Summary
The theoretical foundation of Local History from the Tunisian culture, has the purpose of contributing to enhance the History and Culture subject of the Sociocultural Studies course for the Meeting and Distance Courses of the Municipal University Affiliates FUM, to increase the preparation of the high school students with a view to the state exams. It begins with a summary of the process of formation of the Cuban national identity, and then develops some important objectives related to the cultural events in Las Tunas from 1959 to the present. Theoretical methods such as historical-logical, analysis and synthesis, induction-deduction, and observation were used as empirical methods, which allowed the development of the investigation,revealing to us the need and importance of doing this work. The paper does not yet show partial or final results, since it constitutes a proposal in the practical application phase that updates theoretical knowledge that can be used from the methodological point of view by the teachers who teach the different subjects of the degree, in addition by the students and other professionals interested in promoting scientific research for this purpose.also by students and other professionals interested in promoting scientific research for this purpose.also by students and other professionals interested in promoting scientific research for this purpose.
Introduction
The identity of a town depends on its history. It is born from the struggles of independence, it evolves in its traditions, it transcends in its culture. Knowing the history of our city is what really identifies us and allows us to be part of it. The topic of this research, although it is not part of the analytical programs of these two types of courses, does constitute a social and local necessity to promote the teaching of History and externalize the cultural development achieved in our province.
The oldest reference that we have been able to find about the teaching of local history (HL) in Cuba was made by what we can consider as one of the founders of Cuban pedagogy: José de la Luz y Caballero; This pointed out in the early date of 1835: (…) it is extremely interesting for the country to instill in their children, with milk, an enthusiastic love for it, there being no more proper way of achieving such a precise end as that of familiarizing children with certain memories of the peculiar history of his native people - because these impressions are taxed to death - to serve as the nucleus of his nation, and after the rest of the world. (…) placing the student in his village Let us say so, as in a center to whom you must refer the most notable points that are in the periphery.This would also be the means of giving from the beginning a certain reality to the study of History (…) (Holly, 1991).
(…) The educational approach to the History of the geographical environment has many advantages for the formation and development of the personality of the apprentices, since knowing the historical trajectory of the place in which they live (what surrounds them as a geographical setting), the protagonists of the culture that they share and that they must help preserve, makes them protagonists of their own history and continuators of the projects undertaken by previous generations, JI Reyes, A. Palomo and HD Pendás (2011).
The inclusion of local history in the school curriculum would undoubtedly contribute to the construction of social and cultural identity, facilitating the creation and recreation of the values, customs and beliefs that each of these societies considers important, avoiding the devaluation of their own culture. and history, (P. Gregorio, s / f). This author reveals the importance and need for the study of local history.
The publication ¨Relation National History-Local History: proposals for a Heritage Education¨, carried out by Dr. Adalys Palomo Alemán and the MsC. Anabel González Blanco, from the José de la Luz y Caballero University of Pedagogical Sciences, Holguín, Cuba, is an excellent work that offers some proposals for teaching tasks for the teaching and learning process of Cuban History through local heritage holguinero, which achieved the fulfillment of all its objectives. It can be used as a support point in other research to prepare an optional subject for the Sociocultural Studies career in Las Tunas. For the present work, it contributes to link local history with the history of Cuba and enhance the students' knowledge of our identity.
Despite the importance and impact of the subject, there is still very little didactic evidence that deals with the study of Local History and students often do not know its importance, nor the elements that make it up.
The guide shown below will help the subject History and Culture, which includes all the processes of formation of the Cuban nationality in general, to be promoted, since it is also important to know the historical-social-cultural evolution of our town Because it is the space where we emerge, develop and relate. It is the sense of belonging for what is ours. The future sociocultural professionals, with this proposal, will increase their preparation, by acquiring other knowledge as part of their overall general culture, which they will then be able to socialize and transmit to the different social actors.
Materials and methods
Methods
Theoreticians: Historical-logical, Analysis and synthesis, Induction-deduction.
Empirical: Observation (survey).
materials
Specialized literature, computers, articles and publications on the internet.
Results and Discussion
The discovery of America and in turn the island of Cuba, known by its discoverer Christopher Columbus as ¨the most beautiful land that human eyes have seen¨, led to the conquerors who carried all the idiosyncrasy of their land from all over the world. native. Different events took place during this process that spanned more than four centuries, allowing the Cuban nationality to be born and progress.
The different processes of national liberation through which our country has passed have been framed in three fundamental stages: Cologne, Neocolony and Revolution.
The Colony from 1492 to 1898, is a time of change where there is a clash between different cultures. There was an indigenous, peaceful, generous, hard-working and happy race on the island, with rudimentary lifestyles. With the arrival of the European conquerors a transculturation occurs, a mixture of races, customs, traditions, language, prevailing this for being the ruling class, as they brought with them plans for conquest, hoarding and exploitation of the new land found. From this union miscegenation occurs and then by bringing African slaves to the country, due to the disappearance of the natives, the Cuban Creole is born, which is the result of this hodgepodge.
Since then, the Cuban identity began to be promoted, developing the different genres of art. Music in this period, brings us the Contradanza, emerging from this Cuban popular music. A new genre is also born in the country the Danzón and the notes of our National Anthem are written. He is worthy of recognizing Juan Cristóbal Nápoles Fajardo (El Cucalambé), who through his tenths contributed to the formation of Cuban nationality and with his work sealed an element of identity in the people that has survived to this day. The San Alejandro Painting Academy is founded, present to this day. Architecture is developed with its different styles and constructions: Military, Religious, Civil and Domestic. The first theatrical manifestations were the areitos and then the Corpus Cristi.The first playwright known on the island for his play The Prince Gardener and Finjido Chloridane was Santiago de Pita and Borroto, however it is Francisco Covarrubias who is credited with the birth of the national theater, because thanks to him it is that speaking for the first time in ¨cubano¨ on the island's stages, introducing characters like the negrito. Also outstanding is the so-called Mambí Theater, made in exile, and whose main exponent is the work Abdala, written by José Martí. Literature is the one with the greatest boom, since it is the first to manifest love for the homeland, with Félix Varela standing out as the initiator of Cuban thought, Heredia with his poetry and his odes, expressing love for nature and his native land. La Avellaneda with its love letters, novels and poetry,She is the first woman to obtain great recognition in the country. The apostle José Martí, is the one with the greatest contribution, with his works, his journalism, oratory, his epistemology, with his vision of long light and anti-imperialist character.
The Neocolony from 1898 to 1959, is a new stage, where the feeling for the autochthonous and the love for the Homeland are promoted with more intensity. The country was under the oppression of the American empire, and they are the expressions of art, weapons used to denounce the ills of the Republic.
The transitional poets begin, reflecting in their works the frustration that our people had and their pain at having their freedom taken from them. The narrative addresses the issue of women mainly. Poetry is developed with three styles, Black, Social and Pure, highlighting themes related to the life of the worker and the black, previously not used. Main exponent Nicolás Guillén. Music is reborn with new indigenous musical genres of the island, son, felling, among others. At this stage the Artistic Vanguard stands out fundamentally. A first group starring Víctor Manuel, Eduardo Abela, Carlos Enríquez, who reflect through painting the sad reality in which Cuba found itself, breaking with traditional academicism. A second group with the performance of Wilfredo Lam, René Porto carrero,Amelia Peláez and Mariano Rodríguez, covers other styles using colors, lights and shadows. Also Fernando Ortiz, known as the Third Discoverer of Cuba, from the culture, made important contributions, he gave us the term transculturation that is the mixture of cultures, which occurred in the colonial era. It is important to highlight the historical and anti-imperialist document La Historia me Absolverá, which is Fidel's defense plea where he manifests what Cuban life was like up to that moment, and how it would be after the triumph of the Revolution, explaining all the changes that would occur to favor the way of life of the people.the term transculturation, which is the mixture of cultures, occurred in the colonial era. It is important to highlight the historical and anti-imperialist document La Historia me Absolverá, which is Fidel's defense plea where he manifests what Cuban life was like up to that moment, and how it would be after the triumph of the Revolution, explaining all the changes that would occur to favor the way of life of the people.the term transculturation, which is the mixture of cultures, occurred in the colonial era. It is important to highlight the historical and anti-imperialist document La Historia me Absolverá, which is Fidel's defense plea where he manifests what Cuban life was like up to that moment, and how it would be after the triumph of the Revolution, explaining all the changes that would occur to favor the way of life of the people.
The triumph of the Cuban Revolution, on January 1, 1959, is known as the most important cultural phenomenon par excellence since without it, no other relevant events would take place for Cuban society, so the process of nationalization and institutionalization began in the country, allowing the people to participate in the transformations and decision-making. Several important cultural institutions were created that propelled the country towards development, standing out the National Printing Office, the Casa de las Américas, the National Council of Culture, ICRTV, ICAIC, ENA and ISA, 1976, creation of the Ministry of Culture, among other. Relevant events such as the Literacy Campaign and the tasks aimed at the battles for the sixth, ninth and twelfth grade also occurred,the first Congress of Education and Culture, the speech delivered by Fidel Words to the Intellectuals giving the people full access and possibilities for artistic and literary development, but always within the Revolution, the first Congress of the Party, and other activities that set standards in the history. Thus, the artists had immense creative opportunities that they knew how to take advantage of very well, leading the island to an extraordinary cultural explosion.Thus, the artists had immense creative opportunities that they knew how to take advantage of very well, leading the island to an extraordinary cultural explosion.Thus, the artists had immense creative opportunities that they knew how to take advantage of very well, leading the island to an extraordinary cultural explosion.
Many intellectuals transcended from the Neocolony to the Revolution, being able to fearlessly express their ideals, standing out Nicolás Guillén, who became our national poet, for his dedication and passion when it comes to highlighting the Cuban in his poetry. Others with the story tailored to Onelio Jorge Cardoso, Dora Alonso, Samuel Feijó. In Painting, the second Vanguard prevailed, and in Dance, the Alicia Alonso ballet and the National Ballet School in an institutionalized way. At the Theater, officially founded in 1958, the only group that prevailed this year was Teatro Estudio, a Cuban theatrical expression of rejection of the dictatorship. Also the National Lyric Theater, Guiñol Theater for children, the Santiago Theater Council,they made themselves felt and in 1959 the national theater was founded with the plays The Robbery of the Pig by Abelardo Estorino and Héctor Quintero, Contigo pan y Cebolla. The Cinema was the most transcendental, since it was the first time we had a newscast of ours, the ICAIC Newscast, and then with the exhibition of the 4 classics: Adventure of Juan Quin Quin, Memories of Underdevelopment, The first charge to the machete, Lucia, of the directors Julio García Espinosa, Tomás Gutiérrez Alea, Humberto Solás and Manuel Octavio Gómez, showing an overview of the national events.from the directors Julio García Espinosa, Tomás Gutiérrez Alea, Humberto Solás and Manuel Octavio Gómez, showing an overview of the national events.from the directors Julio García Espinosa, Tomás Gutiérrez Alea, Humberto Solás and Manuel Octavio Gómez, showing an overview of the national events.
From the first years, the Cuban Revolution went through difficult times for various causes, growing much more in the 1990s with the collapse of the Socialist Camp. The economic situation in Cuba became more acute, and for the creators it was almost impossible to work, since they needed many resources that the country could not provide.
The resurrection was projected years later with the Battle of Ideas Program, carrying out countless social programs and projects aimed at raising the living conditions of the population, propelling the country towards the light again, and which are currently continuing implementing and perfecting.
The Cultural Promoters, Social Workers, University for all, the Brigades of Art Instructors led by the UJC, and many other programs that generally exceed the figure of two hundred, which are carried out in the different spheres of society and that has contributed to the realization of important positive changes in the quality of life of Cubans. This Battle of Ideas arose from the kidnapping of the Cuban boy Elián González by the Miami mafia.
Professionals from our territory promoted their ideas and brought the name of Las Tunas to the top. Today we have unmatched personalities, events and institutions that exalt the art of Las Tunas.
- Among them stand out the Plaza Martiana, a monumental work by the architect Domingo Alás Rosell, the only one in Latin America that worships light, built on March 25, 1995 in honor of the centenary of the signing of the Montecristi Manifesto. It has a sundial with a calendar, based on the principle of the movement of shadows that marks significant dates related to the life and work of the Apostle as well as the exact time every five minutes. The Plaza de La Revolución Mayor General Vicente García, has as its mission The celebration of great acts of a patriotic and cultural political nature with the participation of the people is fundamental. The Natal House Vicente García, declared a National Monument in 1996 due to its historical value. One of the emblematic sites regarding the collection of texts and personal history of Vicente García,located where his native house was before With the aim of delving into the most significant facets of the life of the Lion of Santa Rita, he also pays deserved tribute to the men who during the emancipatory exploits bequeathed to us our National identity. General Provincial Museum General Vicente García González in this property resided the offices of the municipal administration (City Hall) until the first half of the 20th century. In 1951 it became a municipal library and then at the beginning of the Revolution it was the first pre-university in the territory of Las Tunas. From 1984 it became a Provincial Museum. This magnificent building is one of the best exponents of its style in Las Tunas, considered by many to be the most important building in this city.Museo Mártires de Barbados, founded in 1978 in the city of Las Tunas,as a tribute to the 73 victims of the Barbados Crime executed on October 6, 1976. The museum was created on July 2, 1978, in the home of one of the martyrs Carlos Miguel Leyva González. Its mission is to rescue, preserve and preservation of patrimonial assets. Iberoamerican House of the Tenth, founded on December 20, 1993. Since its inception, the House has been inserted every year in the celebration of the National Day of Cucalambe "" Supreme celebration of the Cuban peasantry ", whose main efforts are directed to revitalize the peasant culture and the image of Juan Cristóbal Nápoles and Fajardo, “El Cucalambé”, the most important Cuban decimist of the 19th century. The most significant contribution of the House to the aforementioned event is the Ibero-American Colloquium of the Tenth, a theoretical and biennial contest (for Cuba),reaching international dimensions. Our Province is known as the Capital of Sculpture in Cuba. The Rita Longa Workshop Gallery, in Las Tunas, brings together the largest collection of small-format sculptures in Cuba. In it, works by Cuban artists of the stature of Rita Longa, Sergio Martínez, José A. Díaz Peláez, among others, are exhibited. Various characterizing activities are carried out that highlight it as an institution in the rescue of the cultural and artistic traditions of our people. Theater Tunas (Las Tunas). It is the most important cultural institution in the province. Its already sixty-year-old presence has been the primary artistic attraction of this city since its foundation. The mission of this institution is to implement,promote and offer a varied program of shows and film screenings based on a cultural development program that satisfies the interests of the public and contributes to raising their culture. Editorial Sanlope was founded on March 31, 1991, in compliance with the guidelines of the ICL (Institute Cubano del Libro), since the national publishers could not satisfy the demand of publication of the writers of the province, unpublished most until that date. Its founders were Mirta Beatón (editor-in-chief), Lesbia de la Fe (literature specialist) and Danilo Hornia (director). It was decided to name the Editorial Sanlope because this was the pseudonym that Manuel Nápoles Fajardo used to sign her works, (brother of Cucalambé), Sanlope also has the historical merit of having been the first editor of José Martí.The Radio Victoria Station and the Tunas Vision Telecentre are engaged in the daily mission of staying informed with the national and international events and offering a varied programming, they keep their validity, since they are inherent to the essence of our social model, they collect history, The country's thought and culture and dynamically preserve their correspondence with current socio-economic and political ideological conditions. The Vocational School of Art (EL Cucalambé), officially opens its classrooms on September 1, 1975, they are studied the music, ballet and dance specialties and the Rita Longa Art Instructors School, was founded as part of the programs of the Revolution in September 2000 for the training of artists in different specialties such as: Dance, Plastic Arts, Theater and Music.Vladimir Ilyich Lenin University, founded in 1976, at that time a subsidiary, aims to train and improve the human resources required by the growing socio-economic development of the region. Casa de la Cultura Tomasa Varona, an institution responsible for development culture of the municipality of Las Tunas, promoting and promoting the Movement of Amateur Artists.
Other institutions that have marked their history in Las Tunas and that are worth recognizing for their importance in knowledge management to guarantee local development can also be highlighted. These are the José Martí Provincial Library, UNEAC, the Provincial Cinema Center, the Titón Hall and the 26 de Julio Museum of historical and cultural nature, among others.
- José Martí Provincial Library, in 1975, acquired a provincial character. From then on, he assumed a very important role in the application of methodologies and guidelines to the public library system of the territory. In 1977 the first mini-library emerged and with it the development of the library extension, it was provided with a library fund to be able to take book collections to work centers, military units, penitentiary centers, CDRs, children's circles and hospitals. In the 90s, Bibliobús arose, with the intention of bringing the possibilities of reading to the rural areas of the municipality.UNEAC, The fundamental mission of the institution is the promotion of the artistic work of its members, not only in its commercialization, but, very especially towards the community.We work for the recognition and encouragement of our creators. Provincial Cinema Center, has the mission of implementing and promoting various cinematographic actions based on a Cultural Development Program that promotes the satisfaction of the interests of the spectators and contributes to a higher level of appreciation. of cinema as art. The "Titón" Room is a cultural institution attached to the Las Tunas Provincial Film Center, in direct collaboration with the Cuban Institute of Art and Film Industry (ICAIC), the Cuban Cinematheque and the International Film School and San Antonio de los Baños Television (EICTV). It constitutes a center of development of the appreciation of cinematographic art for diverse audiences. Official headquarters of the Cinematheque of Cuba and the Cinemazul Festival. 26 de Julio Memorial Museum,remember and recognize the fallen combatants of the July 26 Movement. Keep personal objects, photographs and other documents of these men who are part of the revolutionary feat.
We also have illustrious events in the Balcony of the Cuban East backed by all these institutions.
- The Jornada Cucalambeana most significant event, constitutes the prelude to the greatest guateque of the Cuban peasantry, entering into the idiosyncrasy of the peasant to preserve the peasant traditions and has become an intangible heritage of our territory. The Carnival of Las Tunas, a genuine expression of popular culture in Cuba. It usually distinguishes itself with the category of Cultural Institution to the congas and troupes of greatest contribution to the maintenance of a musical and danceable tradition inherited from our African ancestors. However, in a general sense, they are all recognized for their dedication to popular art. ("Los pinos nuevos", "Zabala and its tuneras stamps", "Los Mau Mau", "La Jardinera", "Cuba Libre" and "Raices tuneras"). Anfora Festival, the only one of its kind in the country, where they participate various countries of the world.It fosters the exchange of experiences and contributes to the development of this ancient art in the new generations. Likewise, it offers spectators the enjoyment and delight of representations of magic. It arose at the Las Tunas School of Magic created by José Reynerio Valdivia Valdivia, the "Mago Piter", in October 1989. The Cinemazul Festival of Cinematographic Appreciation emerged in 1994, is the only one of its kind in the country and Latin America, focuses its activities in the promotion of cinema debate as a means to develop critical capacity, is carried out every year in our province. The National Clown Workshop, an event that arose in 2013 due to the need for Teatro Tuyo to exchange and share our experiences in this difficult art.Its characteristic is that it is the only event of its kind and its main objective is to theorize from the clown technique. International Book Fair, has the mission of promoting reading, strengthening the dissemination of the book, distributing knowledge and promoting culture.
On the municipal level, the Barbarito Diez Music House stands out. Cultural institution of the Manatí Municipality, develops an educational work in the appreciation of the different genres of music and especially the work of Barbarito Diez.
In Colombia, the Origins Artistic Ensemble, a well-balanced fusion between music and dance where the proportion, height, duration, combination and succession of sounds are mixed with the movements of the body, feet and arms of the dancers under rules of order and bars and express with equality of interests the spirituality hidden in souls so that it becomes part of the intrinsic world that they enjoy.
In Menéndez, the Landscape Event aims to enrich the visual and spiritual universe of artists, allowing us to exchange experiences with other creators of the territory and other provinces and to group our creators based on artistic work to promote their works and stimulate them. with artists from other territories, where experiences strengthen our work.
In the Tunas municipality, El Callejón de La Ceiba (Community Cultural Project, a meeting point for the Las Tunas family, in which motivations are created, different ways are shown for the use of free time, manual traditions are resumed and also the possibility of developing skills and manifestations in the area of plastic arts, which have been left in the background for different reasons and which are promoted through the project. (Plastic artist Ottoniel Morfis Valera).
It is also necessary to highlight professionals from Las Tunas with their contributions to this significant task of artistic creation, with the fundamental support of UNEAC and its President Carlos Tamayo. The El Cucalambé Literary Workshop through which figures such as Guillermo Vidal, Freddy Laffita, Ramiro Duarte, Antonio Borrego and Antonio Gutiérrez, Víctor M. Marrero, who is the historian of the City, have passed with his book Vicente García. Antonio Gutiérrez, editor at Editorial Sanlope. Juan Manuel Herrera, with his Sociocultural Project for Sudden Children. In poetry, Lesbia de la Fe, who is also an oral narrator, an outstanding actress and cultural promoter. Frank Castell, decimist poet from Puerto Padre. Maritza Batista, poet and narrator. María Liana Celorrio, with the work Mujeres en la Cervecera. The theatrical scope,in the turmoil of the years, she has had the support of important artists such as Alfonso Silvestre, and national-class fans such as Aleyda Best and Arletis Rodríguez have emerged; In addition, the now well-known Magic Hurricane Magic Company was born within it, with the magician Piter in charge. The Plastic Arts area maintains its group of artisans, which is the collective-institution called Entre Manos that has a national category. Rogelio Ricardo cannot be missing with the work White Horse and the Headless Horseman, iron sculpture, Hotel Las Tunas 1983. Source Origin of Life, Medical Sciences 1983. Monument to Ángel Guardia. Plaza Martiana 1995. Armando Echavarría, Fountain of the Moon and the Sun, in the Medical Department. Wilber Ortega Aldaya, with its landscape When the moon lies down in the pasture, Memory of the source.Other outstanding collaborators, Alexis Roselló, Rafael Ferrero, Rafael Montero, Carlos Pérez Vidal, Eduardo Losada, Pedro Felipe Escobar.
In Music, figures such as the concert guitarist Félix Ramos, the troubadours Norge Batista, Freddy Laffita, the soloists Coralia Mantilla, Elsa Martínez, Carlos Vargas, Camilo Hechavarría, Mirtha Yudiht Nápoles, Flores Luís (son) among others have emerged. The septet Son del Alba is a group-institution that cultivates traditional peasant music, also with the groups Raíces de San José, that cultivates traditional music, the Grupo Tumbao and Swing of danceable music, the Geiser Group of music of the memory of the Decade Prodigiosa, the Arcilla Brava Duo of Mexican music, as well as Hip-Hop groups such as Los Mayorales, Los del Balcón, Línea Recta and others that fuse this genre with Cuban music and pop. In the Dance, music would dance with the national Cueybá category attended by the art instructor Orlando Matos,the institution group with provincial category Ecstasy of the art instructor Kisbelys Oduardo, in addition the chair is honored to have the group carrier Petti Dancé that cultivates the Franco-Haitian traditions.
Thanks to all the actions that the Cuban government has taken to promote culture through art, as a fundamental weapon to make our people one of the most educated in the world, our city has also been favored, and since then, as He has been able to appreciate, the culture in Las Tunas has exceeded all expectations, counting as a relevant range of development, which has been perfected in a scholarly field of knowledge, sponsored by the different sociocultural alternatives developed by the professionals of the province. In this sense, it has been possible to design and prepare this study guide that will enable its generalization beyond the borders of the territory.
Conclusions
Knowing Local History is essential, since it is part of our roots, of our past, present and future. In this work, detailed information on the process of formation of our identity is shown, emphasizing the cultural development achieved in Las Tunas from the revolutionary triumph to the present day.
The institutions that are part of this great event and that give life to the city with its organizational and architectural structure stand out. Our traditional events that facilitate the exchange of knowledge with other peoples, and our beloved professionals who, in their day-to-day battle, collaborate in managing knowledge of our Tunisian History.
It is important to generalize this information to the students of completion of studies of the career of Sociocultural Studies of the FUM for their preparation for the state exams, and the most comprehensive way to do it is through the study programs. It also serves in the future to strengthen the work carried out in the communities.
Bibliography
- HOLLY MEIRELES, WALDO. Notes for a methodology of teaching local history in its connection with the history of the homeland.- - Ed Pueblo and education, 1991. - 124 p.Dr. Adalys Palomo Alemán and MsC. Anabel González Blanco, University of Pedagogical Sciences «José de la Luz y Caballero« Holguín, Cuba Relationship National History-Local History: proposals for a Heritage Education. DRC. Belisario Cedeño García (et-al) (2008) Knowledge and innovation management for local development AT THE UNIVERSITY CENTER OF LAS TUNAS journals.mes.edu.cu/greenstone/…/978959161165903030.pdf Marrero, V. Las Tunas through time. Sanlope. Las Tunas. http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Las_Tunas_(Municipality)#La_CulturaDra. Marianela Morales Calatayud (et-al) (2012) The challenges of university knowledge management for local development.Leyva Cruz, J.: «Model to diagnose the key factors of the implementation of knowledge management systems for local development» in Observatory of the Latin American Economy, Nº 178, 2013.
