From the origins, men had the need to work to survive, organize themselves as a team to achieve objectives, trying to use the greatest possible effectiveness to carry out their activities, so that from the beginning, men have used the administration and we all use it daily. to a certain degree for various aspects of our daily life, from how each person organizes the activities they will carry out during the day, how we plan how to make the money we own pay for this fortnight to an administrator running a large company. Throughout the history of the administration, the names of various men have emerged and become established as pioneers and gurus of the administration due to their great contributions to it.
We must first define what a guru is:
"Guru is a word that comes from the Sanskrit gurus and that means" teacher. " The term began to be used in Hinduism to name the religious head or spiritual master. Over time, its meaning was extended to popular language to refer to that which is recognized as intellectual authority or is considered a spiritual guide. ” (DEFINICION.DE, sf)
GURUS OF ANTIQUITY:
Confucius (551-479 BC)
He was born in the town of Zou in the state of Lu which is currently known as shantung. Hailing from the Kong clan, a family of noble landowners. At the age of 3, his father died. I work in the state granaries and achieve the rank of Minister of Justice of the State of Lu during the time of the fragmentation of power under the Chu dynasty.
"Confucius established reforms that led to an administration of justice characterized by its impartiality and the practical eradication of crime." (WILKIPEDIA FOUNDATION INC., Nd). I study the growth of the administration and it had a lot of influence on politics.
Confucius' contributions were:
- Impartial governments where the rulers had to govern according to ethical principles applying the moral example and not force. Without favoritism thus reinforcing the submission of the people to the authorities, while rejecting tyranny The five social relationships (between governor and minister, between father and son, between husband and wife, between older brother and younger brother and between friends) with the characteristic principal that the superior has the obligation of protection and the inferior, of loyalty and respect.Increase the economic prosperity of the population
Socrates (470-399 BC)
Classical philosopher born in Athens, from a young age he stood out for the sharpness of his reasoning and his ease of speech. "His greatest merit was to create the maieutic, an inductive method that allowed him to lead his students to solve the problems that arose by means of skillful questions whose logic illuminated the understanding." (WILKIPEDIA, sf)
Socrates said that it is not enough to accumulate knowledge, but to review it and from there build new and more solid knowledge. He discussed and analyzed with other thinkers the performance of administrative activity, each person having an individual capacity to perform a job in government without being a formal part of professional or empirical preparation.
Aristotle points out two great contributions of Socrates: Two things must be attributed to Socrates with justice, on the one hand the inductive argument and on the other the general definition.
He died at the age of 70, sentenced to death and executed for hemlock poisoning, accused of failing to recognize the Athenian gods and corrupting his youth.
Plato (Athens, 427 - 347 BC)
Greek philosopher who abandoned his initial political vocation and his literary fondness for philosophy, attracted by Socrates. In 387 he founded a school of philosophy that had a student residence, library, classrooms and specialized seminars, and was the precedent and model for modern university institutions. Among Plato's various works, “The Republic” stands out
Plato also one more thinker of this culture created thoughts in support of administrative development, one of the main ones was the following. The individual skills of workers create a specialization of tasks. He ordained the role each person plays within an organization commonly was within the Government, and supported with social justice treaties.
"Plato maintains that men are of three classes, according to what predominates in them the rational, the irascible and the concupiscible, which gives rise to three different races:
- The gold one, of the rulers The silver one, of the warriors The iron and bronze one, of the farmers, merchants, craftsmen, etc. ” (INDA, 1987)
Plato wrote the book "The Republic", where he forbade accumulating wealth, as it is contrary to the nature of goodness and virtue, touching the following teachings:
- Administration in markets: The two upper classes would live in a community regime where everything (goods, children and women) would belong to the State, leaving institutions such as family and private property for the common people; Lacking the ruling classes, their corruption would be avoided, since they could not and would not need to obtain wealth, nor would they have relatives to favor. The State would be in charge of the education and selection of individuals (depending on their capacity and virtues) to allocate to each class. Specialization of work: "Plato's ideal State would be a Republic made up of three classes of citizens (the people, the warriors and the philosophers), each with its specific mission and its characteristic virtues, in correspondence with the aspects of the human soul:the philosophers would be called to govern the community, for possessing the virtue of wisdom; the warriors will watch over order and defense, relying on the virtue of the fortress; and the people would work in productive activities, cultivating temperance. ” (BIOGRAPHIES AND LIVES, nd) Democracy, the oligarchy, the aristocracy: The monarchy or the aristocracy (government of an exceptionally gifted single man or of a wise and virtuous minority, who aspires only to the common good) is for the philosopher the best way of government. From monarchy to timocracy, the military establishment, instead of protecting society, uses force to obtain power. In the oligarchy, a minority of the wealthy governs an impoverished people. Discontent leads to democracy or government of the people, of which Plato has a lousy concept:the most inept are chosen as rulers and anarchy reigns. Finally, tyranny, headed by a demagogue who suppresses all freedom, restores order; it is the worst form of government.
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Born in Stagira, Macedonia, he was the doctor of King Philip of Macedonia and belonged to the Platonic Academy. Aristotle says that without experimentation there is no truth, this is called empiricism. "He was the first to divide philosophy into other sciences, such as mathematics, astronomer, physics, botany, etc." (N. ADRIANA LEON QUINTANAR, 2001) He created his “Liceo” which was as prestigious as the “Academia de Plato”
One of the main contributions of Aristotle is Ethics referring to the principles of good and evil. He also wrote a book called "Politics" where he distinguishes the state and the government and proposes separating the authority of the state into three branches: Legislative, Executive and Judicial. He proposes collectivization of agricultural production with the modality that each one works his own land and the production must remain undivided, so that each one can take what they need from it.
According to Aristotle, administrative acts, economically speaking, belong to two categories:
- The natural economy that is in charge of the administration of the resources The crematistics that is in charge of the increase and acquisition of the resources
On the other hand, Aristotle studied the theory of value, from an economic point of view and defined concepts such as:
- Use valueExchange valueCurrency, as a unit of exchangeThe theory of the intrinsic value of currency ”(INDA, 1987)
Pericles (495–429 BC)
Born in the demo of Colargos north of Athens, an important and influential Athenian politician, he was the main strategist of Greece with great skills of orator. It promoted the arts and literature and because of this Athens has a reputation for being the educational and cultural center of Ancient Greece. Pericles created a law limiting Athenian citizenship to those born to both Athenian parents in order to separate foreigners. This thinker made the choice of workers for companies, Pericles proposed Megara's decree, which closely resembled a modern economic embargo.Through other decrees he reduced the property requirements necessary to be part of the archon and introduced the payment of generous amounts of money to those citizens who served as jurors in Heliea (the supreme court of Athens).
For this reason, he promoted legislation that guaranteed access to the political system and public offices to the lower classes, from which they had previously been separated. He died at home from an epidemic in the fall of 429 BC.
FEUDAL TIME
Friar luca paccioli
Franciscan friar, mathematical forerunner of Calculus of probabilities and economist. He was the creator of the accounting method of accounting double entry in 1494 and supported with tools of controls in administration
Thomas More (1478-1535)
Born in London England whose most famous work is Utopia written in 1516 where this thinker seeks to relate the organization of an ideal society or state settled in an island-shaped nation of the same name and proposes the creation of task specialization, the greatest taking advantage of the labor force and asks the workers and the bourgeoisie for the correct administration of resources looking for beneficial opportunities for them.
Nicolas Machiavelli (1469-1527)
Italian diplomat, public official, political philosopher and writer born in Florence. Machiavelli points out that it is essential to have the necessary institutions to channel the conflict within them. Machiavelli mentions that every prince must have virtue and fortune to rise to power: virtue in making good decisions and fortune in trying to conquer a territory and meet a situation (which was not caused by himself) that helps or benefits to conquer. The prince who gains power through crime and mistreatment, being vile and despotic, must understand that once he has risen to power, he must change that attitude towards the people. Giving freedom to the people, to earn their favor, since after all these will be the ones who decide their future.With all this mentioned, it means that the ruler can obtain authority under various conditions and keep it in any situation. Machiavelli was also a true precursor to the work of today's political analysts and columnists.
Adam Smith (1723-1790)
Scottish economist and philosopher, one of the greatest exponents of classical economics and named the father of economic liberalism. In 1776 he published, "The wealth of nations" where he says the key to social well-being is in economic growth and that wealth comes from the work of the nation, that is, from the artisanal workers and gave economic tools as a division of labor to achieve Productivity ", also stated that free competition is the most suitable means of the economy, and" experience of workers in processes and tasks "and his well-known phrase" let do, let pass ".
Adam Smith affirms that “man almost constantly needs the help of his fellow men, and it is useless to think that they will attend to him only out of benevolence. Thus, the human being is also capable of understanding the personal interest of his partner and of reaching a mutually beneficial exchange. Empathy with the egoism of the other (famous phrase: "give me what I need and you will have what you want") and the recognition of their needs is the best way to satisfy their own needs.
Among his most important contributions are:
- The clear differentiation between use value and exchange value. Recognition of the division of labor, understood as task specialization, to reduce production costs. Prediction of possible conflicts between factory owners and low-wage workers.. Capital accumulation as a source for economic development. The defense of the competitive market as the most efficient resource allocation mechanism.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
Within the industrial revolution capitalism breaks out where there is a massive exploitation by the industrialists towards the proletarian class which is made up of serfs, craftsmen and former owners of small workshops. Just as capitalism arises, opponents arise among the most prominent of the reactions described as utopian, that is, utopian socialism are:
Count of Saint Simon (1760-1825)
The name of this character is Claude Henri de Rouvroy descendant of the French high nobility, he was an enlightened man in technical matters.
"The core of the Saint-Simonian Doctrine consists of the idea that production is the primary thing, and that, therefore, the producing class (manufacturers, technicians, farmers, artisans, merchants, etc.) must be protected and combat nobility already the bureaucracy, because their wealth - he said - comes from the violent struggle, the usurpation and the dominance that the clergy gave them in the Middle Ages. ” (INDA, 1987)
It is said to be the forerunner of the European Common Market because it proposed the union of the countries of Europe.
James Watt (1736-1819)
Born in Scotland, he was a Scottish mechanical engineer and inventor. The improvements he made to the Newcomen machine gave rise to the so-called steam engine, which would be essential in the development of the first Industrial Revolution, both in the United Kingdom and in the rest of the world. He made a breakthrough in the conditions of production processes increasing the productivity of companies.
Carlos Fourier (1772-1837)
Coming from a family of French merchants. He affirmed that it is a social evil that man works out of coercion, out of misery or interest, while man's work should be pleasant and voluntary. He also mentioned that these ills could be reduced if man organized in communities where everyone had to work and live together, calling these communities "phalansterios".
Henry Varnum Poor (1812-1905)
He was born in Andover, Maine. He was a financial analyst and founder of HV and HW Poor Co, which later became financial benchmark research and analysis, Standard and Poor's. He created the principles of administration in work processes for railways. It also established that transport companies should be governed by three principles
- Information, communication and organization
He died at the age of 92 in Brookline, Massachusetts,
Daniel C. McCallum (1815-1878)
Born in Scotland, he was a railway engineer, General Superintendent of New York and Erie of the railway in 1855, founded the McCallum Bridges company in 1858, developed the first organizational chart (organization of hierarchical levels) and proposed it as a way of managing operations of a business, to focus the authority of the managers and help their decision-making. Joint work with Henry Varnum
We can continue the classification of administration gurus through the schools of administrative theory:
SCHOOL OF SCIENTIFIC ADMINISTRATION:
Charles Babbage (1792-1871)
Born in Teignmouth, Devonshire, Great Britain, he was a British mathematician and computer scientist. He is named as the father of computer science and is one of the initiators of industrial engineering and modern administration. He designed a calculating machine he called the differential machine; it used mechanical differences to calculate number tables and is the forerunner of today's electronic calculator. He also designed, but never built, the analytical machine to run tabulation or computer programs. His greatest contribution was the division of labor.
He postulated the advantages of the division of labor:
- Less time in learningMore skill due to the frequent repetition of the same processesIt fosters the invention of tools and machinery to carry out the processes. Adequacy of man in the workplace. " (MARTÍNEZ, 1990)
Other of his main contributions are:
- Computer development A model called differential machine Design and elaborate the analytical machine I apply and demonstrated the subject of analytical calculus
Henry Robinson Towne (1844-1924)
Born in Philadelphia, he was a mechanical engineer and businessman known as a systematizer of management principles. Named by The Engineering Magazine, Industrial Management is a pioneer of scientific management and its work as a source of inspiration for the development of Taylor's concepts. He pointed out that the Administration should be considered as a science, with its own literature, magazines and associations. He was one of the first engineers to see management as a new social role, and he put forward his ideas about the role of management. He published some works such as "The engineer as an economist" in 1886, "The distribution of profits" in 1896 and "The evolution of the Administration in the year of 1921". He was also an innovator in his own right,especially for his attempts to improve wage systems for piecework. He also proposed the creation of the North American Society of Engineers where Taylor subsequently set out his ideas. Other contributions were:
- He proposed the study of costs by processes He affirmed that what one department earned another could lose He proposed that 50% of the profit be shared between worker and company He established a strategy in which an exchange of experiences was carried out between service managers in different companies. He stated that engineering management and workshop management are just as important in achieving effectiveness.
Captain Henry Metcalf (1847-1917)
He was born in New York. He belonged to the American Army and was an inventor. I publish the book «The cost of manufacturing and the Administration of Workshops, public and private» which represents a new method for the control of production and a new accounting system based on the principle of directly assigning the costs of materials and labor costs. work for jobs. Metcalf made a proposal that principles-based management science can be applied to a wide variety of cases, indicating that these principles could be determined by recording and comparing observations and experiences. Established a forerunner system for cost and material control, this was very simple by providing the continuous flow of information and responsibility was precisely distributed.
Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)
Born in Germantown, Pennsylvania, he entered the Midvale Steel Works company workshops as a day laborer until occupying the position of chief engineer. He took an engineering course at the Stevens Institute, then pursued accounting studies. The first work he wrote was titled "Workshop Administration" written in the year 1903. He is one of the most important personalities of the administration, which is why he is called "The Father of Scientific Administration". Taylor strove to find the best way to get the job done through time and motion studies and to find the most appropriate way to remunerate workers in order to increase productivity. Taylor divided the worker's task into several phases.He carefully studied the movements he was making to determine which ones were necessary and which were not. He also studied the machines and tools used by the worker to see if they fit the nature of the task to which they were assigned.
He replaced the sole foreman with four functional foremen:
- Tool and machine maintenance foreman Harvesting foreman Working foreman Staff foreman
He determined the best way to do a job, what tools and machines are best suited to the job, and what is a reasonable daily task.
"I develop four fundamental principles:
- Displacement of the guessing system, developing scientific studies for each element of the worker's work.Scientific selection, training and specialization of the worker, instead of each one choosing their trade and learning it as they canCooperation of workers and companies to ensure the achievement of the job, in accordance with the scientific method. Greater equity in the assignment of responsibilities between the management and the workers, the former taking responsibility for planning and organizing the work, and the latter for carrying it out. " (MARTÍNEZ, 1990)
Their main contribution was to demonstrate that scientific administration is not a group of efficiency or incentive techniques, but a philosophy by virtue of which management recognizes that its objective is to scientifically seek the best working methods.
In 1911 he published the book "Principles of Scientific Management" where he demonstrates the losses that a company has in material and in time due to lack of proper administration.
Taylor's key ideas for achieving better performance in activities:
- Time and motion studies: with the methods and instruments to carry them out properly Functional supervision: creating a body of functional foremen with a superiority over the old sole foreman system Establishment of a job planning or preparation department The principle of Exception from the administration; that is, the administrator will only intervene when matters deviate from plan. Use of slide rules and similar instruments to save time. Instruction cards for workers. Successful task bonus; that is, payment of incentives (reward in money) when completing the tasks. The standardization of tools and implements used in manufacturing. The use of identification systems to classify products and tools,if possible with mnemonic systems. The design and implementation of cost accounting systems. The convenience of planning a system that ensures reward to the worker in the event of dismissal or departure. The differential task, which is to assign a salary on a and gradually increase according to the surplus worked.
Henry Lawrence Gantt (1861-1919)
Born in Calvert Country, southern Maryland, USA, he studied economics and engineering. He met Taylor in 1887 and became his collaborator and disciple.
“Gantt paid more attention to creating an environment that allowed him to get more cooperation from his workers, by setting a well-defined task. To this end, he established a system of remuneration for workers, which he called Gantt bonuses and tasks. ” (MARTÍNEZ, 1990)
The bonus and task system was established in 1901 and basically describes that if an employee finished his fixed task for the day he received a bonus in addition to his normal daily pay, if not, he simply received his normal payment without receiving any sanction.
Gantt's other contributions included:
- Development of charts for planning and control which were named with their name "Gantt Chart". The workers' compensation plan, with bonus for tasks. The development of methods of training workers to train them professionally. The greatest importance given to service and not profits.
Frank Bunker Gilbreth (1868-1924)
An American scientist and engineer, upon finishing his high school studies, he decided to enter the construction industry, starting as a bricklayer apprentice. It was precisely in this activity that he implemented a method to carry out the least number of movements in the shortest possible time. “Together with his wife lillian, I look for new working methods. Both used methods and tools to simplify the work, such as the use of films and the micrometer to record the time of movements. ” (ARRIAGA HN, 2001).
He established and designed a system called “Therblings”, basically it is named after Gilbreth in reverse. This system assigns a symbol and a color to each element. These elements were:
- Search: BSelect: SCoger: C Vacuum transport: TV Transport with load: TCSupport: SO Leave load: DCPut in position: PCPreposition: CPInspect: IMmount: DUse: Unevitable wait: EEPlan: PL Rest: DF
Gilbreth is the author of Psychology of Administration written in 1914 and Studies of Applied Movement published in 1919; where he defines these studies as "the study of movements in the art or science of suppressing the waste of forces that imply useless, ineffective or poorly combined movements"
SCHOOL OF EMPIRICAL ADMINISTRATION:
Let us remember that this school is a current whose objective is to avoid mistakes based on past situations, that is, that administrative tasks must be carried out in accordance with the past, custom or tradition. Mostly with this school mediocre results are obtained since new paths are not explored, there are no changes, different things are not tried and it is managed correcting errors, staying out of the progress in administration and its auxiliary sciences. Some companies that use this approach are General Motors, National Steel, and the Westinghouse Corporation.
Peter Ferdinand Drucker (1909-2005)
He was an Austrian lawyer, considered the greatest administration philosopher of the 20th century.
Drucker wrote multiple world-renowned works on topics related to the management of organizations, information systems and the knowledge society.
He was intrigued by the fact that certain workers came to know more about certain subjects than their own superiors and colleagues, even though they had to cooperate with others in a large organization. Drucker analyzed and explained how this phenomenon challenged the traditional current of thought on the way in which organizations should be managed.
Some of his works are:
- The end of economic man (1939). He adduces vigorous reasoning in favor of the need for a new social and economic order. The future of industrial man (1942). The topics covered in this book are: The predominance of large companies, the power of administrators, automation and the dangers of monopoly and totalitarianism. The concept of corporation (1946). It describes how, through decentralization, General Motors became one of the largest American corporations, The New Society (1950). The themes of his first two books are brought together. He refines his impression of the new world order. The practice of management (1954). He did it so that the common people would learn to manage.His analysis of the Administration is a valuable guide for business leaders who need to study their own performance, diagnose their failures and improve their productivity, as well as that of their company, The Limits of Tomorrow (1959). He describes New World norms and exposes the evidence that they must be overcome in education, government, and political economy. Direction by Objectives (1964). It was the first book to explain business strategy, it shows how existing businesses have to focus opportunities rather than problems to be effective, that's why opportunities grow and develop. The effective executive (1967). It talks about the executive's obligation to be efficient, but considering that this effectiveness can be learned, understanding effectiveness as a set of habits, that is,a sum of repeated actions that end up internalizing the executive's way of being. The era of discontinuity (1969). Introduces the concept of knowledge worker and influences innovation and entrepreneurship. He speaks of a new discipline that can be taught and learned, innovation: Technology, Management and Society (1970). It is a collection of essays covering the technological trends of the 20th century, such as: long-term planning, reciprocal relationships between technology, science and culture; and those of the old and future administrator. Management: Tasks, Responsibilities and Practices (1973). The Administration is an organized body of knowledge. "This book," says Drucker, "tries to equip the administrator with understanding, thought,the knowledge and skills for jobs today and tomorrow. " Drucker discusses the tools and techniques for a successful management practice; "Well, it should be repeated, the effective administration of our institutions is the only option against the tyranny of our pluralistic society of institutions and the goal, motive and purpose of this work are to prepare the effective action of current and future managers".Manage in turbulent times (1980). This book concerns the immediate future of business, society, and economics. We are - says Drucker - entering a new economic era with new trends, new markets, new currencies, new principles, new technologies and new institutions. The author explains that this work is interested in action, in decisions, rather than in understanding or analysis.It deals with the necessary strategies to transform rapid changes into opportunities, to modify the threat of change into productive and profitable action that contributes positively to our society, the economy and the individual. Innovation and entrepreneurship (1985). The first book to present innovation and entrepreneurship as a determined and systematic discipline. Analyze the challenges and opportunities of the new entrepreneurial economy in America. It is an excellent practical book that explains the new risks that tomorrow's successful companies and institutions have to know about Managing the non-profit organization (1990). Talk about service and non-profit organizations,rapidly growing sectors of our society that increasingly require the help of experts who know how to effectively manage them. Drucker gives examples and explanations about mission, leadership, resources, marketing, goals, person development, decision making, and much more. Management of the Future (1993). He talks about society changing and doing it faster every time. It marks some of the changes such as the computer revolution, demographic changes, the fall of the traditional industry as a provider of wealth and work, terrorism and how executives must understand the new realities, in order to be successful in this new society. post-capitalist (1999). Post-capitalist society is a knowledge society. It broadly explains the emerging economy, the knowledge economy,its protagonist (the knowledge worker) and the implications for organizations. Management challenges in the 21st century (1999). It's about self-management. Examine radical influences on society, politics and business now and in the years to come. The Essential Drucker (2001). It contains 26 chapters taken from his various works published between 1954 and 1999, offering in Drucker's words "a coherent and reasonably broad 'Introduction to Administration' and gives an overview of my Administration work."It contains 26 chapters taken from his various works published between 1954 and 1999, offering in Drucker's words "a coherent and reasonably broad 'Introduction to Administration' and gives an overview of my Administration work."It contains 26 chapters taken from his various works published between 1954 and 1999, offering in Drucker's words "a coherent and reasonably broad 'Introduction to Administration' and gives an overview of my Administration work."
SCHOOL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR:
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Born in Wales, he was the first formal writer in the field of management. He postulated that if inanimate machines were given care and kept in good repair because they paid this themselves, the same attention should also be given to vital machines (the workers). Owen establishes that man is good by nature but that there are certain circumstances in nature that do not allow him to be, it is important to try to improve the natural and social environment of man so that his goodness emerges; that is, if we care about the social welfare of employees both in the community and at work, men will work better voluntarily.
Mary Parker Follet (1868-1933)
He criticized Taylor for attending only to the mechanistic aspects while forgetting the psychosocial aspects, he insisted on the application of the scientific method to psychological aspects of administration.
"Follet wrote the book" Administration as a Profession ", a book in which he stressed the importance of applying the" scientific method "and the importance of man in the organization." (INDA, 1987)
George Elton Mayo (1880-1949)
He was born in Adelaide, Australia. Psychologist by profession and professor of philosophy, logic and ethics. His main interest was to analyze and study the psychological effects on the worker according to the physical conditions in which his workplace is located, in relation to production.
In 1924 he carried out a study at the Western Electric Company with a duration of 5 years and his theory arises which he calls "the discovery of man". Mayo demonstrated that without the cooperation and solidarity of the group, the opportunity to be considered projects, to be heard, to be considered equally by their superiors, it is difficult to reach the objectives set.
SCHOOL OF THE SOCIAL SYSTEM:
Max Weber (1864-1920)
Born in Erfurt, Germany. Weber studied organizational activity and described an ideal organization which he called the bureaucracy.
I study about the role of government offices in Germany and the interactions between the working groups that make up the bureaucracy. Through the bureaucracy she sought to establish the structure, stability, and order of organizations through an integrated hierarchy of specialized activities, defined by systematic rules; It basically established a principle of specialization to bring about greater precision, general management styles, and industrial psychology.
Oliver Sheldon (1894-1951)
I carry out studies regarding general management styles, industrial psychology and systems approach. However, he focused on the production area and referred to organization, direction and administration control within the industry.
Chester Barnard (1886-1961)
He made important studies in Psychology and Sociology. His masterpiece is The Functions of the Executive, he also wrote The Nature of Command. I explain the role of the informal organization and supplement the communication channels of the formal organization and help maintain individual feelings of self respect and personal integrity.
Among his contributions, the concept of authority and the acceptance of authority stand out.
He notes that in the concept of authority there are two basic elements:
- The origin of the command or "objective aspect". In this case, it affirms that it is inherent to the organization itself. The acceptance of command as governed or "subjective aspect". It maintains that all exercise of authority must be consistent with the subjective values of the governed so that it can be accepted and executed by it.
Barnard, in his work The Theory of Authority says:
"Authority is the nature of a communication (order) in a formal organization by virtue of which it is accepted by a taxpayer, or a" member "of the organization such as that which governs the action to which it contributes; that is, the one that governs or determines what he does, or what he must not do, as far as the organization is concerned. According to this definition, the authority involves two aspects: first, the personal subjective, the acceptance of a communication as authoritative… and second, the objective aspect, the nature of the communication by virtue of which it is accepted. Therefore, according to this definition, the decision of whether an order has authority or not, lies with the people to whom it is addressed; and not in people with authority or those who issue those orders. ” (INDA, 1987)
Regarding the acceptance of an order, it occurs only when 4 conditions are met:
- That the subordinate understands the order That the subordinate considers that the order is consistent with the objective of the organization That it is not incompatible with the personal interest of the executor That he is capable of obeying the order both mentally and physically.
Renate Mayntz
German sociologist, whose main contributions to the administration are as follows:
Authority structures and typology of organizations:
- Hierarchically structured organizations: in these organizations the head makes the decisions, aimed directly at the main objective of the organization. Democratically structured organizations: Decision-making is made on the basis of majorities, which order a group of members elected by vote. Authority is delegated from the bottom up. Organizations structured by technical authority: people act for their professional technical knowledge. For example, hospitals where a doctor cannot be ordered to operate in one way or another.
Amitai Etzioni
American sociologist, writer of treatises like: "Modern Organizations" in which he reviews human life and its organizations. His contributions include:
Organizations typology:
- Coercive: those in which the head of the organization exercises all the power Utilities: those that seek predominantly a utility, relying on a rational-legal authority Normative: those that grant a reward for belonging to them, both objective, subjective and intrinsic value.: they have something of two or more of the previous ones
Typology of behavior in organizations:
- Alienator: the one who is not psychologically linked, rather feels compelled to belong to the organization Calculator: the one who works for the payment but is not obliged to belong to the organization Moral: the one who intrinsically values the mission of the organization and its task He is mainly involved for moral reasons.
Ralph Dahrendort
His main contributions are:
Structural and behavioral analysis: “Dahrendort analyzes structures and their mobility over time, as well as the contributions of Taylor and Mayo. Gives importance to informal behavior and the conflicts generated by structural relationships
not only internal, but also the class struggle and the conflicts that are generated within the organization. ” (INDA, 1987)
Conflict and typology of the same:
He affirms that conflict produces change and is the way in which society is transformed. Classify conflicts into:
- Industrial: disputes between workers and companies Informal: a rejection of a boss or an order Deviant: it is the social imbalance of the tensions that are reflected in the organization Manifesto: conflicts between the participants of the labor market, union, workers' councils, centrals, states, etc.. Underlying: the one that hides a power struggle, for example the union-employer fight.
NEO-HUMAN RELATIONALISM:
Douglas McGregor (1906-1964)
Born in Detroit, the United States was a United States economist. I study at Harvard. He wrote works such as: “The human aspect of the Company” written in 1960 in which he talks about creating an environment where employees feel motivated through management, control or integration and self-control, “The professional administrator” and "Command and motivation".
He classified two types of supervisors:
- Theory "X": pessimistic supervisor with little confidence in the worker, believes that the worker lacks ambition, dislikes responsibility, does not like to be directed, reluctant to change, etc. Theory "Y": optimistic supervisor, confident in good wishes and love of work that the human being possesses, believes in self-realization in the performance of tasks. For this theory it is based on Maslow.
Raymond A. Katzell
I develop the ALFA-OMEGA theory that indicates the following variables:
- Size of the organization: the larger the organization, the more important it is to define functions, establish policies, methods and procedures that limit freedom of decision. Degree of interaction: facilitator of the democratic decision-making process. Personality of members: the expectations of Members are basic if they consider the boss to be highly capable, they will accept the decisions and vice versa. Consistency of goals: consistent individual and organizational goals. Technique used in the decisions: example hospital cannot order a specialist in what to do. Current efficiency of the system: As the system meets goals, it must open up to a more participatory and democratic process.
ECLECTIC, UNIVERSAL OR ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS SCHOOL
Henri Fayol (1841-1925)
Born in Constantinople, he graduated as a mining engineer in France. He is recognized as the father of modern administration. In 1916 he published his work "Principles of General Administration", he also published the works: "General Theory of the State", "The administrative organization" and "The importance of the administrative function".
One of his main contributions was the universality of administrative theory, he points out that administration is an activity common to all human organizations and applicable to all activity in groups; therefore it is universal.
It also established the administrative process which divided into 5 phases:
- Foresight: that is, planning for the future, setting objectives, making decisions and establishing action plans. Organization: material and social structure or organization. Mandate or Direction: directing personnel, operating the organization's plans. Coordination: harmonizing, linking and merge all the information, efforts and avoid duplication to save time and money. Control: verify the result of the original plan.
"The functional areas established by Fayol are the following:
- Technical operations: these include production, manufacturing and transportation. Commercial operations: including purchases, sales and changes. Financial operations: obtaining and applying capital. Security operations: protection of goods and people. Accounting operations: inventories, balance, costs and statistics. Administrative operations: Fayol's main contribution. ” (CUSTOM)
Another very important contribution from Fayol is his 14 general principles of administration:
- Division of labor: specialization of people's tasks to optimize and produce more and better with the same effort. Authority and responsibility: conceives of authority as the union of personal authority, intelligence, experience and moral value. Discipline: obedience, dedication, energy, behavior and respect for the established norms. Unit of command: each collaborator must receive orders from a single superior. Unit of direction: a single boss and a single plan for a group of activities that have the same objective. Individual interests to the general ones: the interest of the group of the organization must prevail, before the personal interest. Remuneration to the personnel: the salary must be fair and equitable as far as possible, trying to offer the greatest satisfaction in monetary compensation to the employee. Centralization:concentration or dispersion of the authority of the company depending on the function and workload. Line of authority or hierarchy: refers to the chain of command from the highest to the lowest position. Order a place for everything and everything must be in place Equity: every superior must be fair to earn the loyalty of the staff Stability of the staff: rotation has risks in the efficiency of the organization Initiative: creativity is important for the development of organizations Spirit of team: the harmony and union between the people who make up the company constitute the greatest strength for the organization.refers to the chain of command from the highest to the lowest position. Order a place for everything and everything must be in its place. Equity: every superior must be fair to earn the loyalty of the staff. Stability of the staff: Rotation has risks in the efficiency of the organization. Initiative: Creativity is important for the development of organizations. Team spirit: Harmony and unity among the people who make up the company constitute greater strength for the organization.refers to the chain of command from the highest to the lowest position. Order a place for everything and everything must be in its place. Equity: every superior must be fair to earn the loyalty of the staff. Stability of the staff: Rotation has risks in the efficiency of the organization. Initiative: Creativity is important for the development of organizations. Team spirit: Harmony and unity among the people who make up the company constitute greater strength for the organization.the harmony and union between the people who form the company constitute greater strength for the organization.the harmony and union between the people who form the company constitute greater strength for the organization.
CURRENT CURRENTS:
Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923)
Italian sociologist, economist and philosopher. One of his greatest contributions is the so-called "Pareto Principles" also known as the 80-20 rule which he made in 1906
In the year 1909 he introduced the Pareto index (the measure of inequality of income distribution) and showed the mode of distribution of wealth
Another contribution of great importance are the indifference curves. An indifference curve is a set of points in the space of goods - or sets of goods - between which the consumer feels indifferent. Each point on an indifference curve generates the same total utility as any other point on that same indifference curve. Each individual has an unlimited map of indifference curves, no matter where they are located, there is always a better option, but in reality we are restricted by the ability we have to acquire these goods on the market. This restriction is known as Balance Line.
William Henry Gates III
Known as Bill Gates, he was born in 1955. He is one of the richest men in the world, an entrepreneur, an entrepreneur, a computer scientist, a computer genius, and currently one of its leading gurus in the management world. Co-founder of Microsoft software which is used in most personal computers on the planet.
Michael E. Porter
Born in Michigan in 1947, he is considered the father of business strategy and consulting today, recognized in matters of business strategy, consulting, economic development of nations and regions and application of business competitiveness to the solution of social problems, medium environment and health.
One of its most outstanding contributions is the model of the five forces that affect the degree of competition / rivalry, that is, the profit possibilities of a sector.
- Rivalry between current competitors Threat of potential competitors Power of negotiation of suppliers Power of negotiation of customers Threat of substitute products
William Edward Deming (1900-1993)
Born in 1900 in Iowa, United States. Electrical Engineer with a Master's degree in Physics and Mathematics and a PhD in Physics from Yale University. He was an American statistician, exponent of total quality. His main contributions are:
- The 14 Deming points which serve in any type of company, whether large, small, services, manufacturing, etc. Deming Circle: o Create constancy in the improvement of products and services, with the aim of being competitive and staying in business., in addition to providing jobs. o Adopt a new philosophy of cooperation in which everyone benefits, and put it into practice by teaching employees, customers and suppliers.
- Give up reliance on mass inspection for quality. Instead, improve the process and include quality in the product from the start. o End the practice of buying at the lowest prices. Instead, minimize the total cost in the long run. Seek to have a single supplier for each item, based on a long-term relationship of loyalty and trust. o Constantly and forever improve the production, service and planning systems of any activity. This will improve quality and productivity, lowering costs constantly. Establish on-the-job training (training). Establish leaders, recognizing their different skills, abilities and aspirations. The supervisor's goal should be to help people, machines, and devices get the job done.o Eliminate fear and build trust, this way everyone can work more efficiently. o Clear barriers between departments. Abolish competition and build a system of cooperation based on mutual benefit that covers the entire organization. o Eliminate slogans, exhortations and goals asking for zero defects or new levels of productivity. These exhortations only create rivalry relationships, the main cause of low quality and low productivity lies in the system and it goes beyond the power of the workforce. o Eliminate numerical quotas and management by objectives. o Remove barriers to appreciate the workforce and the elements that deprive people of joy in their work.This includes eliminating annual evaluations or the merit system that ranks people and creates competition and conflict. o Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement. Put everyone in the company to work to carry out the transformation. The transformation is everybody's job.
- Little consistency in the purposes: the necessary importance is not given to the continuous improvement of products and processes; there is only one approach to profit.Focus on short-term dividends leads to failure or Behavioral evaluation, rating by merit through an annual review causing rivalryMobility of management causes poor management and supervision thus compromising the quality and productivity of the company.Focus attention only on the visible figures without taking into account other relevant aspects.High medical costsExcessive costs of liability or warranty caused by breach of the product or service.
- Planning: at this stage the activities required to reach the objective are established, data is collected, and the expected objective is defined. o Do: The plan is put into practice by establishing Verify: The results obtained are monitored and compared with those planned, o Act: the salvageable and insurmountable errors are identified and the circle is started again.
Joseph Moses Juran (1904-2008)
Born in Braila, Romania, graduated in engineering and law. Author of several books, for example, Quality Control Manual published in 1924; He also wrote on other topics such as: defining quality through two different but related concepts; that is, first it defines income-oriented quality as characteristics given to the product to satisfy the consumer, taking into account that this will affect costs by raising them, and the second is quality-oriented to costs and determining the absence of failures due to Consequently, the fewer deficiencies the product has, the better its quality and will cost less.
Another very important contribution of juran is the so-called "Juran trilogy", which divides the quality management process into three stages:
- Quality planning based on identifying customers, determining their needs, translating needs into company language, developing products based on previously defined characteristics to best meet customer needs., create a process that can produce these pickpockets and transfer the operation process.Quality control: in order to control any process, there must be feedback at all levels and processes, establish objectives and establish measurement units for them.: make changes in the process to achieve better levels of quality, this action is the responsibility of management.
Armand Vallin Feigenbaum (1922)
Born in 1922 in the United States. Expert and creator of the concept of Total Quality Control (TQM)
He established essential points for quality:
- Quality must be defined in terms of customer satisfaction. Quality is multidimensional. Must be defined comprehensively. Customers have changing needs and expectations, quality is dynamic.
Principles of his philosophy:
- Quality leadership: Quality has to be carefully planned in specific terms and is focused on excellence.Modern quality techniques: The traditional quality control department cannot solve 80 to 90 percent of quality problems and all Members of the organization must be responsible for the quality of their product or service. Commitment of the organization. Motivation and training are permanently necessary.
"19 GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING QUALITY
- Definition of total quality control. Quality versus quality. Control Integration Quality increases profits. Quality is expected, not desired. Humans influence quality. CCT applies to all products and services. Quality encompasses everything the product life cycle. Process control.
A GCT system can be defined as:
- The cost of quality. Organize for quality control. Quality facilitators, not quality police. Permanent commitment. Use statistical tools. Automation is not a panacea. Quality control at sources. (ORELLANA, 2014)
Phillip Bayard Crosby (1926-2001)
He was born in Wheeling, West Virginia.
Crosby started the Zero Errors Program by stating that there are no reasons to make errors in products or services. Her most outstanding contributions are:
Absolutes of quality:
- Quality refers to meeting customer requirements. The quality system is not evaluation but prevention. The performance standard is zero defects. Quality measurement is the price of non-compliance.
The 14 steps to quality improvement:
- Commit management to quality For quality improvement teams must be trained Empower and increase employee interest in quality Evaluate and determine the cost of quality Determine how to analyze where current and potential quality problems occur Take action to correct identified problems. Establish a commission for the "zero defects" program. Instruct employees to comply with the quality improvement program. Organize a "zero defects day" to make employees aware that they have There has been a change Set individual and group goals Encourage staff to communicate what are the obstacles to their improvement goals Give recognition to the participants we activate in the program Form quality councils Repeat the process
Kaoru Ishikawa (1915-1989)
He was born in Tokyo, Japan, an expert in quality control and considered the father of scientific analysis of the causes of problems in industrial processes, giving the Ishikawa diagram its name.
According to Ishikawa, quality control consists of:
- DevelopDesignDevelopMaintain a quality product
And that it is also:
- most economical most useful satisfactory to the consumer
Among its most relevant contributions we have:
- The cause-effect diagram, from Ishikawa or herringbone that is based on a central spine that represents the problem to be analyzed and other spines are derived from the spine, these being the causes. Quality tools:
- The cause-effect diagram The histogram: Shows the results generated by the system changes; Compare the variability of the specification limits in a graphical way, identify abnormalities. Control charts. With these graphs we can see if the processes are under control and measure their variation. Scatter diagram. Check if two variables are related Control or log sheets: Its main function is to collect data and classify them so that they can be easily used later. Stratification: Groups the data according to their concepts or areas, in order to identify the most problematic areas and provide more attention The Pareto chart. Used to prioritize the problems or the causes that generate it.And the 80/20 rule is used where it is explained that 20% of the causes solve 80% of the problem while 80% of the causes only solve 20% of the problem.
Genichi Taguchi (1924-2012)
He was born in Tokamachi, Japan. Its main contribution is the development of methods to improve productivity. establishes that every organization must offer products that surpass those of the competition in design and price, having some variations among themselves.
Such concepts are reflected in the following points:
- Loss function: The greater the variation of a specification with respect to the nominal value, the greater the monetary loss transferred to the consumer. Continuous improvement of the production process and the reduction of variability are essential to survive today. Variability: That can be quantified in monetary terms. Product design: In this stage the quality is generated and the final cost of the product is determined. Optimization of the product design: You can design a product based on the non-linear part of your answer, in order to decrease its variability.Optimization of the process design: Variability can be reduced through the design of experiments, by selecting the optimal levels of the variables involved in the manufacture of the product.Quality engineering:Taguchi also developed a methodology that he called: quality engineering, which is divided online and offline.
Contributions
Taguchi made a very important contribution to industrial statistics. The key elements of its quality philosophy are:
Loss function, used to measure the company's financial loss resulting from poor quality.
- The philosophy of offline quality control, the design of products and processes based on design parameters that determine the proper functioning of the equipment. The innovations in statistics the design of experiments, in particular the use of a series of external factors that they are uncontrollable in real life, but they are systematically varied in the experiment. Robust design: Product design within a standard called "acceptable quality"
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