introduction
The progressive development of ICT has been penetrating and transforming the way in which human beings communicate, how they think, how time is distributed, the way in which things are done and even how people achieve their objectives today. Thus, language, among other activities, has been influenced by increasingly common terms, such as download by file download, file by file, e-learning by education through the Internet, on-line by connection or availability by Internet, among many others.
New languages, such as new ways of carrying out some activities, such as sending text messages, communication by e-mail or through various applications, have changed behaviors and therefore the way of thinking and even reasoning of the individual in the postmodernity. Cell phones, tablets, and other devices have become more than just an accessory, so it is strange that someone in a meeting does not have a smart communication device.
Adapting to how to perform tasks through increasingly sophisticated means has required acquiring new skills to adapt to the environment and know-how. According to Caballero (2001), in the face of these changes it is necessary to approach the subject from an epistemic position, since it is in the presence of constructions of new conceptual categories. All this has impacted on social transformation from the family nucleus, government entities, education, religion, to business organizations.
In this order of ideas, it is worth asking on the one hand, why is this influence of ICTs at the core of organizations? and within the first factors that appear, coinciding with Caballero (Op. cit.) are phenomena such as globalization, virtualization, and transdisciplinarity within organizations. On the other hand, how information and communication technologies (ICTs) impact on managerial competencies.
II. Globalization
Globalization, in addition to being the subject of infinite discussions, the subject of many books, and demonstrations on the five continents, alludes to the globe and, by extension, the globe, to give the idea of totality in the context of planet earth. Generally, its implications are often confused with its concept, so there is no agreed-upon absolute definition of what globalization is.
For the United Nations (2002), the globalization process corresponds to the increasing gravitation of economic, social and cultural processes of a global nature over those of a national or regional character. For Ribas (S / F), globalization is one that transforms the organization, distribution, and form of economic and political power.
The idea of globalization is not new, since the discovery of the new world, of new lands, colonization, and other similar manifestations give the original idea of globalization. But, what makes the world trend more and more increasing of new forms of social, political and economic structure?
Since Herman Potočnik (1928) published the idea of a geosynchronous satellite, which was later popularized by science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke (1945), as an idea of a geostationary orbit, useful for communication satellites, where with al At least three communications satellites could be possible to communicate to the entire earth, a race was then started to make such an experience a reality, and it was thus possible to unite the communications of planet earth. Currently, this geostationary orbit is called the Clarke belt, which is approximately 35,786 km above sea level, in the plane of the equator, at which place a satellite orbits in the direction of rotation of the Earth and its orbital period is similar to the rotation period of the earth,therefore, when focusing a communications antenna to a fixed direction to the satellite, a permanent communications link is maintained. This principle triggered a process in turning the planet into what has been called "a global village" according to McLuhan 1962.
Later, intercontinental submarine cables, such as Columbos II that connects Europe and America through the Atlantic Ocean, with fiber optic technology, have contributed to the mass communication that unites the planet, and that according to Larragueta (2009), these cables Submarines are capable of transmitting the equivalent of 120 million simultaneous calls.
The advent of new technologies in the field of information and communications, coupled with events of a global nature, such as events after the Second World War. In this way, the transformation of the world in the bipolarized political and economic aspect between the United States and the Soviet Union; the arms race, and the formation of economic and political blocs. Also noteworthy are transnational companies and corporations with political roles or interests; which in turn had an impact on the definition of global policies. For this reason, according to Caballero (2001), they influenced the emergence of new socio-political articulations that channeled into Supranational, Regional and Local States, and the reconfiguration of power quotas,based on new rules and socio-political strategies of planetary dimensions.
In this regard, Caballero indicates (Op. Cit.):
The social responsibility that these organizations have with all those interest groups other than shareholders, in this way these actors interact through exchange networks, where suppliers and customers also participate as interested parties and affected by business activities, Thus achieving knowledge sharing which can be captured as an added value, this type of knowledge is known as relational capital… It is noteworthy that exchange networks promote translocal flows: financial, intellectual and socio-cultural without alcabalas. This does not mean that local control and power systems no longer exist, but it does mean, as we mentioned, that they are resized and reconfigured in response to the new rules of Globality. (p.9)
From the foregoing, it can be deduced that without the advent of the increasing development of information and communication technologies, these translocal flows would not have been possible, so that the impact of ICTs in accelerating a globalized world and its action in the managerial management becomes evident.
III. Virtualization
The word virtualization comes from the idea or ability to be virtual or to do something virtual. The Espasa-Calpe (2005) dictionary has the following meanings for virtual:
1. adj. Proprietary to produce an effect even if it does not:
strategists study the virtual enemies of their country.
2. Implicit, tacit:
is the virtual winner.
3. That it has an apparent and not real existence:
through virtual reality one can live adventures in fantastic worlds.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the dictionary in the Spanish language does not present a definition for the word virtualization, nor is it present in the Merriam-Webster dictionary in the English language, since said word is a technicality.
The online encyclopedia of the famous PC News magazine defines virtualization as follows:
"It refers to a variety of technologies for managing computing resources, providing a software translation layer, known as an" abstraction layer "between software and physical hardware. Virtualization converts "physical" resources into "logical" resources. (Author's translation)
Now then, the idea of virtualization, associated to the virtual word, makes think that the virtuality of the virtualization is not real and that it is only an appearance; Well, nothing more distant than that last conception, since virtualization in the field of information and communication technologies is referred to a different way of perceiving reality.
Virtualization in ICT is basically manifested in the following way:
a) In hardware virtualization
It refers to partitioning computer memory into separate and isolated "virtual machines," which simulate multiple machines within the same physical machine. These machines, multiplexed through virtualization software, can run multiple operating systems without interfering with each other.
b) In the virtualization of networks and storage
On a network, virtualization consolidates multiple devices into one logical view, so that they can be managed from a single console. Virtualization also allows multiple storage devices to be accessed regardless of their type or location.
c) In application virtualization
It refers to various techniques to make applications run more protected, more flexible or easier to handle. The software of the operating systems are kept isolated from each other on the same machine, which is why the use of virtual servers is becoming increasingly popular, since on a normal server, if errors occur in an operating system, the entire system may fail., whereas in the virtual servers only the affected server fails and another virtual server can assume the redundant operation.
Within application virtualization are:
The "streaming" of applications.
This allows instead of installing all applications on a machine for each user, the applications are installed on a virtual server and delivered to each user's PC as needed. In turn, allowing applications to be centrally updated and also providing a way to measure each user's application requirements over time.
Connect multiple terminals to a central computer
This modality allows several terminals without processing capacity, to be managed as if they were stations with independent processing, but they are all connected to a virtual server, operating independently, which means savings in hardware, software, and energy consumption.
The hardware partition
This constitutes the traditional meaning of "virtualization" and refers to partitioning a computer in order to run multiple applications without interference, each to its "virtual machine". Deployed to servers and clients, this is more accurately called "server virtualization" and "client virtualization."
By writing the application program once, but running it on multiple servers.
Applications are said to be "virtualized" because they work on any platform that has a runtime engine for that programming language. This results in a saving of man hours in programming.
By dynamic application allocation
This form of virtualization treats data center servers as if they were a set of operating system resources, and then allocates demand-based application software resources in real time. In other words, the applications are distributed according to the user's needs.
In addition to the aforementioned, there are applications that combine elements from the real world with virtual elements giving rise to a mixed environment. This technique highlights what is known as augmented reality. Augmented reality is a new paradigm that tends to position itself more and more in ICT.
According to Olleta and Alonso (2013, Augmented Reality allows a new way of understanding the different areas immersed in our society, and can be applied to a large number of domains.
Within the fields of application of augmented reality are:
In education, where information is presented visually and is easier to understand. You can explain a three-dimensional (3D) globe with a computer, a webcam, and a projector (see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmY2Ts–sRE) or explain about means of transportation. in 3D (see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Q3hOR0Iklw). Likewise, carry out remote laboratory practices (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcHt1DQHG8U)
In the press, magazines or traditional books that use the code of some augmented reality application, they can be read dynamically in 3D with a cell phone or tablet (see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djtQhphlZuc, In the field of Entertainment, it is possible to apply the creation of video games in a mixed environment in real time, making them more attractive to the consumer, since you interact directly with the protagonists of the game (https://www.youtube.com/watch? feature = player_embedded & v = g4DT2PbzJ5w).
In the field of Medicine, giving the possibility of practicing a surgical operation with virtual organs before actually performing it on a patient. This offers safety to the surgeon as well as reassurance to the patient, since he knows that the surgeon has previously practiced and been able to perform the operation (see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72UZZH3_9kw)
In the industry, allowing the visualization for example of pieces that will later be molded by a worker, and also allows to see their correct placement in a machine where it will have to be located, or to follow up on an industrial process (https://www.youtube.com / watch? v = H0L9C94kEKQ, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B80pcYjJIrg, The field of Advertising, can give the option of viewing the advertised product before it is put on the market (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1QbiPhdyVPw, In Tourism, it gives the possibility of getting to know a place before even visiting it, or once you are in it, it offers the opportunity to show us the situation, all the points of interest of that place, as well as information about them (images, videos, 3D models) and how to get there (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=in2GbRMV4p4, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dliZbfvcA8k, https://www.youtube. com / watch? v = 6br7NreTwD4).
All of the above indicates that ICTs have impacted the way of living and sharing the increasingly globalized world, opening channels for the globalization of knowledge, finances, and culture, among others, accommodating certain activities through of technological means, such as:
E-learning
It is a teaching-learning experience that is carried out through the Internet, where there is a physical separation between teachers and students, with the predominance of both synchronous and asynchronous communication, and through which a continuous didactic interaction is carried out. On the other hand, the student becomes the center of training, having to self-manage their learning, with the help of tutors and peers.
The e-community
They are communities that relate primarily in virtual environments through the Internet, or online communities, among which are:
- Discussion forumsSocial networks (Facebook, Twitter) Email and email groupsNewsgroupsVideo ConferencesChatEtc.
These communities include scientific communities, knowledge networks, and others, made up of a group of people, brought together by a common interest, and who maintain their relationship over time.
E-working
Also known as teleworking, in which an organization, making use of ICT, makes it easier for the employee to carry out his activities in places other than the organization's location, improving the environmental impact and economic reactivation of some societies, through the democratization of the employment, becoming a valid job option.
E-government
Also called Electronic Government, through which the internal processes of a government are carried out, the delivery of products and services, government management audits, transparent tenders, citizen management and with companies in relation to the State, through the implementation of different technologies, among which stand out those corresponding to e-business or electronic commerce and others closely related to the management of the State.
E-business
Generally called electronic business, and according to Hartman et al (2000), quoted in Ramos (2004), it is any initiative on the Internet that transforms business relationships, be they business-to-business, business-to-customer, intra-business relationships or between two consumers. E-business is a new way of managing efficiencies, speed, innovation and the creation of new value in a company, as well as the new decentralized configuration of organizations and their adaptation to the characteristics of the new economy.
E-commerce
Known as electronic commerce, it is the virtual place, through ICT, where buyers and sellers meet to carry out their operations of buying, selling, products and services. Among its operations are banking operations, through fund transfers, purchases through Web portals, purchase and sale of shares, etc.
All of the aforementioned implies that new competences are required for the interpretation of new signs, hypertext and hypermedia languages, increasingly dynamic, the culture of 3D or third-dimensional vision, which impacts the way people think, and in changes in the mode of reasoning. The cognitive process is no longer carried out sequentially or in serial processes, but rather neurally or in knowledge networks with linked connections, emerging new cognitive constructs.
According to Caballero (2001), thought goes from being rational, based on universal truths, to intuitive and rational thinking, where truth is relative, complexity increases uncertainty, and “the opposite of one truth is another truth "
As for knowledge, it goes from being individual and sequential, with a disciplinary study methodology, inter and multidisciplinary, to a knowledge that manifests itself as associative, determined by the networks and with a transdisciplinary study method.
In relation to the development of the human being, evolution goes from being natural, to evolution by "artificial", this by the intervention of the machine element, although of course the human factor is always present.
As for the perception of reality, reality goes from being a tangible and unique reality to a physical and virtual reality, the product of impressions that impact the human brain.
The imagination goes from being influenced through the senses, to an imagination influenced by an augmented reality, through the incorporation of new cognitive devices.
Knowledge bases go from being fixed in terms of their spatial location, such as books and similar devices, to being a knowledge base that is ubiquitous, with more dynamism, what is said today will be modified tomorrow. Through ICT and smart devices, knowledge is transmitted.
The workspaces have evolved from organizations with a physical location, with a fixed work schedule and a distribution of activities according to function, to organizations that can carry out virtual work processes, with distribution of tasks according to the complexity of the problem.
IV. Transdisciplinarity
According to Martínez (S / F), transdisciplinarity is a new intellectual and academic movement promoted by UNESCO and by the International Center for Research and Transdisciplinary Studies in France, which tries to go beyond (trans) not only uni-disciplinarity, but also of multi-disciplinarity and inter-disciplinarity.
The intention is to overcome the fragmentation and fragmentation of knowledge that reflect the particular disciplinary and its consequent hyper-specialization.
For Morin (S / F), the interpretations on transdisciplinarity coincide in the need for scientific knowledge to be nurtured and provide a global perspective and not be reduced to the disciplines or their fields, which goes in the direction of considering the world in its diverse unity.
Transdiscipline represents the claim to the most complete knowledge possible, and that is capable of dialogue with the diversity of human knowledge. For this reason, the dialogue of knowledge and complexity are inherent in the transdisciplinary attitude.
Regarding the impact of ICT in all areas of human knowledge, with new languages, ways of thinking, with a logic of reasoning resulting from the interrelation of multiple intelligences, with a greater increase in complexity, it is required from the epistemological vision of new methods with transdisciplinary approaches.
V. Impact of ICT on managerial competences
For Dávila and Rojas (2000), cited in Hernández 2011, the postmodern organization in its functional and managerial structure, is subject to the evolution of some neural elements such as information, knowledge, technology and virtuality, which will affect changes in human skills as a factor of self-realization and growth both personally and socially and professionally.
In the opinion of Ibarra (2000), the transformation of production processes not only requires state-of-the-art equipment and technology to increase productivity, but also new forms of management, organization, training and development of all workers, which promote the use rational and efficient resources and stimulate the creative and intellectual potential of all members of the organization.
For the aforementioned reasons, it is then necessary to adapt the management of human talent, so that personal competences open up to new expectations, that adapt to new functionalities, motivation at work, and personal development. facilitate personal and organizational adaptation to new realities, new ways of thinking, communicating, and learning to learn in the face of new cognitive constructs.
Among the competencies that must be adapted to the new realities, the following stand out in the managerial function:
a) Management skills
Leadership, decision making, human talent management, strategic planning.
b) Customer service
Ability to anticipate customer needs, set priorities, customer feedback and continually seek customer satisfaction.
c) Personal effectiveness
Ability to develop effective exchange relationships with others, understand the points of view of others and create synergy to achieve results.
d) Decision making
Make sensible, timely and effective decisions.
e) Teamwork:
Obtain satisfaction for team success, easily adapt to team needs, build strong relationships with team members.
f) People development
Evaluate development needs, identify appropriate trajectories, train and advise continuous improvement, manage effective teamwork.
g) Leadership
Ability to influence and change the behavior of others, skill in managing groups, authority, distribution of responsibilities.
Additionally, there are personal and humanistic competences that must also evolve and adapt to the new times, among which we can mention:
a) Communication skills
Development of positive habits, personal growth, opening up to new paradigm shifts.
b) Cognitive competences
It refers to the handling of intellectual and structural elements and the handling of information.
c) Adaptability
Ability to handle situations of change, challenges and explore new methodologies.
d) Results oriented
Persist despite obstacles and impediments
e) Continuous learning
Ability to continually learn from experiences, pursue development opportunities, seek feedback, and positively modify habits and behaviors.
f) Responsibility
Accept your own responsibility to produce results.
Among other managerial competences that may be developed to adapt to new realities, are professional and technical competences:
a) Knowledge and understanding of technical aspects
They involve the work of the associate with the client, negotiation skills with the client, knowledge and management of services.
b) Strategy development
Gain industry insights, develop customer insight, develop customer service plan.
c) Achievement of results
Respond to clients, direct projects, manage risks, apply knowledge and apply technologies.
In agreement with Hernández (2011), the new organizational paradigm that emerges based on what was previously described in the context of globalization, virtuality and transdisciplinarity, is characterized by highly visible factors of autonomy, information, dynamism and economic pressure, and introduces as a strategic imperative the need to review the current conception of operations or businesses and modify the structures so as to increase the added value that organizations offer to customers or users based on competitiveness.
According to Caballero (2011), organizations must adapt Virtual Management (GV), Strategic Management (GE) and their intelligence tools (strategic, technological, management of knowledge flows, among others) which are keys to success. The GV, deals with the flows and exchange of knowledge, innovation and value creation in virtual spaces; it is about managing those spaces defined by virtualized processes, the GE, defines the strategy that gives a sense of direction, defines future parameters and technological intelligence, keeps an eye on technological opportunities. These managerial practices use tools such as foresight, strategic planning, artificial intelligence, and cognitive psychology, among others.
SAW. conclusion
The new management in times of ICT, is operating under a new concept, based on the epistemic, because by managing new knowledge new codes will emerge, which will foster an emerging organization according to these emerging realities.
Organizations need to learn to understand emerging realities, faced with new constructs, as a consequence of new languages, new ways of thinking, new logics of reasoning, the product of globalization, virtualization and transdisciplinarity.
Training the new manager with adequate skills for knowledge management in times of ICT, becomes a strategic priority of any organization, since it is impossible to escape the influence of ICT in the personal, educational, governmental, and organizational fields.
VII. References
- Submarine cables. (sf). Retrieved February 15, 2015, from: https://www.coit.es/M. Soop, & Soop, M. (1983). Introduction to geostationary orbits. ESA Scientific & Technical Publications Branch, ESTEC.Tics and globalization. (sf). Retrieved February 15, 2015, from http://ticsyglobalizacion.blogspot.com/Transdisciplinariedad. (sf). Retrieved February 16, 2015, from http://prof.usb.ve/miguelm/transdiscylogicadialectica.htmlVirtual - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (sf). Retrieved February 15, 2015, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/virtualVirtualización, D., Sybil, D., & Caballero, L. (2001). The Management Competencies in times of virtualization.VIRTUALIZATION OF VILLAVA THROUGH GOOGLE EARTH AND AUGMENTED REALITY: 3D MODELING, GEOLOCATION AND QR CODES. (sf). Recovered February 15,2015, from
