The importance of beans in our country has been metaphorically expressed in a famous phrase that they are as important in the security of the nation as cannons. Their high content in vegetable proteins places them as a strategic crop, since it guarantees a very profitable protein level if the high price of animal protein in the national and international market and the low level of income that the Cuban population still has is analyzed..
The fundamental limitations to achieve the qualitative and quantitative leap on a national scale are related to the quantity and quality of certified seeds, as well as the absence of local markets where producers have access to them. The deficit of inputs for pest controls, to sustain the fertility of the soils, energy and capital, which allow obtaining high productions and thereby reducing the price in the local market is not of less importance.
According to Marisa Chailloux et al. (1996), bean seed production in the country is insufficient. At the business level, the seed of the improved varieties is produced, but the availability of inputs and organizational difficulties have limited the obtaining of production volumes that allow the supply of the entire area to be sown. Collaterally, the private sector, in most cases, reproduces its own seed, which mainly responds to native varieties, although it is also receptive to the adoption of new varieties.
It is considered that in the country there is an adequate technological level for the production of high quality seeds, as well as the necessary infrastructure. The rapid consolidation of the local and national production system is required.
Currently, the National Seed Program is prioritized and subjected to a restructuring process that will allow obtaining the necessary seed.
Beans are planted in a range of soils, generally flat or with a slope of less than 2.4%, the highly productive ferralitic soils (oxisols and ultisols) predominate, while in the eastern region the soils are more fertile brown (mullisols and ultisols), vertisols (vertisols) and alluvial (Chailloux, et al 1996).
The present work is inserted in the guidelines of the economic and social policy of the party and the revolution approved in the VI Congress of the PCC. In one of them it is argued: "to ensure compliance with the production programs of rice, beans, corn, soybeans and other grains that guarantee productive compliance, to contribute to the gradual reduction of imports of these products."
The diversification of agricultural production in the Popular Council of Campo Florido constitutes an imperative of the current times, taking into account the need to guarantee its own self-sufficiency to reduce the imports of food made by the country given the high prices of these in the markets and difficulties with the availability of financial resources.
In this context, the study is developed with the objective of extending the bean seeds of the INCA PIAL project to evaluate in the specific conditions of said locality the behavior of a group of promising varieties whose response from the point of view of their yield and resistance drought conditions have already been studied in other edaphoclimatic conditions.
The introduction of species and varieties is one of the fastest ways to increase the diversity of crops in production, and it is also a suitable way to incorporate genotypes and valuable species from plant improvement programs in production areas (Fundora et al. 2001).
These groups are characterized by small seeds (less than 25 g for the weight of 100 seeds) and medium (between 25 g and 40 g for the weight of 100 seeds) for the Mesoamerican group and large (more than 40 g for the weight of 100 seeds). seeds) for the Andean group.
The work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the behavior of bean accessions with a view to gradually creating a data and seed bank for the food program of the municipality of Habana del Este.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Location
Geographic situation:
The farm is located in the Municipality of “Habana del Este” in the Popular Council of Campo Florido, it belongs to the credit and services cooperative ¨Eduardo Fernández¨ belonging to the small farmer Félix Gómez Cervantes, it limits to the North with the town of Guanabo, to the South with the town of Arango, east with the town of Jaruco and west with the Municipality of Guanabacoa. It is located in the La Coca race at a height of 40 meters above sea level.
Evaluation of the weather situation.
The study area is classified as tropical rainy, with relatively dry sub-humid tropical dry winter. Regarding the distribution of rainfall throughout the year, if we consider the total monthly mean values, a typical rainfall distribution of the tropical climate is observed. The maximum rainfall in summer corresponds to the period from May to October, while the minimum in winter corresponds to the period from November to April. Average annual rainfall is 1,331.9 mm in this period 2001-2010 (Data taken from the Campo Florido Rainfall Station). (Figure 1).
The dry period from November to April is the high stage for the sowing and development of pastures and temporary crops; However, at this stage it is very important to make rational use of water, because it reduces the available reserves of the stream and lowers the water table of the well.
Figure 1 graph of rainfall for the period 2001 - 2010 (Source: Campo Florido Plubiometry Station).
For Adger et al; (2005) Gay et al; (2006), Conde and Palma (2007) agree that regional changes, both in temperature and in the hydrological cycle, as a consequence of human-induced climate change, negatively affect agriculture. In this Popular Council, there is a period of intense drought that seems to increase with the years. This warning of climate change should alert to propose production strategies in each period, that is, from May to October, establish food reserves for the dry period by harvesting it in the wet period, especially for livestock, and thus reduce dependency. of external food inputs in this period of greatest drought.
On the other hand, the average temperature ranges from 23 to 25 degrees Celsius, reaching higher values in the months of July and August, and the lowest values in the months of January and February. Temperatures have varied greatly in recent years in this area (figure 2), and, according to (Salomón et al; 2007), the negative impact of human action has had an impact on this and have a high influence on climate change. In the study area there is evidence of this change: criteria of experienced farmers state that “years ago beans were sown from September and, however, in recent years, the highest harvest is obtained when beans are sowing from December "
Figure. 2– Average annual temperature of Cuba between 1951 and 2009 (Source. National Institute of Meteorology of Casa Blanca, 2010).
The figure shows the temperature trend to rise, causing many changes, especially in the precipitation regime and other effects confirmed by IPCC (2007) and Climate Change (2007). High temperatures also affect the germination of the seeds of many crops; they produce exhaustion to cattle in grazing paddocks without shades even when there are more adapted breeds such as the zebu, but not dairy breeds; So this can be a good argument for planting live fences and trees that provide shade for grazing animals in the hottest hours. High temperatures also affect the length of work days for draft animals and farmers.
Evaluation of the soil where the research was developed.
Analytical techniques used.
Table No. 1 Indicators and determination methods
Statistical analyzes were carried out on the fertility indicators of all the horizons of four profiles of the zone, including that of the area under study, performing linear regression tests using the professional statistical package SPSS 13, as well as the elaboration of graphic models using the Excel.
The soil is classified as soft brown without carbonates, its main properties are presented in table 2.
The indicators that define the physical and chemical properties typify Brown soils without carbonates and the processes that characterize it. Their prospects for integration into the economic dynamics of the farm and the territory are currently being evaluated through local development projects.
It is to signify the harmony that is appreciated from the point of view of the relativity of the contents in the soil profile between magnesium, sodium and potassium, not behaving in the same way with calcium, which could be related to the particular physical-chemical properties of this type of soil and the rock that supports it.
From the point of view of the physical properties of this soil, the density of the solid phase was closely related to the total porosity, while the plasticity index had much to do with the depth more than with any other factor studied. Of course, there is partial information on the expression of the environmental dynamics of the soil, so no categorical foundation can be made for it.
It is imperative to broadly institutionalize the analysis of externalities related to methods and methodologies to increase natural capital, reduce decapitalization and depreciation of productive entities, since it is the only way to determine the long-term sustainability of our ecosystems, many of them restricted by the quality and quantity of natural resources, be understood water, soils of high productive capacity, seeds, renewable and non-renewable energy, etc. (Brunet, 2008). In the case of peasant farms in these territories, this situation becomes more evident than in the central and southern territories of the Mayabeque and Artemisa provinces.
Table 2: Edaphological characterization of the area under study.
The accessions studied and the weight of the sown grains appear in the following table.
Table 3. Bean accessions and weight (gr) of grains planted
Soil preparation was by the traditional method using animal traction and a Creole plow. An area of 24 m2 was selected, the varieties and seed grain weight appear in table 3. Twelve plots were sown with a median distance of 0.40 cm and a distance between plants of 10 cm. The distance between the aisles was 20 cm.
Soil preparation
Two passes were made with a plow every 7 days, for Surcado always with a moldboard plow with animal traction.
Sowing
Sowing was carried out in the cold season (November-March) manually
depositing 3 seeds per hit every 5 cm.
Irrigation was not used, depending absolutely on the rainfall that occurred during the period of establishment of the crop.
The rest of the components of the technology included weeding by hoeing to control the weed plants, the application of Urea at a rate of ½ bottle of beer in 16 liters of water, 7 days after plant emergence.
An application of Tamarón was made with Mancoset and Fitomac in a 150cc dose in a backpack
The Aporque.
The hilling was carried out manually from 15 DDG, repeating
this work together with the daughter every week until the beginning of physiological maturity
Variables to validate.
In the study, an agro-morphological characterization of each of the genotypes was carried out, under field conditions, as established in the illustrated guide for the description of the characteristics and qualities of the common bean Muños, et al. (1993), taking into account the following agronomic morpho characters.
Plant status Days to Emergency.
It was taken in the period between the first days from sowing until the moment when 50% of the estimated population of each row emerged.
Flowering days
It was taken in the period between the first days from sowing to the moment when the appearance of the first flower was observed, in 50% of the population, in each row.
Stem growth habit
It was measured by observing the plant architecture and classified based on the bean growth habit scheme.
I = determined shrub
II a = indeterminate shrub, with short guide
II b = indeterminate shrub, with a more or less long guide
III a = indeterminate prostrate, with non-climbing guide. III b = indeterminate prostrate, with climbing guide.
a = indeterminate climber, with loads (pods) on the upper nodes
Days to physiological maturity
To determine the days to physiological maturity, the days elapsed from sowing until the moment when 50% of the plants presented the state were counted, observing the change in color in the plant pods.
Sheath Color
The color of the pods was observed and compared with colored squares.
The evaluations on the pod were made in correspondence to the fourth node, considering as node one the node of the cotyledons.
Harvest stage
Days to harvest
The number of days between the moment when the seeds reached their field maturity, when the moisture content was between 16 and 18% and the plants showed 90% defoliation, was counted.
Primary seed color
The seeds closest to the apex of the sampled pods were used, compared with the colored squares.
Seed shape
They were observed longitudinally and their norm was determined according to the descriptor scale.
Seed shine
The same seeds of the grain apex evaluation were used. The predominant gloss of the testa was rated as follows:
- Opaque.
- Intermediate.
- Sparkly.
Yield (relationship between seed weight at sowing and harvest).
Performance components.
Number of pods per plant.
It was determined by counting the pods that had at least one viable seed in plants sampled in the row.
Number of grains per pod.
Weight of 100 seeds (at 13% humidity).
Weight in grams of 100 seeds from the pods sampled
Total performance of each furrow.
The yield obtained from the furrows was adjusted to 40% seed moisture by the following formula:
Formula proposed by White (1985)
R = P
Where:
R: performance
P: sample weight
H%: seed moisture in percentage
86: Constant obtained from 100 -14% humidity Constant obtained from 100 -16% humidity
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The medium conditions were sufficiently acceptable to guarantee the normal growth of the culture, where the cultural attention paid to the culture played a decisive role.
The behavior of some of the soil fertility indicators show a close dependence between the T and S values (Rquad = 0.9; Ca = 0.92, Mg = 0.94), as well as P and K with respect to pH (Rquad = 0.70 In general, the germination and growth of the plantation can be considered normal for the time of year and a sowing in dry conditions. The most accelerated growth was shown by the red accessions, reaching to reach its earliest maturity, at 90 days
The rainfall allowed to guarantee the water requirements of the crop in its different phenological phases. This combined with adequate attention to the cultivation from the point of view of cultural work and combating pests and diseases which were only present in the first period of cultivation without causing serious damage.
The soil conditions were adequate, and these soils could be considered very favorable for beans if one takes into account that the chemical and fertility conditions are satisfactory, being treated with urea by spraying, which in the first stage of cultivation gives it vigor both for growth, use of water and nutrients as well as to increase its capacity to resist the inclemency of the environment where it develops, understood, high temperatures and incidence of pests and diseases.
The accessions Santiago 6 and ENAR 118 did not germinate adequately without achieving their productions.
Figure 3 Behavior of the accessions in the phenophases of the culture in days.
In general the germination and growth of the plantation can be considered normal for the time of year and a sowing in dry conditions. The most accelerated growths were shown by the red accessions, reaching their earliest maturity, at 90 days. Although some of the ENARs were those that exceeded cycles exceeding one hundred days. However, this does not seem to be related to the weight of the seeds, nor to their color, characteristics that are manifested in the same way in black, bay and red beans having the highest weights, particularly the latter, in some of the ENAR, aspect that can be seen in the figure. 4
The most evident response of the accessions to the specific conditions of the locality were four ENARs; two of white beans and two of bright red as well as a Santiago of Bayo color. Which reached performance ratios greater than twenty, the white ENAR 138 standing out clearly, reaching a ratio greater than forty aspects that can be seen in figure 4.
Figure 4 Weight of 100 seeds in grams
The most evident response of the accessions to the specific conditions of the locality were four ENARs; two of white beans and two of bright red as well as a Santiago of Bayo color. Which reached performance ratios greater than twenty, the white ENAR 138 standing out clearly, reaching a relationship greater than forty aspects that can be seen in figure 5.
Figure 5. Weight ratio of sown seed and yield at harvest.
Conclusions
The tendency of the temperature to increase as a result of the climatic changes will cause modifications, especially in the precipitation regime and other effects.
High temperatures also affect seed germination, which will force modifying agricultural production systems.
The Santiago 6 and Enar 118 accessions did not germinate adequately, without achieving their production, which implies continuing to evaluate them under other conditions.
The most evident response of the accessions to the specific conditions of the locality were four ENARs; two of white beans and two of bright red as well as a Santiago of Bayo color.
The agricultural sector does not have the instruments or mechanisms to be included in the System for the Surveillance and Early Warning of Drought and the Information System of the Institute of Meteorology, which implies the need to continue working towards that objective.
Bibliography
CHAVECO, O. Advances in the participatory genetic improvement of beans in Cuba. Mesoamerican Agronomy, 2006, vol. 17 no 3, p. 337-346
ESTRADA, R. In Las Tunas, opening the field for beans. Time 21:
Las Tunas, Cuba, July 13, 2010. P. 1. (In Section: Agriculture).
FUNDORA, Z. CASTIÑEIRAS, L. BARRIOS, O. MORENO, V. The introduction of plants in Cuba: its impact on the improvement of crops. Organic agriculture. 2001, p. 28.
GEPTS. P. 2010. Bean Genetics and Improvement I and II. Genomic tools for bean improvement: Course-Workshop. Genome-CYTED Program. (Jul. 19 - July 23: Guatemala). 2010.
GONZÁLEZ, A. Soils, irrigation and cultural care: the perfect trinomial for bean cultivation. Workers' Newspaper, November 27, 2010, p. 7.
GONZÁLEZ, E.. Agroscience. More productive response, profitability and efficiency. 2006. Available at:
GONZÁLEZ, A. Soils, irrigation and cultural care: the perfect trinomial for bean cultivation. Workers' Newspaper, November 27, 2010, p. 7.
HERNANDEZ, L. Y BARQUERO, E. Evaluation of 16 varieties of common black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) at first time in the Carazo company, Diploma work, Managua: National Agrarian University, 2003, h. 52.
..
www.fao.stat.org/es/ess/rmcrops.asp..
HERNÁNDEZ, J. Manual of technical recommendations for bean cultivation. Costa Rica: Ed. INTA. 2008, p. 82.
MAG. Bean cultivation guide (Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Leguminosae).
Bean Research and Technology Transfer Program (PITTA - Bean). Costa Rica: Ed. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, 1999, p. 8. MAG. Bean cultivation guide (Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Leguminosae).
Bean Research and Technology Transfer Program (PITTA - Bean). Costa Rica: Ed. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, 1999, p. 8. Marisa Chailloux; Germán Hernández; Benito Faure; Roberto Caballero. Bean production in Cuba. Current situation and immediate perspective. Mesoamerican Agronomy 7 (2): 98-107. 1996
MEDEROS, Y. Indicators of the grain quality of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Bibliographic review. Tropical Crops, 2006, vol. 27 no 3, p 55-62.
MIRANDA, S. Effectiveness of the participatory selection of varieties as an alternative for the strengthening of the Local Seed Systems of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a Cuban rural community. Master's Thesis. Havana: University of Havana, 2005, h 65.
MIRANDA, S., DÍAS, G., PORTELLES, Y., TORRES, R., CEDEÑO, L. Evaluation of the behavior of lines of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) resistant to drought, under irrigation conditions and without irrigation and incidence of diseases. Topics of Science and Technology, 2009, vol. 13 no 39, p. 19 - 30.
MIRANDA, S., DÍAS, G., PORTELLES, Y., TORRES, R., CEDEÑO, L. Evaluation of the behavior of lines of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) resistant to drought, under irrigation conditions and without irrigation and incidence of diseases. Topics of Science and Technology, 2009, vol. 13 no 39, p. 19 - 30.
ORTIZ, R., PONCE, M., RÍOS, H., VERDE, G., ACOSTA, R., MIRANDA, S., MARTIN L., MORENO, I., DE LA FE, M. AND VARELA, M. Effectiveness of peasant experimentation in the micro-location of bean varieties and the evaluation of the genotype - environment interaction. Tropical Crops, 2003, vol. 24 no 4, p. 107-113.
