the source of the accident, that is, the work that the person was doing at the time of the accident. The ideal is to get here also to the detail of the stage of the work that the person carried out. This will make it easier to clarify later the substandard acts and conditions that contributed to the accident.
4.- How did the accident happen?
By answering this question we are locating the time of the accident that took place. We must take into account how the person made contact with their environment. If something of that environment was towards the person or if the person moved towards the object of the environment, if the injury was caused by the force of contact or if there was no force in it.
Of course, in order to give a good answer, we will also need to know what the injury of the victim is like and what relationship exists between it and the object that produced it.
5.- Why did the accident occur?
The last question addresses the causes of the accident. We must visualize with it the acts and substandard conditions that contributed to the accident taking place, personal and work factors. It is normal for both types of causes in accidents. Both must be fully clarified in order to efficiently direct future corrective action.
It is necessary to make it clear that substandard acts and conditions have causes, and that we must get to eliminate these causes if we want to effectively control the risks that cause accidents. Behind substandard acts are personal factors and behind substandard conditions are their root causes or work factors, and we must direct our preventive efforts to both.
Failure to do so means leaving open the causes for the repetition of acts and substandard conditions and, in the long run, accidents.
6.- What were the causes?
An investigation cannot be terminated if it has not been reached to the bottom of it, these are to clearly determine what were the causes of the accident. Accidents do not occur by chance nor are they fortuitous by chance.
When talking about causes, it is meant that there is always something or someone that causes the accident. They may be:
Principle of causality of accidents
7.- Who were the witnesses to the accident?
Witnesses are also the source of information about the accident. To answer the questions posed, the supervisor must resort to all the sources of information available to her.
These sources are:
a.- The interview with the witnesses and the injured party.
b.- The study of the accident site
c.- The study of the equipment and tools involved.
d.- Reconstitution of the accident
Generally, with the first three means, it is achieved in most of the times to clarify the details of the accident. Only if doubts persist, the supervisor must resort to the fourth source, taking special care not to repeat the substandard act or condition that gave rise to the accident.
Witnesses should never be interviewed together, and hopefully they won't discuss the accident with each other before the interview, due to possible changes in the statement.
INTERVIEW WITH WITNESSES AND THE INJURED
Of all the possible means of information, the one that presents the greatest problems is the interview with witnesses and the person injured as a result of the accident. The problems that arise are of human relations, because in the development of an interview, the supervisor must convince the worker, of how valuable his help is for the investigation of the accident and that the investigation is not looking for culprits of the accident, but to know the causes of the accident to eliminate them.
Recommended outline of an interview
1.- Remind workers of the purpose of the investigation
Remember that you are not looking to blame or punish anyone, that the only objective and effort is to reach the causes of the accident to eliminate them.
2.- Request an account of the events as objective as possible
When the person is doing the story, do not interrupt them for any reason. Neither take written notes, as this only leads to nervousness of the person. Make a mental note and save any questions for when the person has finished their story.
3.- Ask questions that complement the story
Once the workers' exposition is over, verify any doubts that have arisen. Ask tactfully, trying to listen to the person's version and not to put your own version in the other person's mouth. Remember, furthermore, that we are all not very objective and that we remember having seen only what is convenient for us. Try then, to reach the maximum possible objectivity.
4.- Check if the researcher understood what happened
After clarifying the doubts, the person interviewing tells the version he has heard and asks for the necessary correction if there has been any misunderstanding. This helps to remember without taking notes.
5.- Discuss with the interviewee possible means to avoid a repetition of the accident.
The latter is done with two objectives:
- Reinforce the initial objective of the investigation, which is aimed at eliminating the causes. To achieve greater participation and motivation of the worker through their discussion.
Study of the accident site
In doing so, the supervisor must locate the position that the person held before the accident and where they remained after the accident. You should see what were the movements that each one made before, during and after the accident. You should look for the conditions that made the accident possible.
For all this you need that the place is not fixed after the accident. Any arrangement should await, whenever possible, the completion of the investigation.
Study of equipment and / or materials involved
The equipment and / or materials can be part of the accident site, as in the accident site study, now it is a question of seeing if any condition of the equipment contributed to the accident. It may happen that there are design or maintenance defects, as it may also happen that there have been defects in its operation.
These three sources will almost always suffice to obtain a clear picture of how the accident occurred and the causes that led to it.
When to investigate:
The accident investigation should be done as quickly as possible. This is not always possible, but in that case the supervisor should try to do it as soon as possible. In no case leave it for later, mainly for two reasons:
1.- The sooner the investigation is done, the less things will be moved from the accident site.
2.- The fresher the memories, the more objective will be the versions that the witnesses will deliver. The more time passes, the greater the influence of feelings on memories.
What kind of accidents should be investigated
All accidents should be investigated, even those that did not result in injury or damage. However, it is necessary to be practical and start by investigating accidents that have resulted in more serious injuries or greater damage.
+ For the most serious injuries, we must understand any accident that has caused a loss of time equal to or greater than one day of work. In other words, the worker was absent from work for one working day.
+ For bigger damages, we must understand any accident that paralyzed a team stopping production.
As risk prevention action or operational risk control advances in the company, we must go one step further in investigating accidents that deteriorate production processes, causing losses for the company. When prevention or risk control programs are in place, we must also investigate accidents that have produced minor injuries or accidents without lost time, the latter sometimes called incidents.
The investigation of these accidents is necessary because they can often lead to more serious accidents, if they are repeated. Accidents that we might call "minor" are notices of "major" accidents.
RECORDS
All research must be recorded in a form specially prepared for it. In addition, separate statistical records must be kept, keeping a complete classification of accidents by:
Part 1
a.- Name of the injured or identification of the damaged equipment
b.- Age, experience, position of the injured person (s)
c.- Supervisor of the injured person (s)
d.- Work area in which the event occurred
e.- Time that the equipment and its distributor have been in service.
f.- Date and time of the event
Part 2
a.- Source of the accident
b.- Type of accident
c.- Agent of the accident
d.- Agent of the injury
e.- Type of injury (diagnosis)
f.- Causes of the accident (substandard conditions and actions)
Part 3
- Specify the precise causes of the event Determine what measures must be taken to avoid a repetition of the accident Analysis of the accident corrective measures taken immediately and measures to be taken in the future.
Part 4
Research conducted by:
Copies sent to:
Principles of humanity
It may happen that a supervisor, understanding the importance of accident investigation, will do his best to do his best. There is also usually the type of supervisor who prioritizes production over the accident.
However, there are principles that everyone should remember and that give their ultimate meaning to both safety and accident investigation, they are humanitarian principles that remind us that the ultimate goal of prevention is the human being, the worker since first of all he is a person.
Principles not to be forgotten:
1.- First is the attention to the injured party, if there were any consequences of the accident.
2.- Respect for people must always prevail, both in the actions to be taken and in the way of taking them.
No research is important enough to go on to carry either of these two principles.
CONSEQUENCES OF ACCIDENTS
Injury to workers is only one of the possible consequences of accidents. It turns out that the accident is an unexpected event that produces losses, and as such has other consequences, some foreseen and others not. Even some of these possible losses can be insured.
Injury
Waste of time
Accident Damage to equipment and / or materials, tools
Damage to the environment
Waste
Others not contemplated
The consequences of accidents can be injury, damage, loss, etc. We say “they can be and they are not”, because there can be an accident without these consequences occurring. As we said before, accidents have causes and are not produced by chance, but the consequence of the same is random, this is for example, when a paratrooper is thrown from an airplane in a jump from 2000 or 3000 meters high and is not open the parachute, as a result of this accident should have a fatal outcome, but it is not always like that.
Another common example could be that when a person slips from stepping on a banana peel, they should feel pain for a while and no more consequences, but there are people who have died from the same accident.
The way in which an accident occurs may have one or more different results in each situation, so the consequence is random.
For example, in a traffic accident there are at least the following consequences: disabling and minor injuries, damage to cars and equipment, loss of time, injuries to people outside the accident, psychological damage to family members, loss due to non-compliance in the delivery or arrival at a business or delivery of documents, increase in the insurance premium, etc.
Consequence for workers
Workers suffer consequences that are at least:
a.- Self-distrust. Anyone who had an accident once can be aware of whether he will have an accident again and will be afraid of returning to the same place where he was injured.
b.- Disorder of family life. The person who has an accident often gets upset when she feels that she cannot help at home. Psychological harm in family members who will suffer pain when looking at you prostrate in bed.
c.- Disruption of activities outside the home. You will not be able to attend meetings with friends, play sports or recreate.
d.- Reduction of your income. Although the insurance covers most of the expenses, the injured person will not have the same income.
Consequences for the company
Accidents also produce losses for the company, such as overtime payments to replace the injured worker, decreased productivity since no worker will be able to do the job in the same way as the worker who owns that activity, lack of courage and low morale of other workers, loss of time of all workers to attend to the injured or discuss the accident among themselves, etc.
Accident costs
To give a graphic idea of what accidents really mean as costs for society as a whole, it can be represented as an iceberg (iceberg). The upper part, the one in view, would be the costs that the company covers by obligation with the insurance, also called direct costs. The lower mass of the iceberg that is not seen, much larger, would be below the surface and are called indirect costs.
This seems exaggerated at first glance, it is not so much because the accident, it really is a much bigger problem than it appears on the surface.
$ 1: Insured costs (Doctors, compensation)
$ 5 to 50: Uninsured costs accounted for (Damage to building, materials and product, damage to equipment and tools, interruptions and delays in production)
$ 1 to 3: Uninsured costs unaccounted for (Hire and train staff, replacements, investigations, etc.
Figure 1: Iceberg of costs
A comprehensive analysis of property damage costs around the world by Frank Bird Jr. and Frank Fernández has led them to accept the fact that the cost of uninsured property damage is 5 to 50 times higher than the costs of insured and compensation injuries, while other uninsured sectors constitute 1 to 5 times above the costs of compensation and medical expenses.
CAUSES OF WORKPLACE ACCIDENTS
So far we have examined the fact of the accident and the consequences it has, mainly from the human side. However, from the point of view of prevention, which is what interests us, we must ask ourselves about the causes of accidents. We have already said that accidents had well-defined causes and that these causes can be determined and eliminated or controlled.
There are two major causes of accidents, people and the work environment.
It is normal that in an accident we find not only one, but several causes acting at the same time, which we can graph in the following way:
Human cause of accidents
We have called the human causes of accidents substandard actions. In general, substandard actions are defined as any action (things that are done) or inaction (things that are not done) that can lead to an accident. It is the improper personal performance, which deviates from the procedures or work methodology accepted as correct, whether written or delivered in the form of verbal instruction by the supervision. These are common actions, many times we do them without thinking that they can lead to an accident.
Examples of substandard actions
- Not following work procedures Working without authorization or not being trained Not using personal protective equipment Playing jokes Driving at excess speed Smoking in the presence of fuels or flammables
Every substandard action has an explanation. There is something that leads the person to commit that action. Preventive action should go to that something mainly. We call this factor that explains substandard actions the personal factor.
Personal factors can be divided into three main types:
1.- Lack of knowledge (does not know)
2.- Lack of motivation or improper attitude. (does not want)
3.- Lack of physical or mental capacity (cannot)
Lack of knowledge
Lack of knowledge or skill occurs when the person has been poorly selected for the position to be executed, is not the right worker, has not been taught or has not practiced enough.
Generally it happens that a supervisor sends a worker to carry out an activity without asking whether or not he knows how to do it, or does not make sure that he actually knows the job he has been assigned.
Lack of motivation
Undue attitudes occur when the person tries to save time, avoid effort, avoid discomfort or gain a misunderstood prestige. In short, when your attitude towards your own safety and that of others is not positive.
Lack of ability
Physical or mental disability occurs when the person has been poorly selected for the position to be executed, is not the right worker, the person has seen their physical or mental capacity diminished.
Controlling these personal factors can be done with personnel selection, training, medical checks, and other good management practices.
Environmental cause of the accident
We have called the environmental causes of accidents substandard conditions. In general, substandard conditions are defined as any condition in the work environment that can contribute to an accident. These conditions of the work environment is made up of the physical space, tools, structures, equipment and materials in general, which do not meet the minimum requirements to guarantee the protection of people and physical resources at work.
Examples of substandard conditions
- Ungrounded power lines Slippery or oil-stained floors Poor roads and signage Poor lifting gear Unprotected conveyor belt Unprotected moving gears or pulleys
Just as substandard actions existed personal factors that made them appear, in substandard conditions there are origins that make them appear. We call this factor that explains the substandard conditions the labor factor.
The root causes of substandard conditions or work factors can be divided into:
1.- Normal or abnormal wear
2.- Abuse by users
3.- Inadequate design
4.- Inadequate maintenance
Normal or abnormal wear
Normal wear and tear is a natural process for all equipment or material, use and time produce it. There comes a time when such wear becomes a substandard condition. Before that moment occurs, action must be taken to avoid the risk. It is essential for this to keep a log of the equipment, material or spare part to know with certainty when to change or repair.
Abnormal wear is caused by abuse of equipment or tools, which must be corrected with training and inspections.
Abuse by users
Many times we find that good tools and equipment are used for other purposes. This damages tools, causing substandard conditions. For example, they use a screwdriver as a lever, a pliers to hit, etc.
Inappropriate design
On the other hand, we can find that the facilities have not always considered the safety of their operation. This is the origin of substandard conditions. Within the design we must include sufficient space, adequate lighting, ventilation, transit spaces, etc.
Improper maintenance
Inadequate maintenance is also a source of substandard conditions. The non-replacement of old equipment, the lack of spare parts and pieces, create conditions to cause accidents.
In both definitions, it was said that they were facts that… “may cause an accident”. This means that both can exist without accidents occurring. Actions and conditions can occur without the occurrence of the accident being absolutely necessary. This will depend on the degree of risk of the actions and conditions existing at the time. There will be some of greater risk, and the possibility of accident will be greater. There will be others of lower risk, in which the possibility will be less.
When many substandard actions and conditions exist uncontrollably, workers' spirits deteriorate, and more accidents occur in the long run. Therefore, it is important to realize that it is necessary to make an effort to achieve the elimination of all substandard actions and conditions.
ORIGIN EVENT EFFECT
CAUSES ACCIDENT CONSEQUENCES
According to the diagram, what we must avoid "is the origin of", since when this occurs, it can generate serious consequences for the integrity of people, equipment and facilities and the environment. Then these elements constitute a chain that forces us to act definitively at their origin, that is, to avoid the causes if we really want to be successful in the ultimate goal of prevention.
ACCIDENT FACTORS
We have seen the causes of accidents, because they are the main object of attention, if we want to prevent them. However, there are other accident factors that are also important in preventing them.
Accident source
The source of the accident is the work that the person was doing at the time of the event.
Accident agent
The agent is the physical element of the environment that has a direct participation in the accident generation. Normally we can classify them, such as: Materials, means of production, buildings, emery, etc.
Type of accident
The type of accident is the way in which contact occurs between the person and the object in the environment.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
1.- accidents in which the material goes to man.
- Struck By Caught By Contact With
2.- Accidents in which the man goes to the material.
- Paste against Contact with Imprisoned by Falling to level Falling to unevenness
3.- Accident in which the relative movement is indeterminate
- By over effort By exposure
DOMINO SEQUENCE
One way that is usually used to explain the sequence of situations that trigger an incident or accident is through the pieces of a domino, figuring that, when the first tile falls, the next ones will vote.
The sequence of situations that lead to an accident will be explained by analyzing the result, the last domino, which is the loss.
Once the complete sequence has taken place, there is a loss to workers and / or property.
The results of accidents can be evaluated according to injuries to workers and property damage, as well as human and economic effects. This situation is better illustrated on card 5 of the domino sequence.
2.- Accident / contact
When contact with the energy source occurs, the accident that generates the loss occurs over the limit capacity of the body or structure.
Accidents are generally classified according to the class listed above.
3.- Immediate causes / symptoms
Accidents have causes and the causes can be known, determined, eliminated or controlled.
The actions of people and environmental conditions can be dangerous, unsafe or substandard.
4.- Basic causes / real problems
When the emphasis is on correcting substandard acts and conditions that cause accidents, we are correcting the “symptoms” and not the actual problems that have given rise to these acts and conditions.
The basic causes designated as personal factors, explain why workers do not act as they should.
The basic causes designated as work factors explain why substandard conditions exist or are created.
5.- Lack of control / administration
This last tab, or the first that triggers the fall of the following ones, represents the "lack of control" of the administration. The word "control" is used here to refer to one of the five functions of every professional manager, Plan, organize, lead, control, coordinate.
This file is related to the general organizational and administrative deficiency of the company, there are inadequate programs, inadequate standards, non-compliance with standards or non-existence of programs and / or standards.
If a training program is not defined, workers will not know how to do the assigned work or will not have optimal productivity, if the program for selection and location of personnel is not defined, in terms of knowledge, physical and mental aptitudes, send workers who cannot perform adequately to jobs.
The simple fact that many supervisors are not aware of their expected participation in a safety program prevents them from doing the job correctly and this can only lead to the fall of the first domino, initiating the sequence of events that will lead to loss..
This domino tile represents the degree of involvement and commitment of the top management with the workers and the company, represented in the standards and safety plans.
Current method
Currently a more complete domino sequence is used where preventive action and costs are clearer. This sequence is shown in the figure below.
This updated domino sequence makes it clearer where the operational risk control system acts, it is the "before" movement of the domino is generated, which is knocking the other tiles until it reaches the accident.
CONCLUSIONS
No risk control plan is effective if it is not accompanied by the support of the company's senior management, which must have a clear, permanent and visible presence at the lower levels of the organization.
Control of accidents, losses, cost reduction, etc. depends on senior management.
Senior management must prepare security plans, standards to be met, must carry out permanent audits to evaluate the security system in the company, seeking the advice of an Expert in risk prevention or Industrial Security Advisor.
Made by: Victor Belmar Muñoz
Professional Expert in Risk Prevention
Mining Safety Expert
E-mail: [email protected]
RISKS PREVENTION
INVESTIGATION OF LABOR ACCIDENTS
Contributed by: Victor Belmar Muñoz
Mining Engineer, Professional Expert in Risk Prevention, Expert in Mining Safety
Download the original file
