It is known by all that for many times and if you want even remotely, man has tended to preserve his physical and mental well-being, in this process the man could have tried and observed some hygiene and safety techniques in order to feel more safe, to be besieged by unsafe conditions to which they could be subjected whatever work they will perform. Advanced techniques had to be created that would make the work much safer, and so a type of hygiene and safety awareness was created, which became stronger in the colony and was consolidated with the appearance of laws that regulate work procedures..
The objective of this research is to study and publicize everything related to the development of industrial safety and accident prevention through four chapters which speak.
Four chapters which talk about the Industrial Revolution, the relationship with oil, the antecedents of hygiene and safety, irrigation and prevention, accidents, why they occur among other points of great importance that in the development of work will be explained in detail.
CONCEPT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Industrial Revolution, a process of evolution that leads a society from a traditional agricultural economy to one characterized by mechanized production processes to manufacture goods on a large scale. This process occurs at different times depending on each country. For historians, the term Industrial Revolution is used exclusively to comment on the changes that have occurred in England since the late eighteenth century; to refer to their expansion to other countries they refer to the industrialization or industrial development of the same.
ORIGIN OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The first Industrial Revolution took place in the United Kingdom in the late 18th century; supposed a deep transformation in the British economy and society. The most immediate changes occurred in production processes: what, how and where it was produced. The work shifted from the manufacture of primary products to that of manufactured goods and services. The number of manufactured products grew dramatically thanks to increased technical efficiency. In part, productivity growth was produced by the systematic application of new technological knowledge and thanks to greater productive experience, which also favored the creation of large companies in small geographic areas. Thus, the Industrial Revolution had as a consequence a greater urbanization and, therefore,migratory processes from rural areas to urban areas.
Petroleum, bituminous oily liquid of natural origin composed of different organic substances. It is also called crude oil, petroleum crude, or simply "crude." It is found in large quantities below the earth's surface and is used as fuel and raw material for the chemical industry. Modern industrial societies use it above all to achieve a degree of mobility by land, sea and air unthinkable only 100 years ago. In addition, oil and its derivatives are used to make medicines, fertilizers, food products, plastic objects, construction materials, paints and textiles, and to generate electricity.
RELATION BETWEEN THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND OIL
Humans have known these surface deposits of crude oil for thousands of years. For a long time they were used for limited purposes, such as the caulking of boats, waterproofing fabrics or the manufacture of torches. At the time of the Renaissance, oil from some surface deposits was distilled to obtain lubricants and medicinal products, but the true exploitation of oil did not begin until the 19th century. By then, the Industrial Revolution had triggered a search for new fuels, and social changes required good, cheap oil for lamps. Whale oil could only be afforded by the wealthy, tallow candles had an unpleasant odor, and the gas from the lighting only reached newly built buildings in metropolitan areas.
BACKGROUND TO HYGIENE AND SAFETY IN VENEZUELA
To begin with the history of the creation of hygiene and safety in Venezuela, we must previously know how this process began worldwide until reaching Venezuela.
Safety and hygiene is said to have had its beginnings in the 14th century and its first steps were taken by the association of European artisans who proposed certain standards to protect and regulate their professions, following this it was very important to create a specialty called Occupational medicine and which was created by Dr. Bernardo Ramazzini, who was classified as the father of hygiene at work and its repercussions at work, economically, socially and at the level of the individual himself, this Italian doctor also dedicated himself to studying the risks and existing illnesses in more than 100 different professions, to give way to the doctors who began to introduce themselves to occupational medicine, providing direct assistance to workers.
For the year 1608 another great step is already taken for the consolidation of industrial hygiene and safety, when the Indian ordinances were created, which was intended to protect the life and health of the Indians.
In these ordinances, the working hours were regulated depending on the activity that was carried out, the owners of the Indians were also held responsible for ensuring the perfect comprehensive state of these, and inspections began to be carried out, which tells us of a culture already advanced in the field of industrial security worldwide.
But in 1905, the first steps began in Venezuela when a special article on professional risks was created in the Táchira state policy code.
From here came the creation of a law on cooperative societies and a law on workshops and public establishments that determined the first norms that guaranteed the well-being of the people who worked for the year 1917, among these norms were regularized and holidays.
For the year 1920, the first labor law was created in Venezuela, it did not really establish a real legislation regarding the prevention of accidents; but for the year 1936 with the promulgation of a new labor law if true laws on the prevention of accidents began to be established.
This social insurance law establishes compensation for illnesses, maternity (including PRE and post-natal permits), accidents at work, occupational diseases and survivors' harassment, disability and forced stoppages.
These social insurance laws were supported by other organizations such as the Ministry of Labor and the Venezuelan Accident Prevention Council, which was founded in 1959, whose main objective is to stimulate and promote techniques that help reduce accidents to create a safe working environment for its employees, workers, visitors and all those who are in contact with the working environment.
In 1955 a section was created in the Ministry of Health or Social Assistance, this section was called the Occupational Hygiene Section, which is attached to the Sanitary Engineering division.
For the year 1963 the regulation of the labor law is elaborated.
For the year 1967 the new compulsory social insurance law is promulgated.
In 1968 the regulation of industrial hygiene and safety conditions was decreed, this regulation would have a validity of about 5 years since it was reformed for 1973.
To finish having a legal framework that would allow us to exercise the rules of industrial hygiene and safety and that would allow us to exercise the rules of industrial hygiene and safety and that would serve as a support for the protection of workers and condition them to a safe working environment. the organic law of prevention, conditions and work environment (LOPCYMAT) was created in 1986
The labor law would have another reform in 1990 and then it would be amended again for the last time in 1997 according to the official gazette of the Republic of Venezuela No. 5152.
Industrial hygiene and safety is also supported by laws such as national environmental law and even the penal code can be used as a means of defense or framework in hygiene and safety.
Hygiene and safety is closely linked to legal aspects since we find existing provisions in the Venezuelan constitution as well as international treaties and conventions, the Venezuelan legal system itself has rules that govern suitable conditions and working environment, it is worth noting that All of these laws are supported by the provisions that may be concluded in collective employee contracts.
ANALYSIS
It is said that it was born in the 14th century between the association of European artisans who proposed certain protection standards, then Dr: Bernardo Ramazzini, Italian doctor, listed as the father of hygiene at work, gave rise to so-called occupational medicine.
From this creation, great steps begin for years to consolidate industrial hygiene and safety in Venezuela such as:
- By 1608 the ordinances of the Indies were created, destined to the health and protection of the life and health of the Indians. In 1905 a special article on professional risks was created in the Tachira state policy code. For the year 1920 creates the first labor law in Venezuela. In 1940, the compulsory Social Security law was established, taking effect from 1944. In 1963, the regulation of the labor law was drafted. In 1967, the New compulsory social security law In 1986 the organic law on prevention, conditions and work environment (LOPYCIMAT) was created and finally, in 1990 and 1997 it had some reforms according to the Official Gazette of the Republic of Venezuela No. 5152.
We could also say that thanks to these steps, employers who did not care too much about the safety of their workers began to pay attention to the issue since making the work environment safer was cheaper than paying compensation.
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
It is an obligation that the law imposes on employers and workers and that it must also be organized within certain canons (m. Rules) and operate within certain procedures.
The employer will be obliged to observe, according to the nature of his negotiation, the legal precepts (each of the instructions or rules that are given or established for the management or knowledge of an art or faculty) on hygiene and safety in the facilities. of its establishment, and to adopt the appropriate measures to prevent accidents in the use of machines, instruments and work materials, as well as to organize in such a way that it is the best guarantee for the health and life of workers, and of the product of conception, in the case of pregnant women. The laws will contain for this purpose, the sanctions applicable in each case.
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ORGANIZATION
The beginnings of industrial activity were strongly dominated by the slogan of productivity, seeking to satisfactorily satisfy the utility that the appliances were thinking about.
The first organizational and serial manufacturing methods were then deployed, under the optics of automation. But soon it was approved that there are other factors to attend to, and among them security becomes extremely important.
Most of the industrial products and services are based on exploiting physical magnitudes with variables well above the usual level of our life environment, or above what the human body can support. And security began to be fundamental in the implementation of some industrial services, such as electricity.
For the transmission and distribution of electricity, hundreds of thousands of volts are used in the transmission lines, and domestic applications are made at 220 V. Since this level already carries a certain risk, even for the electrical circuits in buildings they are protected by devices that cut off the current flow when alternations are detected.
In addition to the safety of industrial appliances and services, intended to ensure users, there are two other major branches of Industrial Safety:
- Occupational safety, to protect workers
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- The safety of industrial facilities.
THE FUNCTION OF SAFETY AND HYGIENE
The safety and hygiene function has both an online and an advisory role, and the safety and hygiene manager needs to recognize which part falls under each category. The material achievement of having job security is a line function.
The Safety and Hygiene Manager performs an advisory role while acting as a 'facilitator' who helps, motivates and advises the line function in areas of worker safety and hygiene.
The degree of interest of line personnel in receiving this advice and help from the safety and hygiene manager will depend on the importance that the objective of safety and hygiene has for top management. The successful safety and hygiene manager will be aware of the need for the support of senior management, whose respect and approval will be earned through decisions and actions is the recognition of an important principle, that the objective is not to eliminate all risks, but the unreasonable.
ANALYSIS
In the early days of industrial safety, it was based only on productivity.
With automation, certain organizational and serial manufacturing methods originated, they realized that physical magnitudes were exploited beyond what the human body can withstand, and it was then that the safety factor became important.
JOB SECURITY
Occupational safety, originated with the approval of the workers' compensation laws by the government between 1908 and 1948 and is a sector of public health and safety that is concerned with protecting the health of workers, controlling the environment of the work to reduce or eliminate risks. Accidents at work or unsafe working conditions can lead to temporary or permanent illness and injury and even death. They also cause a reduction in efficiency and a loss in the productivity of each worker.
RISKS AND THEIR PREVENTION
Work-related injuries can be due to various external causes: chemical, biological or physical, among others.
Chemical hazards can arise from the presence in the work environment of toxic or irritating gases, vapors or dusts. Eliminating this risk requires the use of alternative, less toxic materials, improved ventilation, leak control, or the use of protective clothing.
Biological risks arise from bacteria or viruses transmitted by animals or equipment in poor cleaning conditions, and usually appear mainly in the food processing industry. To limit or eliminate these risks, it is necessary to eliminate the source of the contamination or, if this is not possible, wear protective clothing.
Common physical hazards include heat, burns, noise, vibration, sudden pressure changes, radiation, and electric shock. Industrial safety engineers try to eliminate risks at their source or reduce their intensity; When this is impossible, workers should wear protective equipment. Depending on the risk, the equipment may consist of safety glasses or goggles, ear plugs or protectors, masks, suits, boots, gloves and protective helmets against heat or radiation. To be effective, this protective equipment must be adequate and maintained in good condition.
If the physical, psychological or environmental demands to which workers are subjected exceed their capacities, ergonomic risks arise. This type of contingency occurs more frequently when handling material, when workers must lift or carry heavy loads.
PLANNING
Safety must be considered as a fundamental factor within the preliminary aspects (treaty that I know how to put at the beginning of a work or writing, to establish the general foundations) of the organization of companies, and it begins to take material form from shops, vehicles, etc.
The first step towards security will be the planning and programming of the same, and it will be taken within the projects of the buildings, these must contemplate, with a view to security, the following aspects.
The location. To determine the location of the company, the following will be taken into account:
- That the property is located in a place that offers essential security conditions, so that neither the people who visit the company premises nor the premises themselves may suffer criminal acts that may affect life, physical integrity, goods of the former, nor to the assets of the latter; That the transit of vehicles is not dangerous, that accidents may be caused by the entry or exit of people or by the crossing of the selected road; That the adjoining areas do not offer fire, explosion or, landslides, toxic gas leaks, or bacterial or viral contamination; That all municipal services exist, preferably including water, sewage, electricity, telephone and police; That it is not too far from the fire station or services emergency doctors.
The dimensions of offices, hallways, patios and parking areas. These measures must comply with the regulations or standards corresponding to the length, width and height, in order to provide sufficient air, adequate temperature and lighting, in addition, the corridors must provide the necessary viability in cases of emergent evacuation, and their dimensions must calculated in such a way that all the areas that conclude in them are evacuated within a time limit of three minutes.
Safety distances. It is necessary to foresee the distances that must exist between the common or security doors and the deepest or furthest part of the building, which must be:
- In high-risk premises 15 meters.
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- In places of medium or high risk 35 meters.
The heights and widths of the doors. These measures must satisfy two needs: 1. to allow the passage, through them, of people and things without risks of one or the other suffering blows or scrapes and 2. to promote the evacuation of the people who are inside the buildings, in a maximum time of three minutes, if it is considered that a person must leave through a width of 60 centimeters in one second.
Types of doors. In offices and pieces of continuous use, the suitable ones will be folding; in shops, warehouses, etc., whose doors must remain open for a long time and closed, etc., whose doors must remain open for a long time and closed securely, "curtains" should be used; in entry points that require combining aesthetic presentation and security against penetration by criminals, those of «maroma», etc.
The characteristics of the doors. The structure of the doors will be determined according to their use, in such a way that the wood will not be used when it means a harmful contribution of combustible material; no glass doors in places exposed to shocks; nor of metal when they can radiate the heat of a thermal focus (normal or fire); instead, doors with insulating fillers will be used in those places exposed to fire, and doors equipped with panic bars will be used in which they are used as escape.
Ventilation. When the ventilation is natural, it will be provided by windows to the outside, which have a catchment area equal to one fifteenth of the floor surface of the premises to be ventilated. Artificial ventilation will be provided by means of special devices that allow a temperature between 23 and 27 ° C; a relative humidity that ranges between 30 and 60%.
The lighting. When natural, the lighting will be obtained through windows to the outside, which have at least a translucent surface equal to one eighth of the surface of the room to be illuminated. The lighting surface will be increased to the standards that exist on the matter.
The emergency lighting will consist of a sufficient number of equipment that allows the lighting by means of bacteria as soon as the electricity supply is suspended; These teams should automatically recharge their battery as soon as the conventional electric current is restored. Emergency lighting will be installed in corridors and transit areas, emergency corridors and exits, machine rooms that do not have electrical current as energy, electric current generator rooms, fire pump rooms, exterior and interior of stations o surveillance booths, dangerous equipment rooms, dangerous substance warehouses, etc.
The types of materials. In buildings, the materials will be determined after analyzing the following: 1. resistance; 2. fireproof, 3. degree of insulation from heat and cold, 4. impermeability, 5. sanitary characteristics, and all those specifications that meet the requirements of high security.
The floors. Depending on the destination of the building, the floors used may be: non-slip, dry, thermal or sanitary, so it is convenient to select the materials and the forms that are given to them.
The facilities. These will be executed in the appropriate materials that are required and comply with the safety and quality specifications stipulated by the standards of the matter.
The railings. They will be constructed of solid, strong and fireproof materials and will adhere firmly; They will have a height of 90 cm and must be installed in all those places that have a height greater than 30 cm in relation to another adjacent plane.
Passenger and cargo elevators. The elevators will always be independent of each other, they will be installed in accordance with the specific standards of each equipment and never in places where their buckets are limited by combustible material; efforts shall be made to ensure that its doors lead to wide spaces that are at least 1.20 m wide; They will be equipped with an alarm and, if possible, an intercom that works with bacteria and alternating current. Elevator hubs shall be formed of construction material or wire mesh of minimum 10 gauge and openings of 2.5 cm maximum.
Warehouses for toxic, flammable, explosive or caustic substances. These places must be totally separated from the rest of the buildings; they will be fresh, they will be ventilated; it will be provided with a door with a lock; the lighting bulbs will be protected by glass or screens and preferably the safety lighting equipment will be installed; electrical lighting switches will invariably be installed outside the warehouse.
The signs. These graphic orientations must be considered essential, they have two functions: to guide and to identify.
SAFETY IN THE FACILITIES
For the concept of business security, the following types are considered as service facilities:
- Hydraulic, Electric, Combustible gases, Pneumatic, Explosive substances by violent ignition or pressure, Toxic substances.
For a good installation, of whatever nature, there will be general requirements: 1. carry out the necessary technical calculations regarding the resistance of the components; 2. select the materials to be used according to the places where the facilities are located; 3. determine the sites through which the facilities pass.
Regarding the location of the steps of the facilities, the following should be taken:
- Aerial installations offer greater safety than those within reach of people or vehicles. The above must be at such a height that they free, with a minimum clearance of 25 cm, vehicles, cranes, forklifts, etc. That they can transit under them. Parallel pipelines will have safety distances from each other, which must be increased when it comes to pipes that carry hot substances or that have electrical conductors that circulate a current greater than 250 volts..Surface facilities must not cross pedestrian or vehicle crossings; If they do, they must be adequately protected. Installations based on pipes made of soft materials, such as plastics, aluminum, copper, etc., should not be embedded in walls or floors made of soft materials, unless,once placed in the grooves that contain them, they are covered with strong concrete. The walls on the inside of which installations are carried out, must allow the loose passage of a person (80 cm) to carry out repairs. An installation must never be in contact with Another if any of them can be dangerous. Surface installations will be carried out parallel to the walls and as close to them as possible. Underground installations should not be housed in wet beds and, in case they have to go through such places, they will be covered with waterproofing materials.One installation should never be in contact with another if any of them is dangerous. Surface installations should be carried out parallel to the walls and as close to them as possible. Underground installations should not be housed in humid beds and, in in case they have to go through such places, they will be covered with waterproofing materials.One installation should never be in contact with another if any of them is dangerous. Surface installations should be carried out parallel to the walls and as close to them as possible. Underground installations should not be housed in humid beds and, in in case they have to go through such places, they will be covered with waterproofing materials.
THE MACHINERY
The machine is one of the main sources of work accidents, therefore, to adopt severe safety measures regarding the following:
- Accessibility of your location Environmental conditions Lighting conditions Fastening or anchoring Operation areas and security areas Protection of dangerous parts Security systems Painting
HYGIENE AT WORK
The absenteeism rates for common illnesses caused by infections of the gastrointestinal, respiratory tract, etc. type, considerably reduce the productivity and development of companies, making hygiene at work a very important line.
Hygiene is defined as "the part of medicine that is aimed at preserving health and the means of preventing disease"; Consequently, in order to apply hygiene at work, the conditions that entail and help to conserve and maintain a sufficiently healthy work environment must be observed, established and also monitored, thus avoiding as much as possible diseases that at any given time They can become epidemic or endemic pictures.
Toilet in the work area. At the end of the day or shift work, workers must clean the work area: they will remove the tools used, clean them and put them in their proper place; they will clean the machine that they have used, and they will remove all the burrs, oils, tow, to leave it in working condition for the next day or for the following shift; They will also clean the floor corresponding to your work area, taking care not to leave oil stains or other slippery or flammable materials.
They will then proceed to remove their work clothes and place them in the places that have been assigned for this purpose. If there are showers, they should be used.
Work clothes. It should not be very loose but it will not be very tight either; of course, you will have a cyclical grooming determined by the type of work involved.
In the offices where printing machines are used, there must be suitable gowns for such contact. To work with machine tools such as lathes, brushes, milling machines, band saws, etc., it is suggested to use wool socks and put pallets to help the operator and to avoid direct contact with the floor, which is regularly cold.
Hours. It is suggested to obtain work stages that are not inconsistent with meal schedules.
Sanitary. The toilets must always be kept clean, absent of all kinds of waste, papers, clothes, etc. That may constitute a danger or, ultimately, a source of contamination.
ANALYSIS
When studying the point about security in buildings, it seemed important to us since we did not have the necessary knowledge about all the security factors that must be estimated within the organization's prolegomena in the company and that if all these series of requirements were fully met surely there were not so many accidents.
WHAT IS AN ACCIDENT?
Work accidents are understood as all functional or bodily injuries, permanent or temporary, immediate or subsequent, or death, resulting from the violent action of a death, resulting from the violent action of an external force that can be determined and occurred in the course of work by the fact or on the occasion of work; It will also be considered as an accident at work any internal injury determined by a violent effort, occurred in the same circumstances.
Taking this definition into account, the following conditions must be present for an accident to be considered an industrial accident.
- That it occurs during work hours. That it is related to the work that it does. That it happens in the workplace.
WHY DO ACCIDENTS HAPPEN?
Most accidents are due to: 1) Unsafe acts and 2) Unsafe conditions. We emphasize how to prevent accidents by eliminating these causes.
UNSAFE CONDITIONS
It is the deficient state of a place or work environment, machine, etc., or parts thereof capable of producing an accident.
UNSAFE ACTS
It is the improper execution of a process, or of an operation, without knowing through ignorance, without respecting by indifference, without taking into account through forgetfulness, the safe way of carrying out a job or activity.
Examples of unsafe acts:
- Perform an operation without being authorized to do so, do not obtain authorization or do not warn that this operation is going to be carried out (eg Starting a motor without warning when another is making adjustments to it). Performing an operation or working at speed unsafe (too slowly or quickly). Prevent the operation of safety devices (remove the protective guards or adjust them incorrectly, switch off the lighting).Adopt an unsafe position or posture (stay or stop under suspended loads, lift very heavy objects or lift them badly) Distract, disturb, surprise (hand games, fights, etc.) Do not use personal protective equipment (glasses, respirators, gloves, etc.)
IMPORTANCE OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION
Work accidents cause both human and material losses.
Material losses can be replaced with more or less difficulty, but they can always be separated; not so the human losses. You cannot make up for the loss of an eye, just as you cannot revive a dead person in every accident, it is the worker who suffers the injuries.
CONCLUSION
Reviewing the history of hygiene and safety in Venezuela, we could see that its beginnings were caused by the need for workers to have a tool that provides them with a safer work environment, and that currently every company must be aware of the importance of is to have an integrated system of industrial safety and hygiene, and thus present a better way of reducing and regulating the risks of accidents and occupational diseases to which workers are exposed.
It is also a way to comply with regulations and all legal provisions aimed at creating a safe work environment and guarantee the well-being of any worker.
A company that does not have a prevention program is not capable of emerging and always fails and measures the highest mortality rate.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- AQUIRDE MARTINEZ, Eduardo. Integral Security in the Organization. First edition, September 1986.Editorial Trillas Encarta Encyclopedia Microsoft Corporation 2001Internet
