The importance of the development of Human Talent in the management of organizations, has been manifested in an indispensable and relevant way when new skills and knowledge are generated to meet the objectives and goals of a company. Neurosciences in recent years have made considerable contributions to the managerial and business field, where the importance of understanding how the human being thinks and acts has been highlighted. This paper aims to analyze Human Talent Management based on the subjective experience of Neurolinguistic Programming and the innovative trends of Neuroscience in management (Neuromanagement), which integrates what has been researched to date in the field of decision-making, development of skills, generation of learning and experience,This information has been complemented with the structural model of Neurolinguistic Programming that seeks excellence in human development through the use of mental strategies. This article aims to explain how the human being receives information and processes it in his brain and then, through his verbal and non-verbal communication, he can transmit the ideas that, based on his beliefs, values and mental patterns, manifests it in his personal coding towards the environment that surrounds it.can transmit the ideas that, based on their beliefs, values and mental patterns, manifests it in their personal codification towards the environment that surrounds them.can transmit the ideas that, based on their beliefs, values and mental patterns, manifests it in their personal codification towards the environment that surrounds them.
Keywords: Competences, Neurosciences, Neurolinguistic Programming, Human Talent.
Introduction
Starting in the 1990s, different studies have been developed in various countries, with relevant information on how the brain of the human factor interacts with the needs of organizations, it can be indicated that there is a real revolution in human behavior to discover and understand certain brain processes that influence the generation of abilities and skills, behavioral behaviors, decision-making process and other characteristics that can be integral to the generation of competencies in the human talent of a company, since behind each of its actors there is a brain. The company generates income because that brain came up with an idea, the same one that was able to inspire others, in addition,was able to build a strategy and establish a business plan to make that idea become “reality” or what we interpret as reality, which would be difficult without the power of thought and the ability of this human resource to carry it out successfully. Understanding these mental and brain processes that influence human behavior becomes a vital circumstance to improve the work performance of members in the organization. Science, especially Neuroscience, has given new knowledge that determines the physiological, anatomical and neural tools that make a human being work in a more efficient way and, in the same way, help the members of the organization to develop better. However,It is a very extensive field of application, which makes it impossible to study in an integral way all the processes involved, this document provides the necessary guidelines to generate an initial point of understanding of how reality is interpreted in the workforce and then as It is developed according to the circumstances of the work environment, through a proposal based on Neurosciences applied to organizations and Neurolinguistic Programming.through a proposal based on Neurosciences applied to organizations and Neurolinguistic Programming.through a proposal based on Neurosciences applied to organizations and Neurolinguistic Programming.
Importance of human talent in the organization
The growth of organizations and companies, no longer only implies the generation of technological improvements and maintaining economic power, it has become relevant to take advantage of and develop skills, as well as the intellectual capacity of the workforce, but with a additional element that takes on special importance: understanding the process by which the worker perceives information, processes it in his brain and allows him to develop his skills, Williams (2000) in his research pronounced that the evident lack of adequate human talent can be transformed at a competitive disadvantage for companies, this has generated a struggle to attract and maintain the talent of the workforce in companies to meet the specialized needs in their specific areas (Thorne & Pellant, 2007).It is important to recognize that the action of the human factor in the organization is fundamental and especially when considering the talent that is managed in the workforce, as indicated by Moreno and Godoy (2012) “human resources are represented by the individuals who they include professionals, executives, workers, who have a talent characterized by knowledge, experience, individuality and diversity of competences that together contribute to the achievement of the proposed goals and objectives ”. The knowledge that human talent acquires over time in the organization becomes value for the organization, which will be reflected in services and products that satisfy the needs of the company.According to authors who have considered that competences are fundamental factors in the development of human talent, there are relevant points of view that argue for this, as proposed by Alles (2005) who pointed out that talent requires three main characteristics: capabilities, commitment and action, but all three must act at the same time, if the human resource is committed and acts, but does not have the necessary capabilities, they cannot achieve their results even if their intentions are the best. If you have the capabilities and act, but do not commit to the project, you could achieve certain results, but if you lack motivation this will prevent you from innovating and creating more results.If you have the capabilities and generate commitment, but act late, someone else can advance and avoid complying with what is proposed. However,It is no longer enough to know that by developing the aforementioned characteristics, you can obtain the desired competencies, now it is more important to understand how the human factor through your brain can perceive what is happening around you, how it interprets all the information it receives, how it is encoded and how it responds through its verbal and non-verbal language, to generate those competencies that translate into the necessary results for the organization.to generate those skills that are translated into the necessary results for the organization.to generate those skills that are translated into the necessary results for the organization.
Neuroscience and the social brain of human talent
With an approximate weight of 1.5 kg, human beings have an organ that can still be considered as unexplored, it is composed of billions of small cells (neurons) that allow us to perceive the world around us, to think and to talk. The human brain is the most complex organ in the body and arguably the most complex on earth. In recent decades, the field of cognitive neuroscience has made tremendous strides in understanding a variety of human primary sensory functions such as vision, hearing, taste, and touch, as well as higher cognitive functions such as memory. problem solving, executive functioning, complex planning and even awareness (Gazzaniga, 2009). However,For a long time cognitive neuroscience focused mainly on investigating the human brain in isolation, ignoring the social nature of human beings, conducting traditional experiments that involved sophisticated technological equipment and procedures. In real life, human beings usually engage in social interactions that involve thoughts and feelings about themselves and their relationships with others. The importance of human sociability is reflected in the so-called "social brain hypothesis" (Dunbar, 1998). The theory suggests that the large brains observed in primates evolved not only to process information of ecological relevance,They did it above all to meet the requirement of computational demands associated with complex life in social groups, a characteristic that distinguishes primates from most other animal species (Singer, 2012). Social cognitive neuroscience is an emerging field of interdisciplinary research that seeks to understand phenomena in terms of interactions that occur in the brain between 3 levels of analysis: the social level, which deals with motivational and social factors that influence behavior. and experience; the cognitive level, which deals with the information processing mechanisms that give rise to social level phenomena; and the neural level, which deals with brain mechanisms that exemplify processes at the cognitive level (Ochsner & Lieberman, 2001).Before cognitive neuroscience there was an interest in understanding how humans make sense of the minds of other humans, it had already been suggested that understanding people's minds refers to a special cognitive ability, ability that may or may not be present in other species (Singer, 2012). This capacity, which is called "Theory of Mind" or "mentalization" (Frith & Frith, 2003; Wimmer & Perner, 1983) It refers to the ability of the person to make attributions about mental states such as intentions, desires or beliefs towards others and towards themselves, understanding that others have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different from their own (Singer, 2012).It had already been suggested that understanding people's minds refers to a special cognitive ability, a capacity that may or may not be present in other species (Singer, 2012). This capacity, which is called "Theory of Mind" or "mentalization" (Frith & Frith, 2003; Wimmer & Perner, 1983) It refers to the ability of the person to make attributions about mental states such as intentions, desires or beliefs towards others and towards themselves, understanding that others have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different from their own (Singer, 2012).It had already been suggested that understanding people's minds refers to a special cognitive ability, a capacity that may or may not be present in other species (Singer, 2012). This capacity, which is called "Theory of Mind" or "mentalization" (Frith & Frith, 2003; Wimmer & Perner, 1983) It refers to the ability of the person to make attributions about mental states such as intentions, desires or beliefs towards others and towards themselves, understanding that others have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different from their own (Singer, 2012).Wimmer & Perner, 1983) It refers to the ability of the person to make attributions about mental states such as intentions, desires or beliefs towards others and towards themselves, understanding that others have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different from those own (Singer, 2012).Wimmer & Perner, 1983) It refers to the ability of the person to make attributions about mental states such as intentions, desires or beliefs towards others and towards themselves, understanding that others have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different from those own (Singer, 2012).
Reality according to Neuroscience
The scientific world has opened up to the great field of sensoriality, a field that constitutes a transversal discipline, not exclusive to science, that studies and values the normal and altered functions of the senses and their sensoriality (De Haro, 2008). "The sensory sciences encompass a set of disciplines that study the processes involved in the perception and integration of sensory stimuli in man's relationship with his environment" (Braidot, 2010). Authors have indicated that reality is something illusory and relative (Capra & Steindl-Rast, 1991) and this has a physiological and anatomical basis, neurobiology has identified two phases in perception: transduction, is the first phase, occurs in a neural network where information flows without modifying its meaning,In this stage, which lasts for a very short time, the neuron converts a stimulus (information) into a signal or response, the second phase is the coding where changes in the interpretation of the information occur without modifying the neural network through which it is transmitted (Braidot, 2010). According to De Haro (2008) we create a naive reality when we think that what is perceived by the senses is absolute reality, what we simply do is develop a sensory, individual interpretation of a part of reality and this is due to filters at different levels, that are characterized according to waves and chemical substances, schedules, seasonality, times of life, variety of lights, colors, sounds, smells, that is, we only capture the information that the brain can perceive and process (Braidot, 2010).Internal representations or maps of the external world are developed by sensory mechanisms that organisms have developed which have been processed by the brain, each species lives in its sensory world, the brain does not work by registering an exact image, but by creating its own picture., Perceptions are internal constructions directed by innate rules that are in neurons which have been genetically transmitted, that is, a representation that genes make possible (Axel, 2005). Human beings represent the world by external experiences when they observe, listen, taste, touch, perceive the external world olfactorily and by internal experiences when they observe, listen, taste, touch, perceive olfactory from the imagination from information stored in memory (Braidot, 2010).However, it is necessary and relevant to indicate that according to the studies by Kveraga, Ghuman and Bar (2007), the brain quickly covers ordinary and essential information and uses it to generate predictions that help to interpret that stimulation input, that is, it is constantly generating predictions. that help interpret the sensory environment in the most efficient way possible.
Emotions as a reality factor
The importance of the emotional field has been pointed out in the works of Antonio Damasio, his postulates have been endorsed by imaging techniques - functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) and neuropsychological experiments, which allow differentiating the different role of the cognitive and the emotional (Alvaro -Gonzalez, 2014). Ramos, Piqueras, Hernández, Martínez & Oblitas (2009) in their work indicated that in human beings, emotions are not constant and develop indistinctly, they appear and disappear very quickly; Due to their characteristics, they could be positive and negative, due to their complexity they manifest as processes in which physiological, cognitive, behavioral and consciousness factors are involved (Rosenzweig & Leiman, 1994). According to Lang (1968) there is a three-dimensional model with cognitive / subjective response systems;behavioral / expressive and physiological / adaptive. Similarly, Henry (1986) indicated that each emotion would be linked to specific experiences, neuronal and endocrine patterns, in addition to certain behavioral behaviors; In each emotion, three fundamental aspects are located: subjective (experiences, cognitions), physiological and behavioral, therefore three different aspects of emotions are evident: Emotion as a feeling generating pleasure or pain, emotion as a manifestation of somatic and autonomous responses (state of physiological activation), emotion as a survival response (defending or attacking) in a threatening situation and at the same time as a social communication system (Ramos, et al., 2009). Emotions develop on the basic binomials of pleasure, pain, and reward, punishment,They are physiological configurations differentiated both in biochemical indicators of the internal environment, as in the visceral vascular response, in the central neuromodulators or in the musculoskeletal response. Prolonged pain and punishment lead to deterioration and death, pleasure and reward to well-being and health (Alvaro-Gonzalez, 2014).
Pain and / or Pleasure an emotional response
Since childhood, man and woman develop the experience of pleasure and pain by filling their minds with content and modulating the meaning of life, the human being is a seeker of rewards and pleasures, fearful of punishment and pain (Morgado, 1999). The environment of human beings is determined by various social aspects such as the fact of being accepted or rejected, being treated fairly or unfairly, being estimated or overvalued, the responses to these events depend mainly on the psychological interpretation of them, However, our emotional responses to these psychological events are based largely on the same neural circuitry that translates the simplest physical pains and pleasures (Lieberman & Eisenberger, 2009).Pain and pleasure are powerful motivators of behavior and have been historically considered opposites, currently various investigations of pain and reward point out extensive similarities in the anatomical substrates of painful and pleasant sensations (Leknes & Tracey, 2008; Morgado 1999). Events that emerge from the mind are often differentiated from those that arise from the outside world by the subjective experience of reality, brain imaging studies have determined areas of the brain related to pain that can be activated without any physical stimulus exclusively by cognitive signals (Raij, Numminen, Närvänen, Hiltunen, & Hari, 2005).Currently, various investigations of pain and reward point to extensive similarities in the anatomical substrates of painful and pleasant sensations (Leknes & Tracey, 2008; Morgado 1999). Events that emerge from the mind are often differentiated from those that arise from the outside world by the subjective experience of reality, brain imaging studies have determined areas of the brain related to pain that can be activated without any physical stimulus exclusively by cognitive signals (Raij, Numminen, Närvänen, Hiltunen, & Hari, 2005).Currently, various investigations of pain and reward point to extensive similarities in the anatomical substrates of painful and pleasant sensations (Leknes & Tracey, 2008; Morgado 1999). Events that emerge from the mind are often differentiated from those that arise from the outside world by the subjective experience of reality, brain imaging studies have determined areas of the brain related to pain that can be activated without any physical stimulus exclusively by cognitive signals (Raij, Numminen, Närvänen, Hiltunen, & Hari, 2005).Brain imaging studies have determined areas of the brain related to pain that can be activated without any physical stimulation exclusively by cognitive signals (Raij, Numminen, Närvänen, Hiltunen, & Hari, 2005).Brain imaging studies have determined areas of the brain related to pain that can be activated without any physical stimulation exclusively by cognitive signals (Raij, Numminen, Närvänen, Hiltunen, & Hari, 2005).
Focus and Attention Density
Gardner, Dunham, Cummings & Pierce (1989) introduced the concept of "focus of attention at work" by explaining its relationships with various organizational-related constructs. Gardner et al. (1989) theorized that a prerequisite for any employee response to an organizational condition is that the employee will dedicate some elements of their attention span to that condition. According to Estévez-González, García-Sánchez, & Junqué (1997) the human being is attacked all the time by sensory signals from outside and inside the body, but the amount of incoming information exceeds the capacity of our nervous system to process it in parallel, so a neural network is necessary to regulate and focus the organism, selecting and organizing perception,and allowing a stimulus to develop an electrochemical neural process, which would also be involved in the processing of information itself. Selective attention helps the visual system to process the most important information behaviorally, by routing this information through cortical networks, by synchronizing activity in different populations of cortical neurons (Saalmann, Pinsk Wang, Li, & Kastner, 2012). According to Mesulam (1986) the aspects that develop attention are orientation, exploration, concentration or vigilance; on the other hand, distraction, impersistence, confusion and negligence would reflect their deficits.What is known as “blindness due to inattention” has been reported, which is to notice a totally visible but unexpected object when the attention is elsewhere (Mack & Rock, 1998; Simons, 2007), refers to the inability to noticing something that is within the field of perception, due to the attention that was occupied elsewhere. According to Simons & Jensenlos (2009), spectators develop an activity in which they are asked to pay attention, but suddenly an additional object appears unexpectedly, then the observers are asked to mention if they noticed the unexpected object, the results indicate that many observers do not perceive these objects, a clear example is the invisible gorilla experiment (Chabris, 2011),Even when the objects are distinctive and evident to passive spectators (Mack and Roca, 1998; Simons and Chabris, 1999) this type of blindness has practical consequences, since the possible causes of medical errors are assumed (Lum, Fairbanks, Pennington, & Zwemer, 2005) and automobile accidents (Strayer and Drews, 2007). In terms of functionality, the human being must be able to manage their focus or centralize attention in order to achieve the objectives in environments where many things occur simultaneously, however, important peripheral stimuli that should take priority (may be for reasons security or personal) must allow blindness due to inattention, for example a person who has been successfully reading in the presence of ambient noise from a television, radio,conversations with third parties can easily hear a family member scream in pain (Kowai-Bell, 2005). Neuromanagement proposes that the human brain can generate an activity or fulfill a goal by developing what is known as a “moment of understanding” that could be defined as an experience in which a complex series of new neural connections is created that allows it to fulfill and develop objective, but these moments have to be coherent with the amount of attention of the mental experience in a certain period of time, which is known as attention density, that is, the higher the concentration, the greater the attention density (Braidot, 2010), we cannot leave out that the generation of many skills needs a large amount of information that can be processed,Some of them are relevant to performance and others are not (Maxwell & Masters, 2008), which determines the importance of concentrating all the attention on the objectives to be met, giving as much time as possible for their development.
Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)
Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) was developed in the 1970s in California (McLendon, 1989), its founders and main authors were Richard Bandler, student (initially) of mathematics and computer science, and John Grinder, professor of linguistics (Tosey, Mathison, & Michelli, 2005) gave the term «Neuro-Linguistic Programming» to develop a model that connects the neurological (neuro) processes, language (linguistic) and behavioral patterns that have been learned through subjective experience (programming), and that these can be organized in order to achieve specific goals in life. Neurolinguistic Programming is based on the works of therapists Fritz Perls, Virginia Satir, Gregory Bateson, Milton Erickson, Alfred Korsybski, among others,Their studies allowed the development of strategies that were adopted in order to achieve excellence in their professional fields. In decoding these strategies, Grinder and Bandler tried to pass these standards of excellence on to other generations (Dilts, 1998). NLP has been defined in various ways, such as "the art of communication excellence" or "the study of the structure of subjective experience." These definitions reflect a tension within NLP, as it is both a technology for communication and personal development and also a modeling process or methodology (Cameron-Bandler, Gordon & Lebeau, 1985; Dilts, 1998).Grinder and Bandler tried to pass these standards of excellence on to other generations (Dilts, 1998). NLP has been defined in various ways, such as "the art of communication excellence" or "the study of the structure of subjective experience." These definitions reflect a tension within NLP, as it is both a technology for communication and personal development and also a modeling process or methodology (Cameron-Bandler, Gordon & Lebeau, 1985; Dilts, 1998).Grinder and Bandler tried to pass these standards of excellence on to other generations (Dilts, 1998). NLP has been defined in various ways, such as "the art of communication excellence" or "the study of the structure of subjective experience." These definitions reflect a tension within NLP, as it is both a technology for communication and personal development and also a modeling process or methodology (Cameron-Bandler, Gordon & Lebeau, 1985; Dilts, 1998).since it is both a technology for communication and personal development and also a modeling process or methodology (Cameron-Bandler, Gordon & Lebeau, 1985; Dilts, 1998).since it is both a technology for communication and personal development and also a modeling process or methodology (Cameron-Bandler, Gordon & Lebeau, 1985; Dilts, 1998).
Reality according to NLP: The map is not the territory
The “map is not the territory,” this principle first formulated by Alfred Korzybski, a Polish-American philosopher known for his work on semantics, asserts that our perception of reality is not reality itself, but rather our own version of reality. her: our "map." Therefore, we do not interact directly with our world, but through the perceptual map of the world that we have created (Korzybsky, 1958). We cannot contain every structure of the information that comes to us in the world, so we have to create a "map of the territory" (a representation system). We experience the outside world only through our sensory representation systems, by seeing, hearing, feeling, smelling, tasting.They are our maps of reality that determine the way we behave and how we make sense of the outside world. No two people can have an identical map and we cannot say that one map is more true than another. But if we learn to recognize the structure of someone else's map, then we will be able to see the world from another perspective. This will lead us to understand and relate to others in a better way. In reality, each person responds to their own perception of reality. Therefore, an important concept in NLP is that by changing a person's map, we change their reality. Therefore, we can say that NLP is a model of the mapping processes (Grinder & Bandler, 1980). However, the interesting thing is to know how human beings develop and perceive these maps,the brain receives the information and filters it first through the senses, then their beliefs and values intervene to begin to build their mental map, here some processes such as generalization, elimination and distortion also intervene. As Pintos-López (2010) indicated, each of us interprets what is happening around us through our five senses, our unique interpretation of everything we perceive is based on our own life experience and a mental map is built personal reality. We do what seems best from our limited view of reality (Alder, 1995). Most of us come across what we want from the real world through our sensory system, only what is meaningful to us passes through our perceptual system,first through our personal filter of total knowledge and then through our valuation filter (Pintos-López, 2010). On the other hand Glasser (2002) pointed out that we compare what we know, or are trying to find out about something with everything we want. The brain reacts and changes when in life there is importance of a conviction and a deep personal certainty. Our beliefs and convictions are part of our thinking and therefore of our brain, when developing a belief or a conviction a neural network is established, which is activated and strengthened each time we make an internal representation of reality. A belief is a statement that we consider true, the same that consciously or unconsciously affects individual perception or that of others (Saint Paul & Tenenbaum, 1996),it can be considered as internal maps that we create to make sense of the world (O'Connor & Seymour, 1998).
Perception of "reality": A fusion between objectivity and subjectivity.
With all the arguments analyzed, the same ones that scientific theory has developed, a structure is established that could explain from an emotional perspective, an understanding of how reality can be interpreted from a field of social cognitive Neuroscience (Neuromanagement) and Programming. Neurolinguistics, this would involve four (4) essential steps:
- Information assimilation, considering the assumption that "the map is not the territory" and that all the information it assimilates is filtered by the senses (first) and then by the beliefs and values (valuation filter) that each human being develops individually according to the different variables and characteristics of its origin and environmental interaction (Pintos-López, 2010; Braidot, 2010). Focus and attention density, the human being to be able to create, innovate, develop and conclude an idea, an objective, a goal is very evident that you must concentrate all your attention on raising them, not simply limit yourself in formulating the activity to be carried out, human talent learns to develop the ability to establish the main objectives that allow it to interact with the organization in a way efficient.Attending requires a neurocognitive effort that precedes perception, intention and action, without attention our perception, memory and learning either do not take place or become impoverished (Chabris, 2011; Estévez-González et al., 1997). a mental map (construction of their reality), once the human being assimilates the information, focusing attention on what they want to achieve, a mental map or perception of their reality has been created, determined by new brain circuits (neural network), which allow him to behave according to his result towards a positive aspect that allows him to approach circumstances of pleasure or situations that imply generation of pain (O'Connor & Seymour, 1998).Pain and / or Pleasure,are the results that a human being could obtain once he has generated an understanding of what he has to develop, this from an emotional point of view, the final option can be changed and redirected according to the factors that the individual himself wants to raise for his benefit or circumstance. Pain and pleasure become levers that the body generates so that instinctive and learned behavior strategies work effectively (Alvaro-Gonzalez, 2014; Damasio, 1995).Pain and pleasure become levers that the body generates so that instinctive and learned behavior strategies work effectively (Alvaro-Gonzalez, 2014; Damasio, 1995).Pain and pleasure become levers that the body generates so that instinctive and learned behavior strategies work effectively (Alvaro-Gonzalez, 2014; Damasio, 1995).
Conclusions
This article has reviewed the main results obtained in research on the relationships between information assimilation, focus of attention, creation of mental maps and emotional results of pain and pleasure, trying to give an explanation between the subjectivity of Neurolinguistic Programming and the results of work carried out in social cognitive neuroscience in one of its areas such as Neuromanagement, to create a starting point in the understanding of the construction of the reality of human beings, try to understand how human talent can develop in the working environment that develops and how it could enhance its skills. As has been proposed, the construction of reality will be subject, initially,Because the brain is exposed to a large amount of information around it, however, there are processes and neural circuits that begin to filter it through its sensory structure and then through its evaluation filter (beliefs, values and mental patterns), However, through your focus of attention and concentration (density) of attention towards the idea or the objective that you want to carry out, you will be able to create a map of reality, which would come to represent an interpretation of reality, of your perception and as a response they would be involved emotional aspects of pain and pleasure, punishment or reward, which will develop physiological behaviors from the interaction of different brain systems whose joint influence determines behavior, somatic reactivity and subjective experience.This knowledge applied to the human talent of organizations can generate a change in the training, training, induction and development of skills, specifically job skills. Scientific evidence has independently studied each of the components that make up this process of perception of reality, however, there are very few attempts to integrate the subjectivity of the mind with the results obtained in the research of cognitive neurosciences. This work aims to be a fundamental basis for those who develop Neuroscience and Neurolinguistic Programming, generating interesting results in the business activity of the workforce,in addition to providing a review of scientific knowledge that supports the functioning of the brain and the relationships of human talent with the work environment in which it operates.
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