Abstract
The productive orientation of the leader's personality develops in the spheres of thought, feeling, and attitudes and behaviors throughout his life. The path begins with the work of his relationships with himself, Intrapersonal: the Knowledge and Understanding of himself, his Transcendent Motivation and Self-control; In their interpersonal relationships of: Attunement and Prudence with others and Nature. In this process of maturity he reaches the end of his path: Wisdom. In the exercise of this virtue, which constitutes the perfection of contemplative activity, he achieves maximum happiness and knows love.
Introduction
The effective leader derives from: Bennis1 personality, determined four abilities:
Attract attention. Through a vision, not mystical, but linked with result, and the objective or strategic direction; Give meaning to things. Alignment and communication go together. Not only does it explain or clarify something, but: it creates meaning. (Transcendent Motivation); Inspire confidence. The main determinant of trust is integrity, which he calls invariance. (Self awareness); Self-control. Knowledge of its capabilities and how to deploy them effectively. They know themselves; they know their strengths and feed them; and they accept risks. (Self-control).
Choosing the degree of participation of subordinates in decision-making is guided by three factors: Forces of the situation, the subordinate and the manager Tannembaum and Schmidt2. But most theory and research neglect the "manager's forces" that leadership will effect. They seem to suppose that they can, with rational, computer-like rigor, weigh attributes of tasks and subordinates, weigh consequences of adopting a participatory or directive attitude or some other pair of alternatives, select one and adjust behavior to it. But speaking of decision making, human reason is inextricably linked to the personality of the subject. Managers fulfill their roles without forgetting their prejudices, values, predispositions, insecurities and feelings. These internal forces,they determine the competence and comfort with which they will use leadership styles. The further they depart from their role, the more energy they will consume and the less competent and comfortable they will appear. The unstable world that the leader without stable behavior creates for the subordinate is a major source of stress and even mental illness Kets de Vries3. Students are imbued with the idea that they should use participatory leadership in all circumstances, instead of paying attention to their inner selves and acquiring a repertoire and directive behaviors according to their unique personality Livingston4.The unstable world that the leader without stable behavior creates for the subordinate is a major source of stress and even mental illness Kets de Vries3. Students are imbued with the idea that they should use participatory leadership in all circumstances, instead of paying attention to their inner selves and acquiring a repertoire and directive behaviors according to their unique personality Livingston4.The unstable world that the leader without stable behavior creates for the subordinate is a major source of stress and even mental illness Kets de Vries3. Students are imbued with the idea that they should use participatory leadership in all circumstances, instead of paying attention to their inner selves and acquiring a repertoire and directive behaviors according to their unique personality Livingston4.
Personality returns to the forefront in management and leadership issues, Nicholson5 points out, and with this he has demolished the myth that social engineering and investment alone can generate leaders. Advances made in the sciences that study the differences between individuals have brought the personality to the forefront, which has clarified the issue of suitability for leadership and performance. These advances point towards certain fundamental aspects of human behavior and the life of institutions. Born to be a leader? Question: is if we are born destined to be different. The answer of behavioral genetics and life cycle development is a resounding yes and agrees with anyone who has more than one child. At an early age children show marked differences in personality,which are largely due to the genes that govern brain chemistry and development. The bond with parents, childhood experiences, education and social conditioning, cover these differences. They make up a range of capacities that include factors of social adaptation: the image of themselves (Knowledge and understanding of oneself) and the ability to establish relationships (Self-control-Tuning) is reflected in Prudence.the image of themselves (Knowledge and understanding of themselves) and ability to establish relationships (Self-control-Tuning) is reflected in Prudence.the image of themselves (Knowledge and understanding of themselves) and ability to establish relationships (Self-control-Tuning) is reflected in Prudence.
A successful leader is characterized by his emotional intelligence Goleman6, it is a set of dispositions that make a person have control and knowledge of himself, and the ability to relate to other people. Salovey and Mayer7 included Gardner's personal intelligences in the basic definition of emotional intelligence, expanding them to five: knowing one's emotions, managing emotions, one's motivation, empathy, and managing relationships.
Objective (Hypothesis): the path to the leader's wisdom, is achieved in a process whose first step is Knowledge and Understanding of Self, Self-awareness; meaning and meaning of his life, Transcendent Motivation and self-management, Self Control. All of them constitute how we relate to ourselves, intrapersonal. The first (Self-awareness), allows to develop the capacity of Tune, bone, merge in the same frequency of vibrations with others and nature, in addition to how to manage yourself. The maturity of Self-Mastery and Attunement, on this basis, their abilities to relate to others and nature mature; and they develop that habit that sustains and perfects the human act: prudence. “Every prudent man proceeds with wisdom” 8.
Theoretical framework
The contradiction between an abundance of technical means for material satisfaction and the inability to use them exclusively for the peace and well-being of the peoples, is solvable; It is not a necessary contradiction, but due to man's lack of courage and wisdom. You can react to historical contradictions through your action, but you cannot cancel existential dichotomies, although you can react to them in different ways: appease your mind through harmonizing teas and softening ideologies; try to escape your inner restlessness by relentless activity in pleasure or business; trying to abolish their freedom and become an instrument of external powers, immersing their own being in them. But you will remain unsatisfied, anxious, and restless.
Man must accept responsibility for himself and also the fact that only by using his own abilities can he give meaning to his life. Does not imply
Certainty, the existence of it hinders the search for the meaning of life. Uncertainty is the condition that drives you to deploy your capabilities. If you face the truth, without panic, you will recognize that there is no other meaning of life, except the one he gives you, by living productively; and that only constant vigilance, activity and effort can prevent us from failing in the only important task: the full development of our capacities within the limitations imposed by the laws of our nature. Only by recognizing the human situation, the dichotomies inherent in his existence and his ability to display his powers, will he be able to succeed in his task: to be himself and for himself and to achieve happiness through the full realization of those faculties. peculiarly his: reason,love and productive work ”Fromm9.
Productive Orientation of Man, is the active and creative relationship for himself, with his neighbor and nature. It refers to three dimensions that relate productivity, in the areas of:
- Thought is manifested in the understanding of the world through reason and truth; Sentiment is expressed through love, the feeling of union with men, work and nature; And from Action it is manifested in productive work That is, in the work done for: your own well-being, your neighbor and nature.
The progress of psychoanalytic theory, in parallel with the progress of the natural and social sciences, led to a new concept that was not based on the idea of a primarily isolated individual, but on man's relationship with his fellow men, with nature and with himself. This single relationship is held to govern and regulate the energy manifested in man's passionate impulses. Consequently, H. Sullivan, one of the initiators of this new opinion, defined psychoanalysis as a "study of interpersonal relationships" Fromm9. This framework is suitable for the empirical comparison of the present investigation.
Analysis and results
The disharmony of the existence of man generates needs that far transcends the needs derived from his animal origin. These produce an imperative tendency to restore a state of balance and unity between itself and nature. He makes the attempt, first of all, with thought, constructing a totally inclusive mental picture of the world that serves as a frame of reference, from which he can derive an answer to the problem of: where he is and what he should do. But they are not enough, if he were only an intelligence stripped of flesh and blood, he would reach his goal through an extensive intellectual system. But, it is an entity endowed with body and mind, it has to react to the dichotomy of its existence not only thinking, but also with the process of living, its feelings and actions.You have to strive for the experience of unity in all spheres of your existence in order to strike a new balance. Hence, any satisfactory orientation system is integrated not only with intellectual elements, but also with sentimental and sensory elements achievable in action in all fields of human activity. Devotion to a goal or an idea or a power that transcends man, such as God, is an expression of this need for fulfillment in the process of living Fromm9.but also with sentimental and sensory elements achievable in action in all areas of human activity. Devotion to a goal or an idea or a power that transcends man, such as God, is an expression of this need for fulfillment in the process of living Fromm9.but also with sentimental and sensory elements achievable in action in all areas of human activity. Devotion to a goal or an idea or a power that transcends man, such as God, is an expression of this need for fulfillment in the process of living Fromm9.
The leader must seek an answer to his need to find meaning and meaning to his own existence, Transcendent Motivation. Pérez López10 has formulated a scheme of human motivation that has many points of contact with Frankl11. He distinguishes three kinds of motivations: extrinsic, the subject moves because of the consequences that he hopes to achieve; intrinsic, the subject moves by the consequences that he expects the action performed to produce in him; and transcendent, the subject is moved by the consequences that he hopes his action will produce in one or more other subjects present in his environment. Each of them has a different quality. Being moved to an action is not the same: by extrinsic motivation, this, in a way, depends on the reaction of the environment, that is, on what you receive in return;when he moves by intrinsic motivation he is responding to his own personal satisfaction, regardless of the environment; When it is moved by transcendent motivation, it means that it is open to the needs of others, regardless of the reaction of the environment and of their own personal satisfaction, which implies greater freedom and higher motivational quality.
The human being needs to find a meaning in his life. For Frankl11, this is found when we serve a cause greater than oneself, when we help others, he has articulated a theory of motivation that places the will to meaning as the ultimate motivation of man. Research on the Van Ekeren service12 studied volunteers who spent their time doing social work with nothing in return. He found that 98.3% experienced the phenomenon: the elevation of those who serve. This feeling of the leader stems from the joy of helping. Such a need for transcendence is one of man's basic needs, rooted in the fact of his self-consciousness, that he is not satisfied with the role of the creature, that he cannot accept himself as a dice thrown out of the goblet. You need to feel creative,to be someone who transcends the passive role of being created Fromm13. The leader sets his heart to know and understand himself, to know and understand another, and nature.
The productive orientation of the personality is a fundamental attitude, a way of relating in all fields of human experience. It includes the mental, emotional and sensory responses towards: others, oneself and things. Productivity is man's ability to use his forces and realize his congenital potentialities. If we say that "he" must use "his" forces, we imply that he must be free and not dependent on someone who controls his powers. We also imply that he is guided by "reason", since he can only use his powers if he knows: what they are, how to use them and what to use them for. It means that he experiences himself as the personification of his powers and as his "actor"; that one feels one with his faculties (Peace) and at the same time that these are not masked and alienated from him Fromm9.Personality is the totality of the inherited and acquired psychic qualities that are characteristic of an individual and make him unique. The difference between them is synonymous between: temperament refers to the mode of reaction and is somewhat constitutional and character (synonymous with behavioral traits), is formed essentially by the experiences of the person, especially by his childhood and is modifiable by self-knowledge and new experiences. Character has not only the function of allowing the individual to act consistently and reasonably; it is also the basis for their adjustment to the Fromm9 society.Temperament refers to the mode of reaction and is somewhat constitutional and character (synonymous with behavioral traits), is formed essentially by the person's experiences, especially his childhood, and is modifiable by self-knowledge and new experiences.. Character has not only the function of allowing the individual to act consistently and reasonably; it is also the basis for their adjustment to the Fromm9 society.Temperament refers to the mode of reaction and is somewhat constitutional and character (synonymous with behavioral traits), is formed essentially by the person's experiences, especially his childhood, and is modifiable by self-knowledge and new experiences.. Character has not only the function of allowing the individual to act consistently and reasonably; it is also the basis for their adjustment to the Fromm9 society.
Man has only one true interest and consists in the full development of his potential and as a human being. In the same way that you know another person and their true needs in order to love them, it is essential to know yourself in order to understand what our interests are and how to satisfy them. Man can be deceived about his true self-interest if he does not "know himself" and his true needs, that the Science of Man is the basis for determining what constitutes man's self-interest Fromm9. Studies of human behavior point out that the knowledge of oneself (made up of self-knowledge, introspection and understanding of oneself) is essential for man's personal and interpersonal productivity and in understanding and attunement to others.Self-hatred is inseparable from self-hatred Fromm14. Those with greater self-knowledge are: healthier, perform better in managerial and leadership roles, are more productive at Cervone work15.
Mere intellectual knowledge is not enough; effective therapeutic knowledge is empirical knowledge in which self-knowledge has not only an intellectual but also an affective quality. Such knowledge, which comes from experience, depends on the intensity of man's congenital drive to achieve health and happiness. Failure to achieve full maturity and integration of the total personality is a moral failure, is to violate its integrity and destroy its spontaneity. Even if a person appears to be destructive only to others, he violates the principle of life both in himself and in others. He is miserable even if he has accomplished the goals of his destructive drive, which undermines his very existence. Fromm9. "… all the things you want men to do with you,so do you also with them ”8.
The Socratic discovery of freedom called it: self-control, it is the domain of oneself during the states of: pleasure, pain, tiredness, when subjected to pressure of passions and impulses: "each man, considering that self-control is the basis of virtue should seek to acquire it. " This means the mastery of one's animality through its own rationality, it means that the soul becomes mistress of the body and its instincts. The truly free man knows how to control his instincts. Closely linked to self-control and freedom is the concept of autonomy. The sage is the one who comes closest to this state, the one who tries to need as little as possible, "… the life of man does not consist in the abundance of the goods he possesses" 8. He overcomes instincts and eliminates everything superfluous.The nature of practical reason can only be penetrated from the consideration of moral habits and above all from that habit that simultaneously sustains and perfects the human act: prudence, is the culminating expression of practical wisdom.
Prudence, Goleman16 expresses: The pre-frontal area is the seat of operational memory: the ability to pay attention and record any outstanding information. Vital for understanding, planning and decision making, reasoning and learning. It works fully when the mind is calm (Peace); Self-regulation, handling disturbing impulses and feelings are at the heart of five emotional skills:
Self-Mastery, effectively manage harmful emotions and impulses. People who possess this attitude:
- They handle impulsive feelings and disturbing emotions well. They remain composed, positive and unflappable even in difficult times. They think clearly and do not lose concentration when under pressure.
Reliability and Scrupulousness, maintain their integrity and are responsible for personal performance. People with this attitude:
As for reliability.
- They act ethically and are above all reproach. They inspire confidence by being trustworthy and authentic. They admit their own mistakes and confront others with their unethical acts. They defend positions that respond to their principles, even if they are not accepted.
As for conscientiousness.
- They follow through on commitments and promises; they take responsibility for meeting goals; they are organized and careful at work.
Innovation and Adaptability, open to new ideas and approaches, and flexible to react to changes. People with this attitude:
Regarding innovation.
- They seek new ideas from many different sources. They find original solutions to problems. They generate new ideas. They adopt novel perspectives and accept risks.
As for adaptability.
- They handle multiple demands, shifting priorities, and rapid moves with ease. They adapt their reactions and tactics to changing circumstances. They are flexible in their view of the facts.
Self-control and Personal Integrity (Self-awareness) are found to be an integral part of Prudence. Also scrupulousness, which is Prolixity; Innovation, Openness and Adaptability, these three are modeled on the five potential personality factors for leadership. The leader's Intrapersonal Terminal Personal Values: Freedom and inner Harmony Fardella17, are the bases of Prudence.
The joy (Joy) and cordiality (Kindness) of the members of a work group are transmitted more quickly than the irritability and depression, which, for their part, are barely contagious. This higher speed of transmission of positive moods is what ends up determining work efficiency, and optimism encourages cooperation, impartiality and performance Barsade and Gibson18 It is also related to Faith. This, influences the ability to maintaining motivation, believing that you have the will and also the means to achieve your goals. People with high levels of Faith are able to: motivate themselves, feel able to find ways to achieve goals and have the feeling of reducing a monumental task into smaller and more manageable fragments.
This involuntary reaction (laughter) constitutes "the most direct communication possible between people-a communication from brain to brain in which the intellect is limited to being a spectator- and establishes what we could call" limbic link ", bone Syntony. Laughter has nothing to do with jokes. It is almost always the friendly response to an ordinary comment that has little to do with Provine's witty phrases19. It transmits a message of tranquility in which those involved are in the same frequency of vibrations (Tuning), Inner Harmony (Peace). It is (joy) a sign of trust (Faith). One of the Instrumental Personal Values of the leader that seems most valuable to them and they have assumed: it is joy Fardella15.
The more openness (honest), adaptability (respect) and prolixity (responsibility) there is, first with himself, then with others, the more quickly the leader will produce contagion and irradiation. Positive moods help to perceive the facts and others better, which contributes to a greater awareness of the resources we have to achieve a certain objective, and at the same time encourages creativity, favors decision-making and predisposes us to action. Fisher and Noble20. Laughter and timely jokes stimulate creativity, open communication channels and consolidate the feeling of connection and trust (Attunement), then turn work into something more pleasant Clouse and Spurgeon21.
There is a close link between leadership, organizational climate, and effectiveness. The way in which workers experience the climate of their company depends between 53 and 72% of the attitudes and behaviors of the leader Kelner, Rivers and O'Connell22. They then directly influence how employees feel, and determine their performance. The way in which the leader manages his moods is not private (Self-control), since his influence is direct on the mood of his subordinates (Tuning), making him a determining factor in the operation of a company George and Bettenhausen23.
Leaders who excel in inspiring their people - that is, they captivate their hearts and minds - have developed four specific personality traits Goffe and Jones24. From trait theory they derived qualities to reveal weaknesses and differentiated attributes (Knowledge and Understanding of oneself). The uncompromising identification grew out of style theory, which investigated different types of relationships between leaders and followers. The contingency theory allowed them to postulate that it is necessary to know and what ability to use in the face of each circumstance. These last two are related to: Self Mastery and Tuning.
Those who show empathy and adapt to the moods of others, affects not only their own brain chemistry but also that of their followers Goleman and Boyatzis25. Individual minds, in a sense, merge into a single system. Leading effectively has more to do with developing a genuine interest in people and talent to foster positive emotions in those whose cooperation and support you require. They point out: Followers reflect their leaders. Recent discovery in behavioral neuroscience is the detection of mirror neurons. When we consciously or unconsciously detect other people's emotions through their actions, our mirror neurons reproduce those emotions. They create an instant feeling of shared experience. The finely tuned leader.Executives talk about leading intuitively, and it is produced in part by a type of neuron known as spindle cells. They are about four times larger than the rest of the brain cells, with an extra long branch to make it easier to join other cells and transmit thoughts and feelings to them more quickly. This blazing fast connection of emotions, beliefs, and judgments creates what behavioral scientists call our social orientation system. Leaders should not fear acting on those judgments, as long as they are in tune with other people's moods. Much of this sensation is generated unconsciously, thanks to mirror neurons and spindle cell circuitry. In addition, there are other neurons involved:Oscillators physically coordinate people by regulating how and when their bodies move together. When two cellists play together, they not only play the notes in unison, but thanks to the oscillators, the right hemispheres of the brains of both are coordinated more closely than are the left and right sides of the brain of each one. We do not know clear methods to strengthen these neurons. Its exact activation patterns remain elusive. The only way to effectively develop your social circuitry system is to undertake the tough task of changing your behavior Goleman, Boyatzis and Mckee26.the right hemispheres of the brains of both are coordinated more closely than are the left and right sides of the brain of each. We do not know clear methods to strengthen these neurons. Its exact activation patterns remain elusive. The only way to effectively develop your social circuitry system is to undertake the tough task of changing your behavior Goleman, Boyatzis and Mckee26.the right hemispheres of the brains of both are more closely coordinated than are the left and right sides of the brain of each. We do not know clear methods to strengthen these neurons. Its exact activation patterns remain elusive. The only way to effectively develop your social circuitry system is to undertake the tough task of changing your behavior Goleman, Boyatzis and Mckee26.Boyatzis and Mckee26.Boyatzis and Mckee26.
But, change behavior and develop your social circuit system. It is only possible if a leader changes from the inside out: in the spheres of thought and feeling that reflects him in prudent attitudes and behaviors (Respect, Responsibility and Honesty) Fardella27, that is, "personal integrity" (Freedom, inner Harmony and Wisdom). It leads to the "ability to influence", motivate and inspire. Fardella28 idealized influence.
We can relate as contrasted: the first step is the disposition of the heart that the leader makes for the Knowledge and Understanding of himself. This is directly related to his Transcendent Motivation: sense of life. Achieving this maturity process with a productive orientation of his personality in the spheres of: reason, love and his productive work. This enables Self-Mastery and Attunement with himself, with his neighbor, and nature. These two competences allow us to develop: Prudence. A virtue that carries the intrapersonal terminal personal value of wisdom.
Productive activity (of the leader) is characterized by the rhythmic exchange of activity and rest. Work, love and productive thinking are possible only if the person can be, when necessary, calm and alone with himself (Knowledge and Understanding of himself). Being able to pay attention to yourself is a prerequisite for having the ability to pay attention to others (Tuning); feeling comfortable with oneself is the necessary condition for relating to others (Prudence) Fromm9. Without freedom, humility (Patience, Kindness, Goodness, Faith) Peace does not come; that emanates meekness and temperance and is the root of joy.
It is verified in the Path to Wisdom, which constitutes the perfection of contemplative activity, the leader achieves his maximum happiness. With this experience he knows Love: the main force for any action and the most solid base of any relationship, in tune with himself, his neighbor and nature: it is spiritual. He has an internal symphony (integrity) that harmonizes with: honesty, respect and responsibility the words that come from his feelings; thoughts and acts with a single purpose to do good. Wisdom is: Art of Living.
conclusion
The leader's key to working from the inside out is the hidden and intimate advice of his feeling. It is not an emotion, which depends on an external stimulus that we perceive by our senses, but rather, an energy that feels and surrounds your entire being, the voice that comes out of your heart: spirit. Your thoughts are guided and flooded by your feelings, these are the roots from which the beacons of light of your consciousness emerge.
The hypotheses proposed are consistent with what has been investigated: Knowledge and Understanding of oneself, the first step on the road to wisdom, is linked to its Transcendent Motivation. This enables her Self-control and Attunement with herself, with her neighbor and nature. In the maturity process of these two in his own life, he leads him to prudence. "The science of the prudent is in understanding his way" 8. And… "In the heart of the prudent lies wisdom" "8.
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