1. Types of incentive plans
The three main types of motivational programs are:
- Incentive pay programs Job enrichment Goal management
The most common types of incentive plans used in the organization include: merit salary increases, individual performance bonus, piece rate or piece rate and commission, incentives for group performance, and profit sharing.
A merit pay raise is an increase in an hourly rate or an employee's salary as a reward for superior performance. A performance bonus is a cash payment for superior performance during a specified period.
The piece rate is based on an employee's output. The employee receives a certain amount of money established for each production unit above a certain standard or quota. A commission is similar to a piece rate, but is used for sales people rather than production. Employees earn a percentage of the successful sales volume.
An incentive for group performance, the award is based on a measurement of performance by the group rather than on the performance of each member of the group. Group members participate in the award equal to or in proportion to their hourly pay rates.
2. Job Enrichment
Job enrichment is an approach to job redesign to increase intrinsic motivations and job satisfaction. Intrinsic motivation is a term used to describe the effort expended in an employee's position to meet growth needs such as fulfillment, competence, and updating. Positions are enriched by allowing employees greater responsibility for self-direction and the opportunity to perform interesting, challenging, and meaningful work, the enrichment of the position includes steps such as the following: combine several positions into a larger position so that understand more skills to provide each employee with a natural unit of work,allow employees greater responsibility for quality control and self-determination of work procedures, allow employees to deal directly with customers, provide feedback channels so that an employee can control and self-correct their behavior at work.
Motivation
The role of motivation is very important in learning, without this element, very little progress would be achieved. Effective motivation is the essence of learning. Unless the person strives to ensure correct motivation, she will not make progress in learning.
Motivation Complexity
One of the major mistakes in the industry has been the oversimplification of the concept of motivation. Man has many motives, and unless we recognize the part that each one plays, we cannot begin to understand his behavior.
When it comes to motivation, it is concerned with studying the individual with respect to the changing psychological condition and a multitude of previous experiences. Due to these factors (psychological changes and previous experiences) it must be recognized that motivation can originate from within an individual or by factors that act on her from the outside.
The impulses or motives vary in intensity not only from one individual to another, but also within the same individual on different occasions.
3. Types of Incentives
Incentives can be classified as: "financial" and "non-financial" however it would be more convenient to classify them as "competitive" and "cooperative".
Organizing people into meaningful groups and making them work together toward a common goal leads to greater learning at the educational level and greater production at the industrial level. The term incentive is used as a driving force that is used as a means to an end. An incentive increases activity in the direction of that end.
In the industry, the incentive is often used as a means to encourage the employee to achieve someone else's goal, they may not be interested in reducing costs or increasing production; But you can be persuaded to reach that goal through an incentive.
Competition and cooperation can be seen as incentives. Competition requires each individual to do a better job than the one next door. Cooperation requires that people contribute equal and maximum efforts towards the achievement of a common goal. Competition and cooperation are not mutually exclusive, especially when individuals cooperate in groups to compete with other groups.
4. Behavioral Sciences
Man is immersed in a universe that is confusing at first sight; however, for his survival, he tries to explain it to him in order to be able to manipulate the phenomena that occur in him for his own benefit. Man's own curiosity is another important factor that prompts him to seek an explanation of what is happening around him; you can even resort to magic.
For example: if it does not rain, you can try to flatter the rain god by means of some rites in order to achieve his benevolence; You can also turn in search of explanations for what you immediately perceive. For example; I saw the earth and thought it was flat. We know that the senses deceive us, neither magic nor immediate perceptions have shown their efficiency.
Then man turns to science; that is to say, to the objective and rational description of the universe. In order to manipulate phenomena, it is necessary to know under what circumstances they occur; therefore it is urgent to describe them adequately. In addition, the description is required to be objective; that is to say, detached from our immediate perceptions, as well as from our prejudices, tastes, political or religious ideas, etc. It is also a requirement that this description be rational; or, what is the same systematically and based on a logical reasoning.
The scientist perceives what happens in the universe, he can imagine or think that the phenomenon happens under such or such circumstances; establishes explanations, temptations, assumptions and then tries to make those circumstances repeat themselves in order to determine whether or not the phenomenon in question occurs. Therefore, the process by which science is structured is not chaotic or casual but, on the contrary, requires a series of steps carried out in a systematic and careful way.
Behavior is just another of the phenomena that occur in the universe. The man realizes that his peers and himself behave in a certain way (for example, some people prefer to buy a product of brand X instead of brand Z; some others are fulfilled in their work and others not etc.) and They try to find out the causes of the various behaviors they observe, in order to promote those they consider positive and avoid the appearance of those judged in a negative way; To do this, you can also resort to magic or science. It is useless to insist that only the latter can lead to adequate results.
The behavioral sciences frequently encounter greater difficulties than the physical sciences. While the latter face systems with fewer inputs, the former are dedicated to the study of systems with a greater degree of openness, which is to say that the factors that influence them are much more numerous. Thus, the systems studied by the behavioral sciences contain a higher degree of uncertainty or, what is the same, are more probabilistic than the systems of the physical sciences; However, various theoretical frameworks have been established that allow us to understand the exchange between systems, subsystems and suprasystems studied by the behavioral sciences, as well as the process of their inputs and the results thereof.
The theoretical framework will allow the administrator to perceive relationships in the system called "organization" that would otherwise go unnoticed.
5. Concept
The behavioral sciences is the set of disciplines that deal mainly with the understanding, prediction and control of human behavior, and especially with the types of behavior that develop in interpersonal relationships.
Application Of Behavioral Sciences
Behavioral science is applied to diagnose and predict human behavior, as, for example, in polls or surveys (policies, market studies, questionnaires, attitude tests) and for psychological purposes, when studying and taking aptitude tests, skill, ability and personality.
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