In Ecuador Cleaner Production Practices that lead to the Prevention of Contamination of Water Resources are very little carried out. It seeks to provide elements for the definition of improvement methodologies.
The vast majority of the rivers of the Province are contaminated. The rivers of the Guayllabamba sub-basin reflect this situation. They are microbiologically contaminated and therefore their waters cannot be used to supply systems intended for human consumption.
The Metropolitan Environmental Directorate, of the Municipality of Quito, has implemented a water quality monitoring system in that sub-basin. Its results are worrying. But good manufacturing practices or processes of technological reconversion and implementation of clean technologies can be applied.
Problem formulation
How to prevent the contamination of Water Resources in the Province of Pichincha in 2011?
Research questions
What types of contamination are there in the sub-basins of the Province of Pichincha today?
What is the Environmental Problem?
How to apply Cleaner Production in the Province of Pichincha in 2011?
Research objectives
General objectives
Prevent the Contamination of Water Resources in the province of Pichincha in 2011.
Specific objectives
- Identify the types of contamination that exist in the sub-basins of the Province of Pichincha Analyze the Environmental Problem Propose Cleaner Production
Justification
This implementation of a Cleaner Production Program, P + L, with emphasis on the water resources of the province of Pichincha, benefits the populations close to and surrounding the sub-basins, as well as the mining sector.
Its coordinated execution between the businessmen and the mining community, the environmental and territorial authorities, are intended to be a guiding instrument for the development of a comprehensive mining project
And due to technical, economic, social and environmental considerations, they can be framed in productive efforts within the Concept of "Sustainable Development in Ecuador."
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVIEW
Background
After reviewing the Bibliography regarding the investigation of Prevention of contamination of Water Resources in the Province of Pichincha in 2011, the following works were found with their recommendations and conclusions:
According to ANAM National Environmental Authority In Panama (2007). Guide for the prevention of contamination of the water resource, characterization and treatment of wastewater for the non-metallic minerals sector in Panama regarding cleaner production, recommends:
The Cleaner Production alternatives require a detailed study and this requires an evaluation of technical, economic, social and environmental feasibility, which implies that detailed analyzes of facilities, equipment, machinery, personnel and hygiene situation are carried out. and occupational health.
According to the CAMERON Coordination (2008). Water Resources Forum Second National Meeting on Water Resource Pollution concludes:
The National Work Table prioritized within national and local policies, the contamination of Water Resources. It is known that there are important laws and regulations, that the law says that: "Who pollutes pays." But they do not go beyond being articulated dead of laws filed.
According to the Ministerial Declaration of the III World Water Forum in Kyoto regarding Water Resources, it concludes:
Water is the driving force behind sustainable development, including environmental integrity and the eradication of poverty and hunger, indispensable for the health and well-being of humanity. There is an urgent need to prioritize water issues around the world. Each country has the primary responsibility to act.
The concept of Cleaner Production for Pollution Prevention in the Province of Pichincha is the integrated preventive strategy that is applied to processes, products and services in order to increase efficiency and reduce risks to human beings and the environment..
Theoretical Foundation
General situation
According to the CAMERON Coordination (2008). Water Resources Forum Second National Meeting on Water Resource Pollution:
The province of Pichincha limits the north with the provinces of Esmeraldas and Imbabura; to the south with Cotopaxi and Los Ríos; to the east with Napo and Sucumbíos; and, to the West with the provinces of Esmeraldas and Manabí. It is located between 300 and 4,000 meters above sea level. Its territorial extension is 13,270.1 km2. The population of the Province is 2,388,817 inhabitants, of which 1,719,948.24 inhabitants (72%) are located in the urban sector; and, in the rural sector, 668,868.76 inhabitants (28%). The Annual Growth Rate for the period 1990-2001 is 2.8%. Annual agricultural production is 917,000 tons and the annual livestock production of milk and dairy products is 800,000 tons. As for the provincial hydrographic network, it is distributed as follows.
CUENCA - Esmeraldas River
Sub-basins
- Sub-basin of the Guayllabamba River Sub-basin of the San Pedro Sub-basin of the Blanco River
CUENCA - Guayas River
Sub-basins
- Sub-basin of the Babá River Sub-basin of the Peripa River
CUENCA - Napo River
Sub-basin
- Sub-basin of the Quijos River
The contamination of water resources in Pichincha
According to the CAMERON Coordination (2008). Water Resources Forum Second National Meeting on Water Resource Pollution:
Table No. 1: The contamination of water resources in Pichincha
Contamination of Water Resources in Pichincha
- The situation of water resources in the cantons of the province of Pichincha
According to the CAMERON Coordination (2008). Water Resources Forum Second National Meeting on Water Resource Pollution:
Cayambe and Pedro Moncayo
The production of select flowers and vegetables has led to the degradation of soils and water by residual chemical waste. In addition, due to this type of productive activities, abundant solid waste is generated that is also deposited in the rivers.
Mejia
It is a canton where agricultural production based on select vegetables for export has increased, giving rise to problems similar to those of the Pedro Moncayo and Cayambe cantons.
The moors of Cantón Mejía are threatened by the accelerated increase in the agricultural frontier and extractive activities such as obtaining wood and charcoal, especially in the “El Corazón” sector.
Regarding the quality of the water there is no control.
Rumiñahui
The Rumiñahui canton has become the great urbanization of Quito and has a considerable industrial park. Populated areas and industries are sources of serious pressure on water.
Quito
The moors and forests have suffered the effects of accelerated population growth. Such growth and industrial activity are highly polluting factors. In fact, 95% of the Río Machángara is biologically dead.
Pedro Vicente Maldonado, The Banks and Puerto Quito
They are recently created cantons and have not yet defined policies for the conservation of their HR. They have problems of sedimentation generated by soil erosion.
In the entire province of Pichincha, the lack of adequate water management has resulted in health problems for its inhabitants. Gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases and infections in general.
Situation of water for consumption
According to the CAMERON Coordination (2008). Water Resources Forum Second National Meeting on Water Resource Pollution:
It is necessary to differentiate the situation of urban supply systems from rural ones.
Urban sector
Within this sector we have the municipal systems, where the culture of use and exploitation prevails. The aspects of conservation of the sources and those related to pollution, go unnoticed.
Some of the water systems have been built with material harmful to health, such as asbestos cement that is carcinogenic.
Only one urban water system in the province meets the ISO standard. 9001.
Most systems continue to reflect high water losses ranging from 40 to 60%. In some sectors, these systems do not guarantee continuity of supply.
Rural sector
The vast majority of rural populations are served by community water systems. They are systems that face a series of difficulties, including the following:
- There are problems in the infrastructure such as: design failures, deterioration due to use and accumulation of sediments Limitations for proper maintenance, operation and administration, due to the costs involved Lack of training and technical support Not all systems have obtained The concession of the exploited waters There is conflict over access to rights of use and exploitation.
Wastewater management
According to ANAM National Environmental Authority In Panama (2007). Guide for the prevention of contamination of water resources, characterization and treatment of wastewater for the non-metallic minerals sector in Panama
Proper management of wastewater in mining must be oriented primarily towards cleaner production practices that avoid sedimentation of water sources as much as possible, through controls with sedimentation agents. When its production cannot be avoided, its contaminating potential must be minimized, making optimal use of raw and auxiliary materials, modifying operating practices to prevent the production of substances.
Table Nº2: Wastewater Management in Pichincha
Wastewater Management in Pichincha
FORMATION OF LIVING FENCES
According to ANAM National Environmental Authority In Panama (2007). Guide for the prevention of contamination of water resources, characterization and treatment of wastewater for the non-metallic minerals sector in Panama
WHAT ARE LIVING FENCES FOR?
- Protect streams and streams Delimit farms, lots and paddocks Protect crops from strong winds Provide firewood for domestic use Avoid periodic pole replacement When trees are mature, the sale of wood increases income Serve as shielding visualization of mining extraction and as a measure of landscape improvement.
CONSTRUCTION OF RESERVOIRS AND SEDIMENTING TANKS
According to ANAM National Environmental Authority In Panama (2007). Guide for the prevention of contamination of water resources, characterization and treatment of wastewater for the non-metallic minerals sector in Panama
The reservoir or settling tank is a well built on the ground, to harvest rainwater and keep it as a reserve for the summer seasons.
It is recommended that the reservoirs have the capacity to store at least 300 m3 (it depends on the need and the weather conditions of the region where the mining activity takes place).
- WHAT ARE THEY FOR?
As it is rainwater, you can use it to:
- Irrigation, Animal drinkers Domestic use Raising fish species Water for industrial use and sand washing
Variable identification
Independent variable
Contamination prevention
Dependent variable
Water resources
Variables Operationalization
Table Nº4: Operationalization of Variables in the Prevention of Contamination of Water Resources in the Province of Pichincha in 2011
| NOMINAL VARIABLE | REAL VARIABLE | OPERATING VARIABLE |
| PREVENTION OF CONTAMINATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE PROVINCE OF PICHINCHA 2011 | 1.1. Types of contamination in the sub-basins of the Province of Pichincha.
1.2. Environmental Issues 1.3. Cleaner Production Application |
1.1.1. Domestic Pollution
1.1.2. Irrigation Contamination 1.1.3. Industrial contamination 1.2.1. Water consumption in the province of Pichincha 1.2.2. Populations that cross the sub-basins in the province of Pichincha 1.3.1. Wastewater Management 1.3.2. Conformation of Living Fences 1.3.3. Construction of reservoirs and settling tanks |
Hypothesis
In the province of Pichincha, some rural sectors lack solid waste collection systems, this means that rivers like the Machángara and many other rivers and streams will be in permanent agony. The organic and inorganic compounds discharged by the production apparatus go there. Sediments rise at the rate that our soils are washed, due to poor watershed management and the development of destructive forms of production. Of course, facing the pollution caused by companies represents costs to capital. However, impunity is an effective means for capital to gain more and society loses more.
METHODOLOGY
Research design
This project is framed in research because it seeks to provide elements for the definition of improvement methodologies in Cleaner Production Practices that lead to the Prevention of Contamination of Water Resources in the Province of Pichincha in 2011.
Experimental design
The experimental part of this project will be carried out according to the following diagram
Project experimental scheme
Data Collection Plan.
The experimental data of the execution of this project will be tabulated in the following matrices:
Table Nº 5: Data collection plan
| ACCEPTANCE | ||||
| POPULATION CROSSING | TYPE OF CONTAMINATION | FECAL AND TOTAL COLIFORMS | IRRIGATION | DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION |
Sampling planning
The success of the sampling work lies in its proper conception (selection of sampling points, parameters, type and frequency of sampling, etc.) and in the efficient scheduling of sampling activities (information to personnel, mobilization, taking, preservation of samples.)
Sampling type
The type of sampling is associated with the practical objectives pursued. These objectives can range from detailed characterization to sporadic control checks. In the first case, these are programs that involve relatively high investments of human and technical resources.
In the second case, the sampling demands a low level of effort, with the use of few personnel (often one person is enough) and light equipment.
Sampling scheduling
The sampling schedule includes:
- Selection of the station where the sampling is to be carried out. Selection of sampling points. Selection of type and frequency of gauging. Selection of parameters. Determination of type and frequency of sampling. Definition of sampling dates. Equipment needed for sampling.
Plan for processing and presenting data and results
- Data Processing Plan
Selection of Points for Sampling.
- For the exact definition of the sampling site, the following aspects, among others, must be taken into account: Representativeness of the sample, that is, that it corresponds to the discharges to be characterized Existence of a good mixture Ease of mixing access, flow measurement and sample extraction Safety for personnel and equipment.
Sampling Equipment. It must have the necessary equipment for the gauging of the flows, the collection, storage, preservation and transport of the samples.
Investigation Procedure
Information and training of sampling personnel
The starting site to the sampling site.
The physical conditions of the work sites. This requires prior visits and, if necessary, prior adaptation of the sites.
The particular aspects of calibration, operation and maintenance of the equipment used during the sampling.
Sampling, identification, preservation and handling techniques of samples.
Techniques for determining field parameters (temperature, pH, sedimentable solids, etc.). ´
Flow determination techniques.
Determination of field parameters
Temperature. Dial thermometers should preferably be used for temperature determination. The thermometer should be submerged enough to get a correct reading. In some cases, there are multiparameter cells that simultaneously measure several parameters, including temperature.
pH. PH measurement can be done using electrode meters. Indicator papers may be used if only approximate pH values are required.
Data Analysis and Discussion Plan and Results
The water that is consumed comes from surface sources of the neighboring rivers, which is why its consumption must be legalized through the corresponding permits (water concession).
The main use is industrial for washing the extracted material and obtaining the washed continental sand. Water is also consumed for sanitary use
ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
Means
Institutional Resources
- resources Human
- Director of Undergraduate Work (1) Member of the Tribunal (3) Researcher (1)
- Material Resources Equipment Substances and Reagents Water Treatment Laboratory of the Faculty Others
Means
- resources Human
-
- Plant EngineerOperatorsAdvisers
- EquipmentSubstances and ReagentsWater Treatment Laboratory of the Transport FacultyFoodTransport
Graduate Resources
- Unforeseen money
Budget
Table Nº6: Budget for the Execution of the Project for the Prevention of Contamination of Water Resources in the Province of Pichincha 2011
| INPUT | QUANTITY UNIT | UNIT VALUE ($) | TOTAL VALUE ($) | |
| INSTUTUTIONAL
Advisers Reviewers Laboratories Teams |
20h 5h 20h 20h |
twenty twenty 5 5 |
400.00 200.00 100.00 100.00 |
|
| SUBTOTAL: 800.00 | ||||
| BUSINESS
Adviser Laboratory Refreshment |
20h 20h 20h |
10 5 two |
200.00 100.00 40.00 |
|
| SUBTOTAL: 340.00 | ||||
| Graduated
Investigator Computer Internet Basic services Bond paper prints Plastered |
480 240 240 100hj 2nd 6u |
5.00 0.50 0.50 0.05 5.00 8.00 |
2400.00 120.00 120.00 200.00 50.00 10.00 48.00 |
|
| SUBTOTAL | 2948.00 | |||
| TOTAL COST | 4088.00 | |||
| UNEXPECTED (10%) | 408.80 | |||
| TOTAL BUDGET | 4496.86 | |||
Financing
Table Nº7: Financing for Project Execution
| INPUT | QUANTITY | PERCENTAGE |
| Institutional | 800.00 | 17.79 |
| Business | 340.00 | 7.56 |
| Graduate + Contingencies | 3,356.80 | 74.65 |
| TOTAL | 4496.80 | 100.00 |
SUPPORT MATERIALS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Guide prevention of pollution of water resources, characterization and treatment of wastewater for the minerals sector METALICOS PanamáForo Water Resources Second National Meeting Attachments / Production CA RISPERGRAF .
ANNEX A: SCHEDULE FOR THE EXECUTION OF THE PROJECT
Project execution schedule
ANNEX B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS
- Residual water. Any waste or liquid residue with the potential to cause contamination (ABNT, 1973). Abiotic. Physical element or factor, devoid of life that are part of a system that also contains living elements, for example water in an ecosystem. 2. Variable does not live within an ecosystem but affects the life of an organism. Includes temperature, light, soil structure. 3. Term used in ecology to designate those factors of a physical-chemical nature - therefore, not living -, for example, salinity, temperature, humidity that characterize a certain ecosystem. (Abiotic) {Abiotic} Adaptation.Slow process of change in the structure or function of an organism to live and reproduce effectively, influenced by natural selection. 2. Characteristic of an organism, subject to genetic control, which contributes to its reproduction and survival in a given environment. (Adaptation) {Adaptação} Anthropic. Also anthropogenic, that is, of human origin; Synonymous, therefore, with humanized, anthropomorphic, it is usually applied, as well as anthropocentric, to conceptions that are excessively focused on human problems and that forget the environment and other factors external to humans. 2. Opposed to "natural" or wild. (Anthropic) Sustainable use.Maximum rate at which a potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing its inventories or supplies in the world or in a particular region. (Sustainable resource use) {Maximum rate for Biotic resource use . Pertaining to living beings. 2. Organic unit that makes up the biosphere; It includes flora and fauna elements. 3. Influences on the environment that provoke the activities of living organisms; predation and competition are biotic factors. (Biotic) {Biotic} Quality of the environment.State of ecological conditions in an environment, expressed in the form of indicators or indices related to environmental quality standards. It is also called environmental quality. (Environmental quality) {Qualidade de environment} Volume of fluid that passes through a surface in the unit of time (eg, the cross section of a body). Compaction Transformation of soil materials into a tightly textured mass, not very porous. Contamination.Pollution is understood as the alteration of the environment with substances or forms of energy placed in it, by human or natural activity, in quantities, concentrations or levels capable of interfering with the well-being and health of people, threatening flora and fauna., degrade the quality of the environment, the resources of the nation or individuals. 2. An undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, water, soil or food and that can influence the health, survival or activities of human beings or other living organisms in various ways. pollutant understands any element, combination of elements, or forms of energy that currently or potentially can cause environmental alteration of those previously described (air, water, soil,other renewable natural resources). Environmental pollution can be physical, chemical or biological.Water cycle. The natural circulatory system through which water passes through the environment. Essentially, it consists of precipitation (rain or snow) that falls to the land, over which the water runs forming streams and rivers that can reach the oceans. The water in the oceans evaporates from the surface, condensing in the atmosphere to form droplets that fall as rain. Part of the water is "consumed" by plants and animals that, through transpiration, release it directly into the atmosphere in the form of water vapor, another part infiltrates and accumulates in the aquifers. This water is called underground. 2. Hydrological cycle. (Hydrological cycle / Water cycle)
