"Man, remember what dust you are and that you will return to dust" (Genesis, Chap. 3, Vers. 19) ». These are words that we have heard over and over again either at mass, or somewhere else from any person, but what meaning should we give it? Clear from the theological point of view we speak of the book of the genesis and of the creations of God, nevertheless speaking from the astronomical point of view we speak of something really and directly related to this phrase.
We live under the premise and the conclusion that we are stardust, that basically everything came from nothing, but how was it or how can we make sense of this? With the Big Bang theory. A particle that at some point made a big explosion and generated everything.
And from dust everything has been created, stars, galaxies, planets, planets like ours and therefore in this way life was created, everything that exists has existed since then and simply returns to its place of origin and is reborn in another way, this is where another famous phrase invented by Antoine is born-
Laurent Lavoisier: "Matter is neither created nor destroyed, it only transforms". And everything becomes a constant cycle under this law.
During this article we will talk about the creation of the universe, its structure, its origin and about how everything has evolved in the same universe and how it was that we got to this point where the earth arose and where evolution was commissioned. of the rest until today.
It will reveal many phenomena through which the universe passes and how the laws of physics try to shape this infinite universe and how the same universe is responsible for making and managing these laws, we will talk about the 4 forces of universe and about the first moments of it.
History of the universe (The first second of the universe).
A single second, only one, only that was necessary to lay the foundations of the universe and that gave rise to how we know it today, a second that is almost imperceptible, a second is what it takes you to say one, however during the first Second in the history of the universe, there were so many important events that only that was enough to leave a mark for all eternity.
To reach that moment, it is necessary to go back 13,798,000,000 million years ago in history, we must transport ourselves to a place that did not exist that was not known, where there was neither space nor time, therefore we could not contemplate anything even because the Light did not exist, where there was nothing more than a unique and singular particle made up of the 4 forces of the universe (gravity, electromagnetism, weak nuclear energy and strong nuclear energy).
Suddenly it started, nobody knows very well why but it started that event that we all know as the Big bang, and the events that happened right in that first second of the universe, once the Big Bang began, will be described below.
1. Planck era and the great unification.
Planck time is a measurement that constitutes the smallest time interval that can be measured 10 -44 seconds, that is, 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000001. The first phase of the universe was the Planck era, which could have been the first frame in history, and which spanned from the explosion of the big bang when space and time were created and began its expansion until 10 -44 seconds, that is, a range that does not even reach seven-hundredth of a second.
During this time the four fundamental forces known as gravity, electromagnetism, weak nuclear energy and strong nuclear energy were united in a kind of super force and there was no particle. At the end of this period, gravity separated from the other forces, leaving gravity on one hand and the electron-nuclear force on the other.
Between 10 -44 and 10 -36 seconds the epoch known as the great unification happened, where the temperature of the universe was thousands of quadrillion degrees, at the end of this epoch the first fundamental particles began to form, forming a slight amount Superior to matter than antimatter, at that moment the universe was tens of billions of times smaller than an atom.
2. Electroweak time.
The electroweak period lasted from the sextillionth to the billionth of the first second, that is, 10 -36 to 10 -12, this period was accompanied by the separation of the strong nuclear interaction of its two companions, which allowed the creation of a large amount of exotic matter., including the Higgs Boson that conferred mass to the particles by slowing them down and laying the foundations to give prominence to the material against radiation, within this period in its initial phase there was an important division regarding its consequences, the inflationary epoch.
3. Inflationary season.
The inflationary epoch that includes the first phase of the electroweak epoch lasted approximately from 10 -36 to 10 -32 seconds and was dominated by inflation, it is known as such a brutal expansion of space that in a ridiculous fraction of time increased the size of the universe in a power of 26, going from being an imperceptible size to being the dimensions of an orange.
It is quite unknown why this has happened and particles such as the inflatron have been proposed as the cause, it may seem that growing up to 10 cm does not seem impressive, but the speed at which it had to do practically escapes our understanding.
4. Time of Quarks.
The so-called Quarks epoch ranges from one billionth to one millionth of the first second, that is, from 10 -12 to 10 -6 seconds. The temperature dropped to 10 billion degrees and was marked by the separation of the interactions of weak nuclear energy with electromagnetism, leaving the 4 fundamental forces separate and with their values fixed as we know them until now. The Quarks and anti Quarks began a fierce battle annihilating each other.
The result was the survival of one for a billion of them, leading to the formation of matter as we know it, the dimensions of our universe were already the size of our solar system.
5. Era of Hadrons.
The era known as hadrons began approximately from the millionth of a second to the first second of life of the universe, the temperature had already cooled down to a million degrees, allowing the Quarks to combine to form better-known fragments of matter like the protons and neutrons that at the end of the first second of life of the universe expected the final battle with the fragments of antimatter that had survived.
The foundations of our universe were laid so that it would be viable and allow the emergence of life as we know it, without that insignificant second nothing and no one would be here, meanwhile the universe was heading towards the first light-year in size that would reach soon after.
It seems impossible that a second of both, but in the first of history the fundamental values that allowed the creation of everything were set, the normal conclusion would have been as a failed universe, but miraculously everything fit perfectly to make it viable.
If the value of the fundamental forces would have been different, if they had not unfolded as they did, if the battle between Quarks had ended in a draw, we would not be here now because surely none of this would exist. Maybe just radiation or a gigantic universal black hole with nothing to feed on.
After the first second of life of the universe, it is cold enough so that in the sea of Quarks they group together 3 by 3 forming protons and neutrons. In the first three minutes of the universe, it cools down enough for neutrons and protons to form the first atomic nuclei. 300 thousand years later the first atom appears, 200 million years later the matter accumulates to be able to form the first stars, 1 billion years later the first galaxies like the Milky Way are formed. More than 9 billion years after the Big Bang, the earth is born.
Structures of the Universe
According to the information presented in (astromia.com) the matter of the Universe is ordered. The force of gravity causes matter to group together into structures. From the simplest, such as stars or solar systems, to the gigantic walls of galaxies.
Still, the expansion of the Universe causes the different structures to move away from each other at high speed.
The most distant structures are the largest and oldest. They were formed when the Universe was still very young, and help to know its evolution.
Structure hierarchy
Minor structures: they are the celestial bodies, like planets and stars, and small groups, like our Solar System.
Galaxies: they are intermediate structures. They group families of stars, gas, dust and dark matter. In the visible universe alone there are more than 100 billion, and they can group billions of stars. Many have a black hole at their center. Our galaxy is the Milky Way.
Galaxy clusters: are sets of galaxies enveloped in hot gas. Its diameter reaches several million light years.
Galaxies revolve around each other, bound together by gravity. Sometimes they collide or absorb each other. The Milky Way belongs to a cluster called the Local Group, made up of 25 galaxies. (astromia.com)
Superclusters of galaxies: They are sets of galaxy clusters. They measure hundreds of millions of light years. They form large layers throughout the visible Universe. The Local Group is part of the Virgo Supercluster.
Walls: these are the last structures discovered, the oldest and largest in the Universe. They form huge swaths of galaxy superclusters.
The great wall of Sloan, in the image, measures 1,370 million light years. In November 2013, the largest known structure was discovered, the Great Wall of Hercules-Boreal Crown, which is 10 billion light years from Earth and has dimensions of 10 billion light years from one end to the other; it is very elongated, occupying almost 11% of the observable Universe.
The Great Attractor.
The Virgo Supercluster and the rest of the structures of the visible Universe advance towards a mysterious point called the Great Attractor. Its center is 150 million light years away. It was discovered in the late 1980s and it is not yet known what it is, although it could be an even larger structure that astronomers call Laniakea ("huge sky" in Hawaiian). (astromia.com)
Size of the Universe
According to (astromia.com) The Universe encompasses everything known: matter, energy, space and time. The scales in the universe are so big that we can't even imagine them.
To get an idea, for every grain of sand on Earth, there are a million stars, or more. Our galaxy is only one of hundreds of billions of galaxies.
Still, all matter in the Cosmos is only a tiny part of the universe. The Universe is, above all, an immense almost empty space.
It is impossible to know the exact size of the Universe. It could even be infinite, although it doesn't seem likely. Not knowing what shape it is, we cannot calculate its size either. Furthermore, it continues to expand. We only know the size of the Universe visible from Earth.
| Object | Diameter |
| land | 12,760 kms |
| Sun | 1,400,000 km |
| Solar system | 1 month light |
| Milky Way | 100,000 light years |
| Local group of galaxies | 10 million light years |
| Virgo supercluster | 100 million light years |
| Visible universe | 93 billion light years |
Size of the visible Universe
According to (astromia.com) the limit of the Universe visible from Earth is 46,500 million light years, in all directions. That is, a diameter of 93,000 million light years. A light year is 9.446 trillion kilometers.
The calculation is huge, and yet it is only the part of the Universe that we can see. After the Big Bang, the Universe expanded so rapidly that some of its light has not yet reached us and therefore we cannot see it.
But if the Universe is only about 13.8 billion years old, how can objects be further away? They cannot have drifted away faster than the speed of light. The answer is inflation of the Universe.
Inflation is the origin of everything: of space itself, of time, and of all physical laws, including the limit of the speed of light. Everything is created in inflation itself. So the inflation of the Universe is not subject to the limit of the speed of light. Inflation creates new space between objects and moves them away. (astromia.com)
The observable Universe
Even with the most advanced technology, we only get to see a small part of the Universe. It is called the observable Universe, and it is the part of the Cosmos whose light has had time to reach us.
The observable Universe is shaped like a sphere, with Earth at its center. So we can see the same distance in all directions.
The limit of the observable Universe is called the cosmic light horizon. The objects located on that horizon are the farthest we can see. Its light left towards us almost from the origin of the Universe, 13,700 million years ago. So we see them as they were more than 13 billion years ago. That is why they are so important to know the evolution of the Universe.
But as the Universe expands, those objects are actually much further away. Currently, they are already 46,500 million light years away. (astromia.com)
To explore the entire observable Universe, NASA put four space telescopes into orbit: Hubble, Chandra, Compton and Spitzer. Each captures a different type of light. Currently, the Compton is no longer operational.
The Universe observable with the naked eye
The part of the Universe that we see with the naked eye is called the celestial sphere. It is an imaginary sphere, with the Earth in the center, where the constellations are located.
It reaches up to 2.5 million light years.
The farthest that can be seen is the neighboring Andromeda galaxy, and the two satellite galaxies of the Milky Way: the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds. Everything else belongs to our galaxy, the Milky Way. (astromia.com)
Types of particles in the Universe
All the matter that exists in the Universe is made up of particles. Each type of particle fulfills a different function.
The interaction between the different types of particles makes the Universe as we know it possible
There are two classes of particles: fermions and bosons. Fermions form the mass of matter. The bosons are responsible for applying to that mass the four fundamental forces: electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force and force of gravity.
Elementary particles
Elementary particles are the smallest parts or portions into which matter can be divided. According to (astromia.com) these are the elementary particles.
Elemental fermions are quarks and leptons:
- Quarks - Unite in groups of three to form larger particles, such as protons and neutrons. Leptons: They are very light particles, like electrons, muons, and neutrinos.
Elemental bosons are photons, gluons, and others:
- Photons: responsible for electromagnetism. Gluons: deal with the strong nuclear force. Bosons W and Z: in charge of the weak nuclear force.
- Graviton: in charge of gravity, although it has never been seen yet. Higgs boson: responsible for the particles to have mass. It explains all the matter we see, and that is why it is called "the divine particle."
What are hadrons?
When several elementary particles come together, they form compound particles that we call hadrons.
Compound fermions are baryons. The best known are protons and neutrons. Composite bosons are mesons. The best known is the pion. The CERN hadron collider is a very important experiment in particle physics.
Scientists from all over the world participate in it. It accelerates the particles (hadrons) to almost the speed of light and makes them collide with each other to see how they behave. Through these experiments, CERN searches for information on undiscovered particle types, the composition of the Universe, its origin, and how forces act on each other. (astromia.com)
The matter of the Universe
Matter is everything that has mass. All matter is made up of particles. They are like tiny pieces that come together to form everything we see.
Although they also form another type of matter that we cannot see, dark matter. In fact, most of the matter that makes up the Universe is dark matter.
Everything that has mass, no matter how small, emits gravity. Even ourselves. In the Cosmos, matter is attracted to that gravity. It is grouped and formed from small molecules to planets, stars and large galactic clusters. Gravity holds matter together. Still, most of the matter is not concentrated in galaxies, but in immense intergalactic spaces. (astromia.com)
Visible matter
The part of matter that we can see is only 5% of the composition of the Universe. Visible matter is called ordinary matter or baryonic matter.
Ordinary matter is made up of atoms. It can be in four states: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Go from one state to another by gaining or losing heat. Most of the visible matter of the Universe is in the plasma state, since it is the one that forms the stars. (astromia.com)
Dark matter
In the Universe there is another type of matter, which we cannot see. It is dark or invisible matter. A quarter of the known Universe is dark matter, although some sources calculate that it is up to 80%. This means that there is much more dark matter than visible matter.
Dark matter does not emit or reflect any kind of light. It does not give off any type of radiation, neither visible nor invisible. So we cannot see it. But we know that it exists because it does emit gravity, and our technology detects it. Its gravity is so great that it moves large galactic clusters.
The composition of dark matter remains a mystery. Although it is believed that it could be formed by neutrinos and other still unknown particles. (astromia.com)
Gravitational waves
According to (astromia.com) some equations formulated by Einstein in 1915 predicted the existence of a phenomenon called "gravitational waves". At the end of 2015, these waves were detected directly.
We all know what waves are. For example, those that form in a pond with still water when a stone is thrown.
In the Theory of Relativity, Einstein demonstrates that space and time are not independent, but rather constitute a single entity called spacetime. If we imagine it as a two-dimensional flat elastic membrane, we see that, in the presence of a mass, space-time "deforms", as a normal membrane would do under the weight of a billiard ball.
Any other object with mass notices this deformation, and is forced to follow different paths than what it would follow if the membrane were not deformed. The effect or consequence of this curved geometry of space-time is gravity, and this is how relativity manages to explain the famous universal gravitation discovered by Newton.
What are gravitational waves?
On the (astromia.com) portal, it tells us that accelerated massive bodies produce fluctuations in space-time tissue that spread like a wave throughout the Universe. These are the gravitational or gravitational waves predicted by Einstein and now discovered.
Only exceptional events in objects with huge masses, such as neutron stars, gamma-ray bursts, or black holes, can produce waves with enough energy to be detected; events as powerful as the explosion of a giant supernova or the merger of two black holes.
Gravitational waves shorten spacetime in one direction, lengthen it in the other, and propagate at the speed of light. Nothing stops or reflects them; therefore, unlike light and other electromagnetic waves, it hardly matters how many objects they find in their path until they reach Earth.
Because they are important? Some events in the Universe are very difficult to detect directly. For example, observing black holes, which do not emit light. However, they can sometimes emit gravitational waves, such as when two of them collide and merge. This is what happened the first time gravitational waves were detected. They may even explain what happened in the first second of the Universe, right after the Big Bang. This discovery is expected to help understand some of the great unknowns that physics and astronomy still have to face.
Shape of the Universe
The shape of the Universe we inhabit is a very important question for Cosmology. (astromia.com)
The final destination of the Universe itself depends on the shape it has. However, even today the shape of the Universe is impossible to find out.
The shape of the Universe depends on its density, that is, on the amount of mass and energy it has. The problem is that we don't know how big the Universe is or how much energy and matter there are in total. So we can't calculate its density either.
Einstein's theories pose three possible forms: closed, open, or flat. Although the shape of the Universe remains an enigma, most scientists believe that it is almost flat.
| Type of Universe | Density | Shape | Final destination | |
| Closed universe | high | Spherical | Collapse and Big Crunch | |
| Open universe | Low | Saddle | Cooling and Big Chill | |
| Flat universe | Review | Flat | Decelerated expansion | |
The shape and destiny of the Universe
The Universe can have three possible forms:
Closed universe: if there is too much matter and energy, the density will be too high. The Universe will curl inward and have a sphere shape. It will be a finite Universe. Gravity will be stronger than expansion, all matter will end up clustering, and the Universe will collapse. This ending is called Big Crunch. (astromia.com)
Open Universe: If the density of matter and energy is very low, the Universe will curve outward. It will be shaped like a saddle. It will be an infinite Universe, in infinite expansion. Gravity will be so weak that there can be no stars, no planets, not even atoms. Matter will separate and disintegrate until it is reduced to elementary particles. The Universe will cool down and die. This ending is called Big Chill. (astromia.com)
Flat universe: if the amount of matter and energy is adequate, the density will be balanced. It is what is called critical density. Then the Universe will be flat. Gravity and expansion will be in balance. The Universe will expand, but increasingly slowly. (astromia.com)
Today it is believed that the Universe is almost flat, but there are still many doubts, since it has been shown that the Universe expands more and more rapidly, and this seems to be a contradiction with the theory.
Universe Models
Traditionally, cosmology imagined the Universe as a linear model. That is, a unique Universe with a beginning and, probably, an end, all this according to (astromia.com).
For the linear model, the Big Bang is the beginning of everything: space, time, physical laws, and all matter and energy. If this is true, there is a single Universe and it encompasses everything that exists. But the linear model has contradictions and does not solve all the questions. For this reason, other models were proposed.
Einstein proposed the model of the cyclical Universe. For the cyclical model, the Universe is born and dies infinite times. There is not a single Universe, but infinites. Each Universe is the cycle between one Big Bang and the next. The Universe expands and contracts, so it starts with a Big Bang and ends with a new Big Bang.
Every time a Universe dies, a new one begins.
Universe of Branas or membranes
String theory raises a cyclical model called the "Branas Universe." According to this model, each Universe is a brane or membrane. There are endless branes. The branes vibrate and sometimes collide. When two branes collide, a new Big Bang occurs and another Universe is born. (astromia.com)
Parallel universes
For the Parallel Universes model, there are many universes at the same time. But, although they exist at the same time, they are independent and it is impossible to go from one to the other. Its physical laws are different and only some could have life. The best-known models of parallel Universes are the Bubble Universes and the multiverse. (astromia.com)
Bubble Universes: New Universes are born from others that already exist. A new Universe can be born at any time and place in the Cosmos. There is an inflation of space, like the one that created our Universe, and a new Universe begins within another. (astromia.com)
Multiverse: it is a consequence of the probability laws of quantum mechanics. He argues that, if time is infinite, all the probabilities end up being fulfilled. Each probability is fulfilled in a parallel Universe. So there would be parallel Universes with another exactly identical "I", and parallel Universes with another totally different "I". It is a difficult idea to understand. (astromia.com)
Wormholes
A wormhole is a tunnel that connects two points in space-time, or two parallel Universes.
One has never been seen and is not proven to exist, although mathematically they are possible.
They are called like this because they resemble a worm that goes through an apple inside to get to the other end, instead of traversing it outside. Thus, wormholes are shortcuts in the fabric of space-time. They allow two very distant points to be joined and arrive faster than if the universe were traversed at the speed of light.
According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, wormholes can exist. They have an entrance and an exit at different points in space or time. The tunnel that connects them is in hyperspace, which is a dimension produced by a distortion of time and gravity.
Scientists Einstein and Rosen came up with this theory by studying what was going on inside a black hole. That is why they are also called EinsteinRosen Bridge. (astromia.com)
There are two kinds of wormholes:
- Intrauniverse: they connect two points far from the Cosmos. Interuniverse or Schwarzschil d holes: connect two different Universes.
Can you travel through time?
It is one thing for wormholes to exist and quite another for them to be used to travel in space and time.
Carl Sagan's novel "Contact" proposed a journey through a wormhole. This made many believe it possible. But it is only science fiction.
Scientists believe that a wormhole has a very short life. It opens and closes again quickly. Matter would get trapped in it, or even if it managed to get out the other end, it couldn't come back. Obviously, we couldn't choose where it would take us either.
According to general relativity, it is possible to travel to the future, but not to the past. If one could travel to the past, we could alter History, for example, making us never be born. It would be impossible. (astromia.com)
Conclusion.
You could write book and book just by debating what is the origin of the universe, theories and hypotheses could be formulated about it and without the need to get religion into it because as we well know although some stories are not good companions or chapters of books like the Bible resemble what the creation of the universe is today.
What we can say is that the universe is the greatest mystery there is and that there will be in the minds of scientists, of this and of all generations to come, the human being will be able to travel elsewhere, to conquer planets but There will always be a mystery to solve regarding the universe.
However, trying to solve them and dealing with them are what have made humanity advance both technologically and philosophically since thinking about the vast vastness of the universe is enough to inspire great thoughts and great theories.
Thesis proposal.
Develop a science laboratory in astronomy at the Tecnológico de Orizaba.
Overall objective.
Develop a laboratory that has enough material to learn more about the phenomena of the universe, likewise implement a telescope that allows the study of the stars within the Orizaba Technology.
Thanks.
I thank my mother who is the strength to continue every day and who has made me get to where I am, my teachers who have given me their time and knowledge to continue my studies, Doctor Fernando Aguirre y Hernández since He has given us all his experience and knowledge in this matter of Fundamentals of Administrative Engineering, as well as CONACYT since he gives us his support to motivate us to get ahead in our adventure for masters.
Bibliography.
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astronomy, A. (October 2014, 2014). https://www.youtube.com. Retrieved on May 18, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com:
Mysteries. (April 26, 2014). https://www.youtube.com. Retrieved on May 18, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com:
Santaolalla, J. (October 22, 2017). https://www.youtube.com. Retrieved on May 18, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com:
Universo, E. (December 2015, 2015). https://www.youtube.com. Retrieved on May 18, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com:
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