Visually there is a crise do trabalho. There are different propositions about the future of work that oscillate between pessimism and otism, faking that in some cases, a reprint of Luddism was found, or seja, it will be replaced or home will favor more or less time, and in other gloomy Forecasts on machining of which is understood as a compressor on or work, origin of the job postings suppression. On the other hand, or murderous fanaticism, working hair turns you into a liberating machine in the instrument of escravização dos homens livres: sua produtividade os impobrece.Ao aperfeiçoamento da machine o homem dobra seu efforts as you want to compete with it.These perspectives point to the need to analyze in a more accurate way the dynamics of work in the direction of the context of the nascent post-industrial society and the implications of different dessa nova ordem. Or present artigo proposes a reflection on the changes we have made to work in diversion of two technological and economic and political fathers, to rethink the necessary social transformations to the insertion and active participation of the people of the world of work.
In physics, work is the result of a force that displaces an object at a measurable distance, overcoming a resistance. In physics, work is done when you force enough to move an object. In other words, or work that is measured by its concrete dimension, or just, hair that has been made with the effort that has been applied in an attempt to move an object. That is a Newtonian council, practiced by scientific and genetic hairs. O conceito de mundo do trabalho é mais amplo, that a job function did not mean anything. Including both material and productive activities, as well as social processes that have given shape and meaning not temporal and not space.
A past or past, through history, it is not difficult to find records in the literature of the usual image of work with such an exhaustive, taxing, living condition. A recúmais mais além no tempo, contributed to a present position with a clearer conception of two different historical moments and the complexidade da relações atuais de trabalho a mutant technological center and of unprecedented possibilities. These technologies are no less decisive than the discovery of fogo or the invention of the road, as soon as two events change rapidly. Aquilo que hoje seems to be a foi um dia uma surpreendente innovation that changed as a way of thinking and thinking.
Na visão de Posner, Randolph e Wortman (apud Martins, 1994) nas primitive societies there was no division between trabalho e não-trabalho and “trabalhar was tão natural quanto prazeiroso”, being able to uma conotação de sagrado as compared to a type of diversão. For Guerreiro Ramos (apud Martins, 1994), people are anti-gas societies with all-time tempo and "were donuts of their own, not a production factor." As weight trabalhavam to live and your freedom of lhes guarantees the possibility to express creatively or individual potential.
Segundo Martins (1994, p. 5) and as illustrated in Figure 1, from the first human societies até os dias atuais or trabalho assumiria the following meanings:
- Na pre-history: A playful activity; Na Antigüidade: Maldição divina ou do expido e escravisado; Nos primordias do Christianidad: Form of Atonement for Original Sin and Comparison; Non-Christianity gives medium life: Remedy for the tentations; With the Lutheran reform: A direct and everver u um meio para a salvação; Na industrial revolution: Expressão da criatividade humana; No início do século XX: A maior obsessão; Our current days: Uma atividade em questionamento; No porvir: Restarndo seu original sense. A practical practice that is natural and playful.
It is noteworthy that civilization was fundamentally based on human work. Our different moments and companies or executors of the job have different parents in their existence: from user of physical energy, from operator of ferramentas, passing through organizer of production, for industrial poster being a synthesizer of mental energy, favoring abstraction and creativity..
Figure 1 - DISTINÇÃO BETWEEN TRABALHO AND NÃO-TRABALHO
Distinção between trabalho e não-trabalho
Fonte: MARTINS, Paulo Emílio Matos: 1994, p. 6)
Before 1800 - in many cases, I always undertook to carry out a specific task and not to perform it. Or temporary work recebeu roupagem nova com o arising, mainly in England, das industries called "os satanic moinhos escuros". A big move for the people was a fazer deixar something oriented towards their own, oriented hair “apito” da natureza e então to be ruled hair temporary, a world novo, onde or emprego not allowed passagem de uma tarefa for outra livremente, nem expedite your conclusion so that you can be free and eat this. It was also difficult to learn the rules of business.
Assim, do period da pré-Revolução Industrial até or início do século XX or trabalho happens to assume literally or rational sense of the market, turning merchandise. A dislocated work of agriculture peels the speedy mechanization it finds absorption not industrial set on the model of trabalho assaulted é or trabalho factory, ferramenta de produção, é o trabalhador chamado operário that works for long days in unsanitary environments, more cuja organização foi model never era in which there was no security or warranty.
As far as direct work is concerned, physical effort will be suppressed as a result of the expulsion of the home from the direct production activity of the machine, there will be a process of prolific care of the machine, in order to increase in importance. atividade de controle. A large majority of the people are still involved in specific areas, they do not work in production, and they do not program, they do not control the production. Passou haver uma certa passividade that o control the produtividade e do performance of each um was a quantitative measure of work, or that Capra (1982, p. 51) confirms: “Nothing has changed more or nosso world that obsessão two cientistas pela medição e quantification ”.
As we denote the data presented by Antunes (1999, p. 43-44), the withdrawal of labor in agriculture, the mining and manufacturing industry is evidenced by a sharp reduction in manual and manufacturing, especially in countries with a capitalist economy, according to decourse. of a recessive panorama, but more forcefully in the role of automation and microelectronics, or that could characterize a "relative deproletarianization" was not to be expanded to a tax of structural loss. These countries will decrease their employment in full and parallel time or the emergence of part-time, temporary, subcontracted workers, etc. Variants are those that the author called “subproletarização do trabalho”. This movement will configure a propensity to individualize the work relationships,modifying and deregulating legal standards in force on the day of competitiveness.
Porém, na measure em os os postos de trabalho na indústria sucumbiam also evideva-se o expressivo crescimento do setor terciário, ou seja, do setor de serviços, which from the beginning of the 1960s to the beginning of the 1980s, has as my greatest effect note maciça entrance das mulheres no mundo do trabalho, characterizing marked transformations not interior das classes trabalhadoras. As technological innovations allow devices to substitute or work for mulher in activities of preparing food and cleaning with reduced or domestic work that more and more happens to be feito or out of the house, or inside the house with the machines, returning to class who lives do work so much masculine quanto feminine.
In the meantime, it has been proven or increased by the service provider, Mesmo Neste, it cannot be considered or effected by automation in many areas where computer technology is used in machines with artificial intelligence that are capable of executing sem fake muitas das tarefas mentais now The homem hair, or that in principle evokes the idea of liberation from repetitive tasks, felt in a different way, to hypothese yourself from a world of less work.
They are interested in economic difficulties, tinham dismissed from working with his human values, a post-industrial society that unravels with gigantic and challenging social problems, or curiously, working out a multidimensional character. Novas occupações, com a função utilitária losing importance, emergem das technological transformações giving space for new models of exercício do trabalho, com morte do control centered pessoas e despontar a sense of social responsibility.. A management performance requires a move control for or compromisso.
No world of more work and less I undertake the most competing competitions, discipline, curiosity and obsession to continually learn the ingredients that will mark the passage at the defined tempo for the chosen time. This movement leads us to believe that the meaning of work has become a new way of relating as a libertarian practice of participatory beings with a society of apprentice pois, according to De Masi (200l, p.14), "through the direction of work, or homem realizou to your industrial condition; through direct or leisure, or homem will carry out its post-industrial condition. ”
A diminuição da necessidade do trabalho pela otimização do tempo de maquina é a maior da sociedade posmodermo ao que qué somos julgar haver u opening of space for new possibilities of use of tempo livre e uma retaken da autonomia no trabalho, new bet for o Learned how to be nasty primitive societies, onde or trabalho deixa to be a central value, on or which all of you are hierarchical and a range of other values tomam espaço. Apart from the fact that, in contrast to the Industrial Age, in which the technology exerts its intense pressures on standardization, it is not subject to production, more than the activities that are carried out, not observed or the emergence of opposing technologies, this is what Possibilities of a return to de-sponsorship, characteristic that is from before the Industrial Revolution. (Tofler: 1985, p.78). Processes that can be interpreted as a social distribution of intelligence between the homem and the machine.
Two technological utopias have been written to you, arguing that science and technology, appropriately taken advantage of, finally liberate human beings from formal work. With their views and perspectives alerted for a redirection of two talents, two human beings to the reformulation of the culture according to the demanding parents of the generations of engenharia. For these, written cujos (scientific fiction at the time) flourished between 1883 to 1933, at work and seen as an imposition of a hedonistic principle that represents or first prerequisite for freedom. In this place this opinion is more widely supported than between the champions and defenders of the revolution of information.
A questão porém, you move here to think: after this compulsory reengenharia do trabalho post-industrial, quantos terão opportunidade de emprego ou de trabalho numa sociedade tão tecnologizada para poucos, mas tão inacessível para muitos? "The introduction of time-saving and labor-saving technologies has allowed companies to eliminate mass workers by raising a reserve army of unemployed workers at idle time, or in reverse of free time, at their disposal" (Rifkin: 1995, p.48). Setor happening setor, contudo or that is verified by this secular beginning is that imminent nenhum novo setor is unfolding to reimburse massa of demitted pelas novas tecnologias. A single perspective clearly perceived is the set of evidence that embodies its crescent expansion,This longe of comparing to the size of the contingent of excluded whose potential yield and consumption power need to be safeguarded to keep the market economy growing.
In order to mitigate the effects of the misses, in 1920, the American workforce argued that the only antidote for all of us to stay or be entrepreneurs is that they want to be shared in the form of a reduction in the working day. Lately, the business community continues to face claims by two workers about the progress of the product in the form of higher salaries and reduction of hours of work, for which they have been inflexible against these attempts. Unfortunately, the workers in agreement or the same author mentioned above, pressures to reduce the working day to a prol of a redistribution of available work, except in the course of some political representations and isolated business strategies,ainda no têm muita active voice on how their compulsory economies are invested.
A history needs to always repeat its lições because the homens do not learn from time to time. There has been a reduction in the number of working hours achieved in previous periods, notably in the first industrial revolution, it has been used for mobilizing and claiming the work class, serving as an argument for disseminating the work among a greater number of people, as a proven alternative of fit and inclusive to appreciate.
Moreover, it has made it difficult to change or a paradigm of a lifestyle based not on excessive effort from the archaic and oppressive management of two tempos and two spaces, as companies prefer to prejudice themselves by keeping people who have nothing to fear from moving their own regulations.
There is an alternative to be endorsed on the maintenance of trabalho and that: “To find work for all, you use the current society, and to deixar or industrial apparatus to operate infinitely, to operate class, such as bourgeoisie, to violate abstinence and to develop infinitely your consumer capacity ”(Di Masi: 2001, p. 166). This ideology harbors the idea that a major problem is capitalist production and that of finding producers and increasing their strength, moreover discovering consumers, arousing their desires and raising for fictional needs.
In the industrial society or work environment and life of people were completely different, a power was not just for each other, now the relationships between people and life are intimately intertwined, mainly for workers who do intellectual activities or flexible tasks that involve ideals., wave or brain is by machine. A formality of the consolidated business in the Industrial Revolution with timetables, salaries and defined attributes gives way to informality and flexibility of the Era do Conhecimento. As successive technological transformations aperfeiçoaram or jogo das competências individuais. "A life entered the company and the work diffuses life in the future." (De Masi: 2001, p.26).
Since the 1980s, Alvin Tofler appeared in his work "A Terceira Onda", a preponderant importance of the conhecimento of the current world, situating -as or "novo Poder", a maleal, flexible and inesgotável power, for its very same characteristics, volatile and intangible. Undoubtedly this is a fertile time for those apt and who know how to cultivate opportunities, but the losers will see such a change as a problem as what should lead.
It seems simplistic, more or less serious and would be useful for a context of insecurity and uncertainty if it is not for a special treatment for people excluded from technology, it is not limited to a major question, but rather a problem. Social. Or problem is in our portas. To a great extent, as a transition to this new era, it was a historic day to dramatically undermine the structure of labor, encurrando an army of people, endeavoring for the line of the disengaged, when not turning out.
A redemptive vision of work would be here to be understood: it is not rotineiro and it is more complex and rewarding. In the meantime, it is necessary to analyze this work, understood as a creative activity and as the founding value of the society that would not continue to decay and open the way for or imperialism of the potentialized machines nowadays using microeletronics. A technology does not intensify or work! What relationship will Nessa metamorphose win: by machine as a threat of extermination of labor from home or by machine as the means of liberation from agricultural work?
It is opportune to recapture the experiences lived by other societies to understand as well as the different changes and the solutions that flowed into history:
Or more brutally than everyone else is a contingent worker, or seja, or a worker who has two results from the organization and exit for the converts who manage to remain without a technological reference system, it is possible to share a conduct oriented towards the redemption of efficiency, this é, taking-se or conceito originating from thermodynamics, for or maximum yield that can be produced, not less than possible time, dispending to a lesser amount of energy, work and non-process capital (Rifkin: 1995, p. 52). In addition to the results, the companies need their employees with a sense of urgency and rapid oil change that continuously learns new skills and ways of doing things and senses of collaboration within the company, from people to people, in temporary and permanent teams.
Or the Brazilian business world cemetery has been assembled for many years, many companies will start a run to modernize their management processes, implementing Total Qualification Programs, Reengenharia, networks and other attempts. We can find three types of companies: so we don't know where to go or continue; So we manage to mount a strategic vision, but only a little more visually; e so feared a clear vision, relevant choices and strategic realizations (Picarelli Fo. & Wood Jr., 1999).
In order to deal with the first steps of management practices in decorum of the environment, essentially those made and turned to Total Quality, we attempt to substitute the workforce council for "operator": "Thinking subject that satisfies your economic, social, cultural needs" profissionais na organização para a qual trabalha. I must enjoy full conditions to be or engine of the process of aperfeiçoamento, 'Parceiro' two leaders of the organization in missão de mantê-la competitiva ”(Lobos: 1991, p. 18). The council presented shows a new paradigm on the organization of work and on people.
You can not oil the explanation of the essentiality of the vantage and the seduction of the new moment. Ao understand the superiority of technology allied to the evolution of organizational sciences, I see that each time more and more forcefully, each generation, homens and mulheres, we will depend more on whether we can survive in this arena and we must be prepared to survive. need to continually ultrapass us. As companies lose weight as they do not include packaging, but only for executives, but also for executives who, unarmed, or against two operators, need to protest, individually or collectively, or fazem.
Ë fully justify that it will be necessary to have a new social order that is only considered as new needs, a new sense of comm to justify the sacrifices that will need to be feitos to help build the insertion of daques that are the fruits of the decomposition of the industrial society and that acham o novo muito difficult, unable to manage your situation.
Ao think what are the elements that contribute to the creation of a sustainable base for a new ordem, num tempo em que conhecer conta mais do que o fazer, arises a social economy, now it is considered, onde or third party set as an alternative The more humanized it is to absorb or the contingent of debuffs, then the market value of their work in the formal economy has become marginal or sem value. We are going through a transformation in which the social company is a true company so that the projects will not continue continuously. If the State has lost its status as manager of social conditions, it has become its mediator role. Years of entrepreneurship should be invested in, by directors and counselors, in addition to managers. À civil society cooperative with voluntary and technical work - be paid in full.
A gigantic task that or moment reserves the weight, waits in expectation that either being a mechanic gives rise to being a freedman, or a Freirian theoretical reference, offers a powerful instrument to be adapted for the reconstruction of the world of work:
Assim sendo, o novo milênio announces that o trabalho é possível e factível, since no context do trabalho criativo, cooperativa. As an example of the business world, in which all companies somehow lead with uncertainty, as alliances, compartments as inter-relationships and other organizational practices favored by technology, they are cooperative instruments that clearly create competitive advantage. Or homem é skillful in using instruments, not only with those used as a means of production, but I still have to use it for your physical and social survival. Assim or homem é capable of abstracting and creating the mechanisms for, fora das soluções tradicionals, mesmo num cenario hostile, to establish construtive relations that incorporate the claims of the world of work. Neste ponto ponpuar uma reavaliação do ócio.
O tempo sem trabalho occupies a space increasingly central to human life. As statements like "eu sou um trabalhador" ou "o trabalho dignifica o homem" are losing space for a unique identity about the absolute value of work, more about multiform values, based on our relationships and a different rationality based on ethical absolute value of dinheiro. “It is necessary to reeducate the população de alta renda so that they learn to play. It is necessary to reeducate a huge mass of the poor of the third world, so that they learn to work ”(De Masi: 2001, p.33). Ensinar não só o trabalho, but also activities related to free time, care and attention, understood as não-trabalho.
A educação para o trabalho e para o lazer já was debated thirty years before Christ in the words of Aristotle: “Many states disaggregated after their conquest of their empire; It gives way to the fact that it is no longer in use, but it is in a time of peace. Or blamed or legislator, by não havê-los educated to usufruir or lazer ”(Nosella: 1999, p.140).
In the contemporary restructuring of work, it is not possible to go against history, it would not give results, and it is necessary to formulate the necessary responses to the world increasingly moving, it is important to return to the past. A technology serve to live melhor. Eliminates fatigue and friction. Moving is scary. There are people who would prefer an immobile culture as nature, but in practice it seems difficult to imagine a situation of health still being treated just as resources that nature makes available. Rejeitar or technological arsenal é regredir.
Observing-or global-cenario and questioning-what are the objectives of homem in its existence in the face of the earth, it is difficult to conceive and sustain such evolution as it correlates with how to be social. Or work in yes, it is a form of integration of society, of fazer part of everything. After leaving for the millennia of discharges, whose work is becoming less and less necessary for a long time, there is a possibility of regulating abundance coming from the revolution of production and distributing it in such a way that everyone has access to a basic Patamar. In addition, it is necessary to refound the models of life, production and distribution. “From now on, the escorts would be free, even to be tempted to be a millionaire. (…) Either it would be a serious limit to human creativity, or a desire to be different and seeking to distinguish itself in a multidão ”(Silva: 1999, p. 118).
Most of the pages of our history and the countless numbers that we attend daily, food or pessimism, or the future, need all of our creativity and, for that matter, everything or nostomism so that it either supports work or its role as subject (parceiro) and not merely an object (resource).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- COSTA, Patrícia. O Trabalho no século XXI. Magazine Say la. SENAC. National Department, Year 5, nº l6, / out. 2000 DE MASI, Domenico. O Futuro do Trabalho: fadiga and leisure in a post-industrial society. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio; DF: Editora UnB, 2000.________, O Ócio Criativo. Rio de Janeiro: Sextant, 2000.________, A Economia do Ócio. Rio de Janeiro: Sextant, 2001. DRUCKER, Peter F. Managing in times of great changes. 2 ed. São Paulo: Pioneira, 1995.FREIRE, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1987. GUBMAN, Eduard L. Talent: developing weight and strategies to obtain extraordinary results.Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 1999.LOBOS, J. Qualidade! Through (at the same time) you give weight. São Paulo: J.Lobos, 1991.MARTINS, Paulo Emílio Matos. O trabalho e as Post-Industriais Organizations: Maldição de Sisifo ou Divertimento dos Jocis? In: Administração de Negócios. Rio de Janeiro, VII (40): 474-9, 4/7 out 1994: Politics and Administration. Rio de Janeiro, 2 (4): 114-7, 1994. NOSELLA, A educação do século XXI: para o trabalho e para o lazer. Trevisan SPECIAL Magazine, nº 141, year XII, 1999.11 PICARELLI Fo., Vicente & WOOD Jr., Thomaz. Compensation for skills and Competitions: preparing organizations for the era of intensive training companies. São Paulo: Atlas, 1999.12. RAMOS, Alberto Guerreiro.To Nova Ciência das Organizações: Uma Reconceituação da Riqueza das Nações. Rio de Janeiro. FGV, 1981.13. SILVA, Francisco Carlos T. da. Mutações no Trabalho. Rio de Janeiro: S ENAC Nacional, 1999. RIFKIN, Jeremy. O Fim dos Empregos: O Declínio Inevitável dos Níveis dos Empregos ea Redução da Força Global de Trabalho. São Paulo: Makron Books, 1995. 15.SINGER, Paul. A Reorganização do Trabalho no Século XXI. Brazilian Congress of Domestic Economy / Anais. III Latin American Meeting of Domestic Economy, from August 31 to September 02, 1999, Recife-PE. Recife: Brazilian Association of Domestic Economists, 2000. 620 p.TOFLER, Alvin. A Flexível Company. 4th ed, Rio de Janeiro: Record, 1985.
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* Professora do Centro de Ciências Sociais e Aplicadas da UNIOESTE, Francisco Beltrão campus, and the postgraduate program in Engenharia da Produção da UFSC.
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