The current work means an investigation carried out in the "Induvilla" Base Business Unit, belonging to the Villa Clara "Pescavilla" Fishing Company. Its objective is to design a procedure that facilitates establishing strategies and / or alternatives for the use (reverse logistics) of solid and liquid waste resulting from the industrial processing of fishery products.
Techniques were used in accordance with what is being pursued: direct observation, interviews, record inquiries, application of methodology to assess environmental impacts. An alternative solution was developed between the generator and the receiver of this waste, managing to minimize the environmental impact and increase income in values for the unit, through the sale of "micro algae and intensive food for species", as well as gradual improvements in the projection and economic development of its corporate purpose.
INTRODUCTION
Environmental education has gained special importance due to the crisis derived from the deterioration of the environment and the quality of life, which has progressively worsened throughout the planet, due to this whole style of development that does not consider people or people. nature as the center of attention.
The gradual deterioration of ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity, the production and consumption model of industrialized countries and the transfer of their lifestyles to the Third World, have caused an alarming impoverishment of the environment, making this one of the main problems that society has presented for more than 20 years.
The process of recognizing the main problems that characterize the global situation of environmental deterioration leads man to begin to worry and to think of more appropriate ways to avoid them, directing great efforts towards raising awareness and awareness of people in this direction.
Throughout the development of humanity, the action against nature has been underestimated, assuming the environment as an infinite source of resources.
Since the 19th century, the industry has uncontrollably deprived the natural resources, the environment, and dangerously polluted the planet. At present, the consequences of these acts are suffered, since industrial and technological development does not always respect the balance between men and the environment.
The future prospects, as far as the environment is concerned, are unclear. Despite the economic and political changes, interest and concern for the environment is still important. Air quality has improved, but water pollution problems are pending and require coordinated action, which will continue to be a problem as long as population growth continues to increase pressure on the environment. The infiltration of toxic waste into the underground aquifers and the intrusion of salt water into the coastal freshwater aquifers have not been interrupted.
Pollution of fresh and coastal waters, together with overexploitation, has depleted fish stocks to such an extent that it would be necessary to suspend fishing for a period of five to ten years for the species to recover.
Only with the use of waste, which currently constitutes a problem for companies in the world due to its large quantity and variety, is it possible to reduce the impact caused to the environment and substitute raw materials for the original ones can be obtained, thus contributing to ensure a future for our species. There are many state or private entities on the planet that generate waste and waste due to their basic activity, causing one of the greatest impacts on a world scale. This situation affects society either directly or indirectly, constituting a determining factor for the quality of life.
Due to the characteristics of the Cuban geography, great resources are dedicated to the development and destination of the residuals, constituting an environmental threat due to the negative impacts on the ecology of the landscapes.
The Fishing Industry constitutes a useful and necessary activity in Cuba due to its own characteristics, but it generates various environmental problems, including the waste generated (both solid and liquid).
The industrial processing activity of fishery products in the "Induvilla" Base Business Unit generates a reverse flow of waste and residues, which up to now has been carried out without taking into account the existing practices in the world for their treatment, Therefore, the objective of this work is to analyze them as a basis for further investigation, deeper that allows their use or treatment.
DEVELOPING
The development of logistics in the Base Business Unit "Induvilla" in recent years has been significant due to the possibility of achieving competitive advantages through it. Today there is the possibility of recovering and economically taking advantage of those wastes that no longer satisfy the needs of the consumer; which generates a flow of materials and products towards the producer called Reverse Logistics.
Logistics, as an important business activity, has developed significantly, with reverse logistics strategies appearing at the end of the last century, for the return of products and their direct reuse, saving some parts, recycling waste or a correct disposal of waste. same with a minimal unfavorable environmental impact. Modern companies in Business Improvement have new trends in production and quality that respect the environment, which denotes responsibility for future generations and achieving sustainable development.
In the decade of the 70s, the first works that analyze recovery and reuse processes of end-of-life products appeared. Guiltinan and Nwokoye (1975) and Ginter and Starling (1978) take the first steps in this regard by analyzing the structure of distribution channels for recycling, the members that participate, new functions that emerge in these channels, etc. However, it is not until the 1990s that the management of end-of-life products and associated logistics systems begins to be studied in greater depth. Although great advances have been made, reverse logistics is still a new topic, especially in countries like Cuba.
With the idea of clarifying a little more what reverse logistics is, it is explained that it is a broad and complicated term that is used to describe the management tools and logistics activities used to reduce, manage and dispose of the merchandise that for some reason is required. that they are returned from a final destination to their origin ”. There are three reasons for reverse logistics: consumer protection, environmental protection, and economic concerns. Environmental reasons can have two different origins: environmental legislation, which increasingly obliges companies to respect the environment, and a reason given by the ecological awareness of customers, which in a certain way would link, in a way The environmental reason is direct with the economic one and that of customer service.Some basic tasks of reverse logistics are: collecting, packing and dispatching, so that the products, in the broad sense established above, are: delivered back to the producer, resold, reconditioned, recycled or simply discarded. With regard to the basic tasks of reverse logistics: collection, selection, revaluation and transformation, it is explained that the revaluation contemplates a decontamination of the product, for its better use in the transformation.It is explained that in the revaluation a decontamination of the product is contemplated, for its better use in the transformation.It is explained that in the revaluation a decontamination of the product is contemplated, for its better use in the transformation.
An interest in return flows (reverse) is clearly observed since organizations began to take a special interest in being competitive in a way that allowed them to manage the effective delivery of their products and if not, to integrate the returns back into its commercial channel, all this with an emphasis on time and resources, this branch of the beginning of logistics is known as reverse logistics.
That is why it is expected that in the coming years reverse logistics will represent an important revolution in the business world and, probably, will become one of the fastest growing businesses at the beginning of the third millennium taking care of the environment. The introduction of this term is precisely the result of the growing environmental awareness in industrialized countries, which leads to the problems of waste collection, although the day is still far off when the main polluters assume such responsibility. For this reason, the Companies in Business Improvement included in the current development, are obliged to link the Management Systems (Quality - Environmental).
Current legislation, both national and foreign, designates institutions as responsible for the waste generated by the consumption of their products or materials in the provision of services and imposes on them the establishment of mechanisms that contribute to their proper disposal. This, which, at first, may seem like an added cost for organizations in the exercise of their activity and therefore, a reduction in their competitive capacity, can be managed in such a way that not only does it not deteriorate the competitive position of the organization, but even enhance it through the development of efficient systems for the recovery and reuse of materials discarded by them in the provision of services.
Logistics is a very broad concept and that is why listing the most relevant aspects is often a very complicated task. Making a general review of the logistics concept, it involves the supply management starting with the producers until reaching the final consumer. Entrepreneurs must be attentive to all those factors that ensure the presence of the necessary products and being so busy in this task they do not stop to observe the counterpart of the situation. This is where reverse logistics is present, it consists of recovering the products or their packaging in a systematic way so that they can be re-used, in this way an additional value is generated to the production chain.
There are three pure strategies and their hybrids which are the following: market, environmental and recovery strategy. It also indicates some objectives that may be present in the chosen strategy, which are set out below the exposition of the strategies:
Market strategy.
This strategy will be one in which reverse logistics is primarily aimed at returning inventories to the company, with the aim of maximizing customer service and after-sales services to gain trust with customers. This type of strategy, although not declared as such, developed very strongly in the United States and is currently the one that predominates in this power. (Rogers and Tibben-Lembke, 2001).
Environmental Strategy - Environmental.
This strategy is aimed at minimizing the negative environmental impact of waste, for which reason it can be costly. The development of this type of strategy is very strong in Europe (Rogers and Tibben-Lembke, 2001), since there have been laws since the beginning of the 90s of the last century that make companies responsible for their products once their life ends Useful.
Recovery Strategy.
This strategy focuses on the recovery of everything that can be reused in order to reduce production costs, "reverse logistics is the last frontier for cost reduction."
It is necessary to know that according to the reverse logistics strategy chosen, they will be present indistinctly in one or another different objectives; existing a correspondence with them, which will depend on the importance that is granted to them. Below are some objectives that may be present in reverse logistics strategies:
1. Minimize the negative impact of these products and materials on the environment.
2. Reduce waste resulting from the production process.
3. Lower the cost of production.
It is also important to highlight that reverse logistics strategies can be conditioned by various factors that stimulate or slow them down (Tibben-Lembke, 2001), such as the size of the company, the type of product, the types of customers, the manufacturing strategies followed by the company, the positioning of the company in the market, the behavior of substitute markets for repaired or restored products, the different stages of the product life cycle, among others.
When designing reverse logistics strategies, companies can agree on the reasons that drive them to implement them, on the objectives that are set, on the complexity of their direct and reverse supply chain or even on the level of development of strategies of this type, which means that there will be similarities between companies in strategies.
Reverse Logistics in the Base Business Unit "Induvilla"
The economic activity of the Villa Clara Fishing Company, PESCAVILLA, is dispersed or structured in Base Business Units, located throughout the territory of the Province of Villa Clara, responsible for the cultivation of different aquaculture species, industrial processing and commercialization. The Unit under Study is one of the members of the provincial system in charge of enforcing part of these purposes, and due to its large installed capacity and technological availability, it plays a fundamental role within it.
The productive base of the company is based on a total of 10 Base Business Units (UEB) and the Headquarters (see figure 1.3). The study center will be the UEB Induvilla, which has several production processes set out in the general flowchart (annex A), whose corporate purpose is:
- Industrialize aquaculture species and commercialize these species and products derived from industrial processing, for internal consumption in a retail way through the Special Fishmongers in national currency and in a wholesale way to other entities of the fishing industry system and to third parties in both currencies. ice for own input and when there are surpluses, sell this wholesale in national currency to fishing entities and third parties, in both currencies. Wholesale and in national currency the waste originated in the industrial process to entities of the fishing industry system. Third parties: Provide freezing and refrigerated storage services for food whenever there are temporarily available capacities, in both currencies.
Location of the basic units and the main activities of the Villa Clara Fishing Company.
Environmental performance of the entity
Within the Science, Technology and Environment strategy, a key result area for the protection of the environment has been defined, as well as the strategic objectives and the corresponding actions to be carried out in the period 2008 - 2010. The actions carried out in previous years:
- Use of solid waste, derived from fish processing, in feeding Claria Training of technicians in biosafety issues Characterization of liquid waste from the INDUVILLA fish processor Inclusion in contingency plans of measures before the occurrence of epizootic diseases and events of mass fish mortalities Construction of traps to prevent the escape of fat and solid waste during the processing of fishery products.
The industrialization processes of fishery products are subjected to intense quality inspection processes because their final destination is aimed at being part of the food of humans and animals. It has a comprehensive production line, capable of assuming all types of productions.
The balance of materials used and solid waste generated are demonstrated from an observation in a day of industrial processing. (Annex B)
During this production process large amounts of both liquid and solid waste are generated. Within them are: spine, head, skin, viscera; as well as water resulting from the washing of raw materials and processed products. Solid waste has as its final destination, being part or component of the nutritional feed for Claria's food; the liquids could be classified as dangerous since their final destination is the environment, that is, they are discharged into the basin. These could be recovered if they have a procedure that allows them to draw up strategies or alternatives for reverse logistics allowing the reprocessing of the liquids, integrating them into an oxidation lagoon, where micro algae such as "Chlorella" would be obtained, which would constitute the essential food of phytoplankton (crustacean Moina sp.) which in turn would serve as live food for the larvae of different species that are sown in ponds or fish farms today.
In this way, economic income contributions are made and, in turn, pollution of the environment is minimized. (Romero, T., 2005).
Being able to identify and assess the environmental impacts generated by physical locations in the Unit under study, would make it possible to make the most of the waste that they have as their final destination in the environment. (Annex C)
The rescue or reuse of waste from the use of affordable technologies and resources is a task that the organization has always set itself and that persists today; since the conservation of natural resources is a vital commitment, to give continuity to the protection of the fingerling crops of aquaculture species, which today constitute import substitution for the sector to guarantee the feeding of the growing population. The destination and reuse of the waste generated should not be limited only to the fishing sector but can be offered to entities that are dedicated to processing micro algae, as a raw material in the manufacture of cosmetic products, etc., as it means. the MINAZ.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The "Induvilla" Base Business Unit is the generator of a large source of important waste, from which the importance of knowledge and the need for it to have a procedure that allows it to establish strategies and / or alternatives for recovery of solid and liquid waste taking into account its final destination.
2. The procedure established for the reverse logistics of solid and liquid waste, generated in the Base Business Unit "Induvilla", constitutes a tool that makes it possible to obtain alternatives, which with its implementation achieve the best use of them and thus minimize environmental impact.
3. No procedural applications were found for the improvement of reverse logistics in the sector selected as the object of study, despite the fact that a large amount of waste is generated in it.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the results obtained from the research, it is recommended:
1. Put into practice a procedure for the continuous improvement of the reverse logistics of solid and liquid waste generated in the unit and discharged into the environment.
2. To manage to put into practice the alternative proposed regarding the recycling of “liquid and solid waste”, to contribute to the economic development of the unit and the country, while minimizing the environmental impact caused by the dumping of these to the environment.
3. Achieve direct communication between the waste generating and receiving entities to minimize the losses produced, due to ignorance of procedures and variations in the types and quantities of productions, of which the generating units are objects.
4. Train those involved (directly or indirectly) on the subject of reverse logistics, based on the current development of this literature, and thus achieve better management of this waste.
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