The Cuban economy has undergone profound changes in recent years, which have required improvement in all management and planning mechanisms as well as the application of techniques that allow making the right decisions at the right time, in order to give the right optimal use of available resources and obtain the maximum economic and financial efficiency.
Achieving efficiency in the economic - financial activity of an organization is a goal to be achieved, in which entrepreneurs must make all their efforts in order to obtain it.
Our country is in a world that is becoming more global every day and in which important transformations have occurred in the functioning of the economy due to: scientific and technical advances, the action of large transnational companies and the rise of neoliberalism such as theory and practice that international economic organizations try to impose; All this requires a more objective planning that adjusts to the possibilities and realities of our companies, foreseeing that their existence is directed towards a future where business management, obtaining profits and a correct financial position, emerge in the turbulent world of business.
The conclusions and recommendations as a result of the research are widely applicable in those activities that have characteristics related to the company under study.
Introduction
"The importance of science and technology increases as the world enters what has been called" The Knowledge Society ", that is, societies in which the importance of knowledge grows constantly due to its incorporation to production and service processes ”. (Núñez, 1999).
When dealing with reality, modifying our vision of the real world and enriching our imagination and our culture, contemporary science uses a set of measurements that throughout science and technology itself have been contributing: models, theories, instruments, and it is thanks to them that the research is carried out, which refers to the activity of knowledge production that unfolds from the previous results expressed in previous models, constituting science in a cumulative tradition of knowledge and practices.
The work carried out in Cuba in the field of science, technology and society (STS), takes place under specific conditions that determine its theoretical and practical orientations. During the last four decades, the development of culture, science and technology in general has been a fundamental priority of the Cuban state to cultivate the sense of social responsibility of the sectors linked to scientific, technological development and innovation.
For this, the use of modern techniques and technologies that provide companies with a strategic vision that, based on information on costs and total business profitability, allows them to make strategic and operational decisions in the right way, is indisputable. One of these techniques is the development of the Cost System, which in the hands of daring entrepreneurs can become a strategic weapon of business management.
The central problem that motivated the development of this work is given because in practice, currently, there are companies that do not have a cost system that meets the demands of their economic activities, whether industrial or service provision, not contributing to mobilize existing productive reserves, so that cost planning is not used as an instrument of administration and business management. For this reason, the general objective is to propose the realization of a methodological procedure for the establishment of a cost system that responds to the characteristics of the business management activity,providing the company management with a fundamental tool for the projection of its economic and financial results and that allows it to carry out a correct process of control and direction of the activity.
For the management of organizations, this constitutes an interesting, novel and extremely important topic, as it will allow them to have a new instrument for managing and controlling their production process.
Development
1. Financial planning, generalities and importance. Its development in Cuba.
1.1 Planning in Cuba.
The origins of planning in Cuba cannot be seen only with the emergence of the Central Planning Board, but in the causes that are the germ of planning; The coming to power of a social revolution puts the means of production in the hands of society and it needs to program, direct and control economic and social development.
To this end, Commander Ernesto Che Guevara expressed:
“The precondition for true planning is that political power is in the hands of the working class. That is the sine qua non of true planning for us. In addition, the total elimination of imperialist monopolies and state control of fundamental productive activities is necessary. With these three strands tied well, one enters the planning of economic development. If not, everything will be lost in words, in speeches and in meetings ”.
This quote from Che makes his vision of planning very clear on the context in which it can take place; the impossibility of talking about it without the direct participation of the State as rector and guide of the process, giving a social political interest to it and where the interests of the whole society are taken into account.
Federico Engels already left this vision very well defined when he pointed out:
“The proletariat seizes political power and through it the social means of production that escape from the hands of the bourgeoisie become public property. With this act, he redeems the means of production from the condition of capital that they had until then and gives their social character full freedom to impose themselves. From now on, social production is possible according to a plan drawn up in advance ”.
Referring to this same theme Lenin expresses:
"Socialism is inconceivable without the state organization of planning and distribution of products."
Also when addressing this aspect, the Programmatic Platform of the Communist Party of Cuba approved in the 1st Congress states:
“Planning is the central link in the direction of the national economy. It must objectively reflect the processes that take place in the economic-social life of the country and exert an active influence on them, by constantly raising their scientific level, eliminating all traits of voluntarism and subjectivism ”.
When analyzing these quotes, it is appreciated from when the concrete objectives of the planning are defined and the impossibility of the existence of this at a global level without the participation of the whole society and of social ownership of the means to achieve it.
In addition, the reference to the proportions that must be taken into account in the elaboration of the plans is extremely important, since it is impossible to achieve economic and social development in a country without analyzing the origin and destination of the resources, as well as, the distribution of net income based on the development of all branches to avoid imbalances that cause unevenness, both in investment and consumption, which also determines the standard of living of the population and the degree of development of the country.
The plans in the companies are made according to the productive characteristics and the economic conditions of each one, but always under the planning principles that exist in the country and the requirements that the economy has in each economic period.
It is important to note that the plans of each company are the product of the united work of the business management and the group of workers of the same.
From the previous aspect, the advantage that planning has in socialism, and especially in our country, can be seen. That is why we ask ourselves:
How could a country have endured the fall of the socialist camp and specifically the disintegration of the former Soviet Union if it did not have a centralized and organized planning with the objective of achieving the proportions of the social and economic development of the country?…
What happened in Cuba in the 90s is a clear and instructive example of the advantages of the planned economy, to bear the blow that the Cuban economy received when its sources of financing and stable supplies disappeared and to be blocked at the same time for the acquisition of material goods, transportation service and everything necessary to make an economy work and to be able to maintain the social conquests achieved in 30 years, is something that only the socialist system with planning as a development base, can achieve.
José Luis Rodríguez, current Minister of Economy and Planning, when addressing the issue of planning and referring to some criteria that exist on whether it is a technique, points out: “In reality, planning has a series of technical aspects, but essentially it has a political content that is basically defined, that is, it is not a mere technique, it is not comparable with other techniques that can be used interchangeably in one or another political system with more or less similar characteristics such as accounting ”.
One can really speak of planning in Cuba as of March 11, 1960 when the Central Planning Board (JUCEPLAN) was created through the promulgation of Law 57, with the fundamental objective of formulating and elaborating the economic policy of the revolutionary government, who appointed Regino Boti as technical secretary, thus being the prime minister of economy of revolutionary Cuba.
Very early Boti pointed out:
"Economic planning requires a methodology appropriate to the specific conditions of the country where it is carried out." It is not possible to mechanically transplant the experience of other countries, nor is it possible to improvise or reinvent the whole methodology without taking into account the experiences of the countries that have already built socialism… The plan will be achievable and will make sense through active participation and aware of all workers. Therefore the methodology must be accessible to all those who participate in the discussion of the plan ”.
The beginning of the 90s was one of uncertainty for planning, because, many thought that it was no longer necessary, a totally erroneous concept, planning was responsible at this stage to reorient its methods and it becomes an important link in the strategy for face the special period and direct economic development under other conditions, both in terms of financing and economic relations, both internally and externally.
In the internal order, transformations take place that make planning have to deepen its methods, such as:
- Cooperative ownership is expanded with the appearance of the UBPCs. The mixed company is introduced. In addition, the following are defined as immediate objectives of planning. Improvement of income and expenditure budgets in foreign currency. Incorporation of medium-term planning; in other words, expanding the planning horizons to more than one year (3,5,10 years).
As a consequence of these transformations and the necessary decentralization that took place between 1990 and 1994, planning takes up the path of playing a leading role in the way the economy operates, but with a different conception, of a plan based on material balances it passes to a financial conception based on a budget of income and expenses in foreign currency, that is, financial planning.
The conception of the plan in the country today from the company is different; At this time, entrepreneurs have to play their role as such, because they depend on the level of income that their entities have in order to develop it, therefore they ensure utility, they do not think about filling their stores with resources, but how to acquire what is necessary and how To get out of those that have no use, they are also forced to manage their accounts and their collections in order to have the cash necessary to operate, and determine what levels of investment are required to meet the objectives set in the business plan This aspect within the plan that gives a different nuance to the conception of business planning.
If something is objective today, it is that the change in the way of managing the economy and the new approach that planning has taken and the whole process of improvement that is having in the new concepts of how to make the plan and control its execution., has made possible the recovery of our economy from a higher level of business efficiency and a reduction and better control of the approved budgets.
1.2. Financial planning. Generalities and importance.
The Economic Resolution of the V Congress of the PCC addresses the importance of planning in the process of recovery of the Cuban economy, pointing out to this effect:
"Planning plays the fundamental role in driving the economy, even when a space has been opened for the functioning of market mechanisms under state regulation."
This appointment is of vital importance when analyzing the current planning development framework, since, when profound changes in the business system occur in the country, both in the organization, faculties and functions as well as in the admission of new forms of ownership, it forces To have a different conception of making the plan, it is not now about planning through material balances, often without financial support to execute them, suppliers where to acquire them or projects, investments and productions where to use the planned resources.
Every economic - productive process to project its execution, analysis of behavior over time and its projection for the future in the short and long term, needs to analyze the global effect of financing and investment decisions. This process is called Financial Planning, which when obtaining its result forms the so-called Financial Plan.
According to Myers Brealey, in his book Business Finance Foundation, financial planning is a process of:
- Analysis of the mutual influences of investment and financing alternatives open to companies. Projection of the future consequences of present decisions, in order to avoid surprises and understand the connections between current decisions and those that occur in the future. Decision of the alternatives to adopt Comparison of subsequent behavior with the objectives established in the financial plan.
When analyzing these aspects as a whole, it is understood why financial planning is so important and at the same time necessary for the development of a company, since, without a precise analysis of the real possibilities of the organization to direct its development based on its own characteristics, the situation of the environment, to evaluate its influence on the program to be executed and how to know how to take advantage of the advantages it can provide, it would be impossible to face the market and avoid surprises in the financial results.
The following aspects are important in the planning process:
- Contemplate and decide which risks to take and which ones need to be assumed Analyze all probable and non-probable processes so that the planning process culminates in an objective plan.
Taking these into account, it can be said that financial planning is the form of advance decision to establish what needs to be done, and how it must be done before action is needed.
We can summarize by stating that financing will be optimal for the organization depending on the capacity of the organization's management to:
- Foresee the future. Draw short and long-term investment and financing strategies. Rigorously control the execution of the plans and the use of its resources to face possible deviations.
All this implies giving the character of continuous planning to the process.
In the planning process of a company, the operating and cash flow budgets cannot be seen separately, since the latter reflect the movement of financial resources and the needs to execute the operations budgets.
For this reason, an essential part of financial planning is planning the cost of a company, which summarizes and encompasses the expected impact of all financial and operating decisions on profit, financial position and cash flow.
So, can you talk about financial planning without talking about cost planning? No. Cost planning is framed within one of the most important concepts in economics and that is Cost Accounting, whose fundamental purpose is to provide management with all the information necessary for planning and controlling business activities.. Through this accounting, it is: records, classifies, analyzes, assigns, synthesizes and reports on the costs of operations that occur during the process of consuming resources to produce goods and provide services.In order to carry out all this activity, the design is required and implementation of an instrument called the Cost System, we can define two types of cost systems according to the characteristics of the production process:
1. By Work Orders.
2. By Processes.
The latter, which will be used in the research, consists of carrying out a detailed study of the technological process of the selected activities in addition to creating certain minimum conditions that allow the creation of the Cost System of business management.
1.3 Business planning and cost planning
Cost planning is the process through which management establishes the resources to be used to guarantee economic activities and the criteria to be followed for the use of these resources.
There are different types of resources in the production process and we group them in the following way:
- Raw materials and materials Labor Indirect Expenses
Annual operational or management or cost planning affects all parts of a company and the preparation of the cost system, its implementation and its control have a fundamental role in it, defined as follows, according to the bibliographies consulted:
- "Cost Accounting", Part One by Charles T. Horgreen:
"A cost system is a quantitative expression of an action plan and an aid for economic coordination and execution."
- "The Budget, Planning and Preparation" of CP; Rodolfo Coeto Mota:
"It is the previous calculation and balance of the expenses of the state and other public corporations that must contain the detailed expression of said expenses during a determined period, generally a year"
- Illustrated Dictionary of the Spanish Language:
"It is the anticipated calculation of the expenses of a company or community"
- According to Larousse.
“It denotes expenses for a given period in a corporation, a public body, a state. ”
- Cristóbal del Río:
"It is a set of methods, techniques and forms that facilitate the analysis of the results obtained in the present and the measures adopted regarding a specific future period".
- "Administrative Accounting", by Ramírez Padilla:
"It is an integrating and coordinated plan, which is expressed in financial terms regarding the operations and resources that are part of a company for a given period, in order to achieve the objectives set by senior management."
- According to Oriol Amat in "Management and Cost Accounting":
“They constitute an effective instrument for planning, analysis and control of the resources used in economic activities.
All these definitions have points in common, since they consider the cost system as a quantified objective and guide for the future of business management, taking into account this the author considers that:
“The Cost System is the set of procedures and techniques that regulate the calculation, registration and control of material, labor and financial resources in the production process in order to obtain the cost of the activities. It quantifies the expectations about future income, cash flow, financial position, as well as the plans it relies on ”.
The preparation of cost systems not only helps to forecast the future, but also serves to control and evaluate the management of all parts of the company and to take the pertinent corrective measures that allow improving management results.
The cost system is one of the management tools used for short-term planning and control, helping to achieve objectives (effectiveness) with optimal use of resources (efficiency).
1.4 General diagram of the operation of cost systems
In the second half of the 70s and early 80s, forecasting studies with a view to the future in the economic field gained great strength, in search of ways to move from extensive economic growth (expenditure of resources difficult to sustain) to growth intensive economic activity, supported by an increase in efficiency and effectiveness in the use of productive factors. Increasing efficiency required intensifying efforts in the field of scientific research and technology development, but without facing the absence of innovation referring to: organization of production, development of markets, management and direction methods as well as renewal institutional, competitiveness was understood as a race to reach certain levels of quantitative indicators of production;all this happened in European, Asian countries and mainly in the USSR.
In relation to Third World countries, although they do not have the human and material means to carry out these future studies and their economies are affected by the crises of the 80s, they carry out important research in this field, we have for example: Mexico, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Chile, Brazil, Argentina and Cuba, as well as other initiatives such as the High Technologies Project for Latin America Year 2000. and Technological Prospective for Latin America.
As the decade of the 80s progresses, the degree of complexity of economic, social and political processes increases and contradictory events also originate such as: accelerated advance of globalization, internationalization, regionalization of the world economy, the deployment of technologies of information and increased efficiency in many industrial and service activities; Together with this, economic and social conditions everywhere, social marginalization, unemployment and poverty in both underdeveloped and developed countries are becoming more difficult. All of the above affects both the technical-productive and economic bases as well as the entire institutional and organizational infrastructure of society. This forces us to think about the present and above all to rethink the future.
The operation of cost systems can be seen as a whole system that starts in the beginning with the determination of the objectives of the company, which must respond to the ever-growing needs of society, the resources and means available and the future forecasts of the behavior of the different indicators, which will serve as a basis for controlling the process and providing feedback.
1.5. Requirements for the elaboration of the Cost Systems.
From the second half of the 20th century there are changes in the relationships: science-technology-society, which are linked to the great economic, political and military trends that define historical evolution. The society through diverse policies has determined the scientific and technological development such as: Scientific Policies; for Science and Technology and Innovation or National Innovation Systems: the latter would include the elaboration of the design of cost systems, which can provide changes in the control of the technological process, labor resources and financial resources.
All the people who are responsible for income, costs and investments must participate in the preparation of the designs of the cost systems.
Approval of the development and implementation of the cost system is the responsibility of the company's senior management. It is common for the preparation of cost systems to require a process through which an attempt is made to reconcile the objectives and perspectives of all those responsible with those of the senior management, therefore it is necessary to also prepare the budgets for the various activities.
As the budgeted period progresses, those responsible for income, costs and investments must be informed of the progress of reality in relation to the budget in order to be able to take corrective measures, if deemed appropriate and on time. It will allow us to know what is consumed or spent from the resources assigned for the production process.
There is no single procedure for carrying out a cost system design, so each company must do so based on aspects such as:
- Internal factors: Financing, human resources, material resources, organizational culture External sectoral factors: Consumers, product, market General external factors: Environment, situation and evolution of the economy, political situation, ministry directives, technology.
It is important to note that:
The process of designing cost systems serves more than just speculating about the future of the company. Actually, the main objectives of the system are:
- Coordinate the general objectives and means, with the specific objectives and means of each department of the company. Record, classify and account for the different expenses that originate from each area of responsibility or cost center. Control the level of achievement of the objectives at a global level and by units, evaluating the performance of those responsible for the use of resources. Encourage the different collaborators of the company, to provide ways, procedures, for the improvement, organization, control, of the different areas of the company.. Take the necessary corrective measures to optimize management results, minimizing costs.
1.6 Need and importance of the Cost System.
The success of a company is attributable, to a large extent, to the ability of its management staff to cope with the possible conditions of the future. Both short-term and long-term plans have to be made today for tomorrow's operations, which is accomplished through management's sound assessment of not only the potentialities of the future but also its latent dangers.
Constantly the management of the company confronts decisions about the sale price, production cost, deciding how to acquire and use economic resources in light of some objective and unless they can make exact predictions about the levels of costs and income, their Decisions can produce undesirable or even disastrous results.
That is why it is necessary to carry out a cost system, since it reflects the objectives desired by the company, thus representing in its broadest extension, the entire field of operations, serving as an instrument of control of all company departments.
Well-managed organizations that use the design of their cost system for the projection, calculation and analysis of their results, need a budget cycle, decision-making at all levels as a whole and in their parts, provision of a frame of reference as well as specific expectations against which actual results can be compared.
Coupled with this is decisive:
- Analyze deviations, looking for their causes and then taking corrective action. Planning again taking into account feedback and changes in decisions.
These aspects of the budget cycle and their impact on decision-making and performance evaluation can be illustrated as follows:
In short, the budget is the efficient planning of human, material and financial resources in order to achieve the objectives of the company, hence: the budget system is an important tool that modern administration has for decision-making, It provides the information that the cost system needs to determine the economic efficiency of the period.
Advantages provided by cost systems.
1- Press for senior management to adequately define the basic objectives of the company.
2- Helps to achieve greater effectiveness and efficiency in operations.
3- It facilitates the administration the optimal use of the different inputs.
4- It encourages the definition of an adequate organizational structure, determining the responsibility and authority of each of the parts that make up the organization.
5- It facilitates the co-participation and integration of the different areas of the company.
6- It forces to carry out a periodic self-analysis.
7- Facilitates administrative control.
8- Increase the participation of different levels of the organization, when there is adequate motivation.
9- It forces to maintain a controllable historical data file.
10- It is a challenge that is constantly presented to the executors of an organization to exercise their creativity and professional criteria in order to improve the company
1.7 Process of elaboration of the cost system.
In Cuba there is full awareness of the enormous scientific and technological challenge facing the underdeveloped world and therefore promotes strategies in the fields of economics, education, scientific and technological policy, Cuban social sciences have been nourished by the entire tradition of Marx's thought about the relationship of science, technology, innovation and social development. If we assume that SCIENCE is the knowledge system that modifies our vision. of the real world and enriches our imagination and our culture and that it is also a research process that allows us to obtain new knowledge, which in turn offers greater possibilities of manipulating phenomena according to their practical and productive impacts,We will then understand the need to propose a methodological procedure that encourages the correct analysis and adequate control of the cost elements, to guarantee the fulfillment of the essential objective of cost accounting, that is: the costing of the products.
This methodological procedure requires the following steps:
- Decide on the cost system to be established: the productive activities to be carried out and the characteristics or requirements of the production process must be taken into account Establish the main cost control accounts: they must facilitate the recording of accounting operations by each cost element, broken down by cost center or area of responsibility Perform the classification of expenses and costs: action that makes it possible to know the origin and destination of these concepts as well as their impact on the results obtained Establish the areas of responsibility: Action that makes it possible to accumulate and report costs at different levels of responsibility, so that the performance of those responsible for the control and use of resources can be evaluated.The effectiveness of this step depends on the correct classification that has been made of the costs and expenses. Elaborate the cost sheets: They allow to predetermine the results of each product to be elaborated, control the resources used and establish the sale price of the products. Establish models and records for cost control: They guarantee the analysis of the behavior of costs, using the information that is truthfully and systematically obtained in the production process Determine the cost of the production obtained: It allows to know quantitatively the use of the resources made available to the company, for each department or process involved in the production of the product, that is, if with the invested materials and the labor used, everything due has been produced with optimum quality,adequate technology and rational use of resources.
The application of these steps requires a set of scientific and empirical knowledge, skills, experiences and organization required to produce, distribute and use goods and services; we are then in the presence of Technology. It draws on three different sources:
- Scientific knowledge. Technological work. Concrete practice.
It is also based on social experiments that require projection and social control and, taking into account the elements to which they are linked, they can be:
- Incorporated in institutions: they cover structures, organizational forms, business experiences, among other aspects Incorporated in objects: materials, machinery, equipment, and others Incorporated in records: databases, manual procedures, etc. Incorporated in man: knowledge, abilities, skills, values and ideologies All of the above were taken into account in this research when establishing the design and especially at the time or phase in which the technology is applied, for example, they can include: To the Product: when We establish the standards and specifications of how to make the product, through the Cost Sheet, and the quality requirements that they must meet to satisfy social needs. To the Process: when we establish the conditions, procedures,details and ways of organizing the production cycle, to adequately combine the use of material, human and basic resources.To Distribution: when we establish the rules, procedures and specifications regarding the conditions of packaging, storage, transport and marketing of the production that has been completed and destined for sale. For Consumption: when we establish how to use the result of the production obtained, according to the proposed objectives.when we establish how to use the result of the production obtained, according to the proposed objectives.when we establish how to use the result of the production obtained, according to the proposed objectives.
The execution of this work starts from identifying the problems that affect the productive efficiency of our organizations, proposing its application as a scientific - technical contribution that will undoubtedly improve the business planning and planning process.
1.8 Economic, Political, Social and Environmental Impact.
Economic: it favors the development of the productive forces, the elevation, with the introduction of scientific - technical achievements in companies, economic returns, greater efficiency, lower costs, raising the standard of living of the population, and at the same time with a correct strategy the food base of both urban and rural population can be guaranteed, decentralization is facilitated. Simultaneously, this same strategy, if not applied properly, could lead to high costs, excessive specialization of the workforce and displacement of the workforce when introducing new achievements in science and technology.
Political: it can contribute to the execution of social and economic policies that allow the strengthening of the economic base of our companies and the stimulation of the increasing participation of workers, as well as the management not only, in the execution of the strategies designed, but in the projection of these; which would better guarantee the quality of its implementation, as well as the promotion of its own scientific policy, integrating the advances of universal science with national and local specificities. However, the application of this strategy must take care that the massive participation of the workers does not affect the precise scientific decision of those who have participated in the projection, empiricism can go ahead of the necessary scientificity.
Social: with the introduction of science and technology in planning, using the cost system in business management, working and living conditions raise their quality, business structures acquire new elements in their infrastructure in accordance with the demands of science and technology that are applied, new jobs appear that require a certain qualification, basic social services arise or increase and social relations are transformed.
Environmental: from conceiving the environment as everything that surrounds man, the proposed strategy must lead to the rational and optimal use of resources (natural and human), based on the limited sources of raw materials as well as the characteristics of the human resources as the most important resource of any organization, the non-environmental pollution; at the same time, the worker must be trained, informed, prepared to assimilate the scientific achievements to be applied and this contributes to the enrichment of his spirit, increasing his motivations and aspirations, his culture expands and new needs arise in him; at the same time that their sense of belonging grows (in correspondence with the other impacts), their love for what they produce and how they produce it; your social life becomes more active.
All of the above corroborates that the cost planning strategy should only be carried out after having an accurate diagnosis of the companies or territories on which it is going to influence, counting for this with the direct participation of producers and entrepreneurs in the determination of its main problems and possible solutions, especially from the revitalization of its own potentialities.
Conclusions
When developing the proposed objective in the work, results are obtained that allow to reach the following conclusions:
The development and implementation of the Design of the Cost System in business management should be an effective economic-financial instrument to obtain better results, allowing a planning process of all the activity that guarantees the continued active participation of all the personnel involved. in the process, ensuring the design of productive systems appropriate to the conditions of our companies and that give coherence to a viable production and planning system, which does not violate ethical principles based on its positive impact in the economic, political, social and environmental and at the same time enabling the competitiveness of companies as a result of a vision and strategic management of their management teams.
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