Produced in all stages of human activities, waste, in terms of both composition and volume, they vary in terms of consumption practices and two production methods.
The main concerns are addressed for the repercussions that we can have on human health and on the environment (alone, water, in the country). You perigosos residues, produced above all the industry, are particularly worrying, pois, when incorrectly managed, it becomes a serious threat to the environment.
1 - Introduction
It is difficult to understand what is going on in search of its pressup resolution, rather than the adoration of technology. A situation in the origin of the problem requires reflection on the issue itself, not on the material aspect, but rather on its symbolic meaning, its role in its cultural contextualization, and also on the historical relationships established by society with its own interests.
As changes are also slow in the decrease of the potential polluter of the Brazilian industrial park, mainly not related to the most antigas industries, which continue to contribute to the largest plot of pollutant load generated and the high cliff of environmental accidents, being, therefore, necessary, high investment control environmental and waste management to control the emission of pollutants, or the release of effluents or the irregular deposit of hazardous waste.
2 - Waste
A decade of 70 foi a decade da agua, a 80 foi a decade do ar ea of 90, solid waste, according to Cavalcanti (1998). Isso no foi só no Brasil. The United States also began to address solid waste after a non-limiting period in the 1980s, when the Superfund was established, which was a specific legislation that intended to recover the large amounts of solid waste that had already been carried out in the United States. This approach prompted Agência de Proteção Ambiental - EPA to implement all legislation on solid waste, which was found in Federal Register no. 40.
Segundo Leripio (2004), we are a sociedade do lixo, completely surrounded by him, but we only recently agreed for this sad aspect of our reality. He also said that, in the last 20 years, the world population grew less than or volume of lixo for the produced. From 1970 to 1990 the population of the planet increased by 18%, the amount of lixo over Terra passed to be 25% higher.
The United States, according to Leripio (2004), or large volume of lixo gerado pela sociedade, is based on the not famous “American way of life” that associates quality of life with or consumption of material beverages. This pattern of life feeds or consumerism, encourages the production of discarded babies and spreads the use of artificial materials.
In Europe, a two-residue situation is characterized by a strong concern for recovery and recovery of energy. A difficult energy management, due to the scarce resources available and allied to a high energy consumption, favors a recycling strategy for two materials and its thermal use. The author above mentions that in the aluminum industry, for example, 99% of two waste products are reused, in comparison to the plastic industry, 88% of which reuse its leftovers. Of the total amount of municipal waste from Europe, about 24% is destined for incineration, 16% being for energy reapplication.
In China, a country of territorial extension, consider it to be a large population contingent concentrated in cities, or consider organic residues as a responsibility of the city, or melhor, of the generator. This type of cultural value facilitates the introduction of more rational methods of controlling two solid residues, with the active participation of the population. There is an individual involvement of the Chinese community with views to the reintegration of two residues in the natural life of the planet. A mass of two solid urban wastes are predominantly composed of organic material that has been used in agriculture. Assim, or waste not seen as a problem, but as a solution for fertilizing two alone, or that encourages the formation of a vast network of composting and biodigestion of waste.This difference in treatment is based on totally different cultural values, two of which will give rise to another paradigm for treatment of questão.
Residues are the result of processes of various activities of the community of origin: industrial, domestic, hospital, commercial, agricultural, of services and of public variety. The residues appear to us as solid, gaseous and liquid states.
3 - Classification of two residues
According to the site http://www.ambientebrasil.com.br, you are classified as waste:
- How much physical characteristics:
- Dry: papéis, plastics, metais, treated couros, tecidos, vidros, madeiras, guardanapos e tolhas de papel, cigar tips, isopor, lamps, paraffin, ceramics, porcelain, foams, cortiças.Molhado: food scraps, cascas e bagaços of fruits and vegetables, ovos, legumes, ragged foods, etc.
- Quanto à chemical composition:
- Organic: it is made up of coffee and chá, cabelos, leftovers, cascas e bagaços of fruits and vegetables, ovos, legumes, ravaged food, ossos, equipment and garden prunings. Inorganânico: made up of manufactured products like plastics, glass, drunk, tecidos, metais (aluminum, iron, etc.), tecidos, isopor, lamps, candles, paraffin, ceramics, porcelain, foams, curtains, etc.
- Quanto à origem:
- Domiciliary: originated from daily life of residences, made up of food remains (such as fruit shells, vegetables, etc.), deteriorated products, journals, magazines, carafes, packaging in general, toilet paper, discarded fralds and a great variety of other items. It could contain some toxic residues. Commercial: originated two different establishments you trade and services, such as supermarkets, banking establishments, shops, bars, restaurants, etc. Public services: originated two services of urban cleanliness, including all the residues of varrição das vias public, cleaning of praias, galleries, corregos, remains of pruning plants, cleaning of feiras livres, etc., consisting of the remains of various plants, packaging, etc. Hospital: discarded by hospitals, pharmacies, veterinary clinics (algodão, seringas,agulhas, remnants of remedies, luvas, curatives, coagulated blood, organs and removed stumps, means of culture and animals used in testes, synthetic resin, X-ray photographic films). Due to its characteristics, it deserves special care in its conditioning, handling and final disposal. It must be incinerated and the waste collected for sanitary purposes. Ports, airports, you end up in railways and railways: septic waste, ou seja, which contains or potentially could contain pathogenic germs. Basically they originate from material of personal hygiene and food remains, which can host doenças coming from other cities, states and countries.Industrial: originated from activities of two different branches of industry, such as: metallurgical, or chemical, or petrochemical, or of paperwork, gives food industry, etc.Or industrial lixo is quite varied, being able to be represented by cinzas, muds, oils, alkaline or acid residues, plastics, paper, wood, fibers, drunk, metal, slag, glass, ceramics. This category includes a large amount of toxic lixus. This type of lixus needs special treatment for its potential for poisoning. Radioactive: residues from nuclear activities (residues from activities such as urânio, césio, tório, radônio, cobalt), which should only be used with adequate equipment and techniques. solid residues from agricultural and livestock activities, such as adubo packagings, agricultural defenses, ração, colheita remains, etc. Or lixo from pesticides is considered toxic and requires special treatment. Entoulement: residues of civil construction: demolitions and remains of works,solos de escavações. Or, generally, inert material, passive of re-supply.
4 - Classes two residues
On May 31, 2004, ABNT - Brazilian Technical Standards Association published a new version of its NBR 10.004 standard - Solid Waste. This Standard classifies solid waste as many years as your cliffs enhance the environment and public health, so that they can be properly managed.
Other waste management activities, at NBR 10.004 and an essential ferramenta, being applied by institutions and regulatory bodies. From the stipulated classification by Norma, or waste generator, can easily identify the potential of risco do mesmo, how to identify alternative alternatives for final destination and / or recycling. This new version classifies the waste into three different classes: class I (perigosos), class II (não-inertes) and class III (inert).
- Class 1 - Perigous waste: only those that present cliffs to public health and the environment, demanding special treatment and disposal based on their characteristics of inflammability, corrosivity, reatividade, toxicidade and pathogenicity. Class 2 - Non-inert waste: wastes that are not presented periculosidade, porém não são inert; We can have such properties as: combustibility, biodegradability or solubility in water. It is basically the residues with the characteristics of the domestic lixo. Class 3 - Inert residues: only those that will be subjected to the tests of solubilization (NBR-10.007 da ABNT), não têm nenhum of their constituents solubilized in concentrations of padrões de padrões give water. Isto means that the water will remain powerful when it is contacted as waste.Muitos destes residuals são recycling. These wastes are not degraded or decomposed when not only disposed of (they are slowly degraded). This classificação, for example, entulhos of demolition, stones and areias removed from excavations. Or Table 1 shows origins, classes and responsibilities of residual hairs.
| Origem | Possíveis Classes | Responsible |
| Domiciliary | two | Prefeiture |
| Commercial | 2. 3 | Prefeiture |
| Industrial | 1, 2, 3 | Waste manager |
| Public | 2. 3 | Prefeiture |
| Saúde services | 1, 2, 3 | Waste manager |
| Ports, airports and railway stations | 1, 2, 3 | Waste manager |
| Agricultural | 1, 2, 3 | Waste manager |
| Entulho | 3 | Waste manager |
Fonte:
Quadro 1 - Origem, possíveis classes e responsável pelos resíduos
5 - Industrial waste
The law generated by the agricultural and industrial activities and technically made as waste and the generators are obliged to take care of the management, transport, treatment and final destination of their waste, and that responsibility is forever. Or domestic lixo is just a small part of everything or produced lixo. The industry is responsible for a large amount of waste - leftovers from mineral carv, refuges from the metallurgical industry, chemical waste and gas and smoke released from the chamines of factories.
Or industrial waste and two majors responsible for the environment. Nele are included chemical products (cyanuret, pesticides, solvents), metais (mercurium, cadmium, prickly pear) and chemical solvents that support natural cycles where they are clear. Solid waste is piled up and buried; liquids are clear in rivers and seas; The gases are not released. Assim, in the health of the environment, and consequently two beings that he lives with, becomes fond of himself, being able to carry out great tragedies.
Or habitual consumption of water and food - such as peixes de água doce ou do mar - contaminated with heavy metais placed on the cliff a saúde. As populações that moram em das das factories of artisan batteries, industries of chlorine-soda that use mercúrio, industries navais, steel and metallurgical, correm risco de serem contaminated.
You are heavy metal very used in the industry and are in various products. We present no quadro 2 os principais metais used, their sources and cliffs à saúde.
| Metais | De onde vêm | Effects |
| Aluminum | Produção de artefatos de alumínio; serralheria; medicine soldagem (antacids) and conventional water treatment. | Iron deficiency anemia; chronic intoxication. |
| Arsênio | Metallurgy; glass manufacturing and fundição. | Cancer (seios paranasais) |
| Cadmium | Soldas; tobacco; batteries and pilhas. | Cancer of lungs and prostate; lesão rins us. |
| Prickly pear | Manufacture and recycling of car batteries; ink industry; em ceramic paint; soldagem. | Lead poisoning (abdominal colic, tremors, muscle failure, kidney and brain injury) |
| Cobalt | Preparation of cutting ferramentas and furadoras. | Pulmonary fibrose (hardening of the lung) that can lead to death |
| Chrome | Industries of colors, enamels, inks, leagues with nickel and nickel; cromagem de metais. | Asthma (bronchite); Cancer. |
| Match it love it | Poison for cheap; rodenticides (type of insecticide used in lavoura) and fireworks. | Sickness; gastrite; odor de alho; phosphorescent fezes and vomits; muscle dor; torpor; shock; eat and tie death. |
| Mercury | Industrial molds; indústrias indústrias de chloro-soda; garro de ouro; fluorescent lamps. | Intoxicação do central nervous system |
| Nickel | Batteries; plowed; fundição e niquelagem de metais; refineries. | Câncer de pulmão e seios paranasais |
| Metal fumes | Vapors (copper, cadmium, ferro, manganês, nickel and zinc) from industrial welding or from galvanizing metal. | Fever two metal fumes (fever, cough, fatigue and muscle pain) - similar to pneumonia. |
Fonte:
Quadro 2 - Principais metais used na indústria, suas fontes e riscos à saúde
The industry eliminates waste through various processes. Some products, mainly solids, are stored in deposits, as long as the liquid residue is, generally, cleared in rivers and seas, in a different way.
Certain perigosos waste são jogados not in the environment, precisely for serem tão harmful. It is not known how to deal with it with the expectation that the environment will absorb toxic substances. Porém, essa não é uma sure solution to the problem. Muitos metais e produtos chemical não são naturais, nem biodegradáveis. As a result, the more waste is buried, the more natural cycles are affected, the environment becomes polluted. Since the 1950s, chemical and toxic residues have caused disasters that are increasingly frequent and serious.
Currently, it has more than 7 milhões of chemical products made, and every year another milhares são descobertos. Isso makes it harder, more and more, or an effective waste treatment.
To the destination, treatment and final disposal of waste, follow the Standard 10.004 of the Brazilian Technical Standards Association that classifies the waste according to the reactions that it produces when it is placed not only:
perigosos (Classe 1- polluting and toxic);
non-inert (Class 2 - possibly polluting);
inert (Classe 3 - no contaminants).
The residues of classes 1 and 2 must be treated and destined in appropriate installations for such purpose. For example, the terrifying industries require waterproof blankets and various layers of protection to avoid contamination from only the water, in addition to facilities prepared to receive or industrial and hospital lixo, normally operated by private companies, following or conceiving the polluter-payer..
The industries traditionally responsible for the largest production of hazardous waste are only metallurgical, the industries of eletro-electronic equipment, the foundries, the chemical industry and the industry of couro e borracha. It predominates in many urban areas with inadequate final disposal of industrial waste, for example, or it launches two industrial waste in lixões, nas margens das estradas or in vacant lots, or that compromises the environmental quality and life of the population.
To treat two industrial residues, or Brazil with specific laws and regulations. You can cite the Brazilian Constitution in its Artigo 225, which provides for protection of the environment; to Lei 6.938 / 81, which establishes the National Environmental Policy; to Law 6,803 / 80, which provides the basic guidelines for the industrial zone in critical areas of pollution; as resolutions of the National Environment Council - CONAMA 257/263 e 258, which have respectively on pilhas, batteries and tires and, além disso, a questão and amply treated in Chapters 19, 20 and 21 of Agenda 21 (Rio-92).
In sit, or federal government, through the Ministry of the Environment - MMA and the Brazilian Institute of Environment and two Natural Resources Renováveis - IBAMA is developing a project to characterize the industrial waste through a national inventory, to trace and develop a policy of atuação, aiming to reduce the inadequate production and destination of hazardous waste.
With the approval of the Law of Crimes Ambientais, not the beginning of 1998, to which there are heavy sanctions for those responsible for the inadequate disposal of waste, the companies that provide services in the area of waste will feel a certain aqueduct of the market - there is a company that has increased 20% on demand for services logo after enactment of the law - plus such a movement was in some way repaired with the issuance of the Provisional Measure that expanded or allowed for companies to adapt to new legislation.
Comparing the French and Brazilian legislation, Groszek (1998) says that there are no major differences. Both the Brazilian legislature and the European principles are responsible, and the waste manager. Na França e no Brasil or gerador fears the responsibility, for example, of guarding a treatment center that is appropriate, legally and environmentally, filing that guard against its responsibility, and also of guarding a transporter who claims to be credentialed.
Or the operator, for its time, fears responsibility for complying with the legal obligations in general and for those who are licensed, in particular.
A French legislature establishes that a company must, first of all, avoid a waste generation; that, houver geração, must first of all tempt or re-supply the waste, recovering the raw material; no case of the treatment for the plant, we must first look for a treatment that makes possible a thermal recovery; e, in the last place, it must be used or terrified.
In the hope of companies that will invest in technology and facilities for the treatment and disposal of industrial waste, there is a dissemination of ISO 14000, some companies that will adhere to the standard that will adequately manage their waste, are supervised by two bodies of environmental control.
A soma das ações de controle, involving geração, manipulação, transport,
treatment and final disposition, we are translated following main benefits:
- minimization of two cliffs of accidents due to the handling of hazardous waste; disposal of waste in appropriate systems; promotion of efficient control of the transportation system of hazardous waste; protection of the health of the population in relation to the potential strongholds of handling, inadequate treatment and disposal. intensification of industrial waste re-supply; protection of two resources not renewed, be as or addition of raw material waste; reduction of the amount of waste and two high and growing costs of its final destination; minimization of two adverse impacts, caused by minor residues environment, protecting or alone, or the surface and underground water collection from contamination.
Many times, according to Tondowski (1998), a company wants to treat your waste and has a conscience of the generator in this sense, but all waste treatment, or a large part of two waste treatments, represents custo. Furthermore, recycling to the custo and isso means that, if a certain company is a fizer or a treaty or a competitor or a competitor, this will place the first company in a position of least competitiveness in the non-market.
Então, só procu or serviço, seja de gestión or destination of waste, that manager who is competent in global terms and needs to present a clear environmental policy, because he is producing something here that will be sold, for example, in Europe. He / she will be competing as of a feito product here as a feito product in another country, where or his / her competitor will be supervising as a product or foi feito product here.
A waste is not, by principle, something harmful. Many residuals can be transformed into sub-products or raw materials for other lines of production.
To Apliquim Tecnologia Ambiental, specialized in environmental engineering, on its site http://www.apliquim.com.br, it says that the waste management has been transformed, in the last decades, on two more complex environmental issues. Or a growing number of materials and substances identified as dangerous and geração desses residuals in expressive quantities have required more efficient solutions and higher investments by their generators and the general society. Além disso, with the growing industrialization of two countries still in a state of development, these residuals are to be created in regions that are always prepared for processes or, less, properly equipped.
A correct handling of a waste of great importance to or control of the cliff that it represents, because it is a relatively harmless waste, in many inexperienced ways, can be transformed into an environmental cliff that is more serious.
Many businessmen bem that gostariam to collaborate, effectively, for a despoluição not only for ethical reasons, but, mainly, practical ones. Or that it joins fora occupies space and cam embora muita matéria-prima that could be re-provided. It is constantly failing to recycle materials, but now that we are still not the beginning of a job that demands use and patience. E que nem semper custa uma exorbitância.
6 - Conclusão
All industrial processes are characterized by the use of inputs (raw materials, water, energy, etc.) that, subject to transformation, give rise to products, by-products and waste.
When you fail in my environment, I don't mean, or an entrepreneur immediately thinks of an additional custodian. Dessa will manage passam perceived as opportunities for a reduction of costs. Being or environment the potential of idle or poorly exploited resources, even their horizon of business may turn out to be activities that provide profit or hair unless they are paid as a source of energy or other natural resources.
In this sense, in order to provide or be popular, the companies need to start: maintenance of the Saudi condições de trabalho; Segurança, treinamento e lazer for your officials and relatives; containment or elimination of two levels of toxic waste, resulting from its production process and the use or consumption of its products, in a way that does not generally attack or harm the environment; elaboration and delivery of products or services, in accordance with the conditions of quality and safety that are discarded by consumers.
References
CAVALCANTI, JE In the 90's two solid waste. Environmental Saneamento Magazine - nº 54, p. 16-24, Nov./dez. 1998. Acesso em 05 jan. 2005.GROSZEK, F. A deficiência na fiscalização. Environmental Saneamento Magazine - nº 54, p. 16-24, Nov./dez. 1998. Acesso em 05 jan. 2005.LERIPIO, AA Waste Management. Access em: 12 ten. 2004. TONDOWSKI, L. O care with the «criativa» solutions Revista Saneamento Ambiental - nº 54, p. 16-24, Nov./dez. 1998. Acesso em 05 jan. 2005.http: //www.apliquim.com.br/noticias/20040627.html. Access em: 27 ten. 2004.
residues / index.php3 & content =. / residues / artigos.html. Access em: 04 jan. 2005.
