Summary
The first problem of humanity in relation to information was how to transmit it and conserve it, to transmit information they first used memories, as the cave paintings depicted animals, farmhouses and other daily scenes of man and to preserve the information they trained people who they received this very delicate commission to transmit legends, mythology, sagas and other narrative forms. We will also talk about how the book has been developed and how the writing happened.
Abstract
The first problem of humanity in relation to the information was how to convey and preserve it, to convey information first used the memories, such as cave paintings there animal plasma, farmhouses and other everyday scenes of men and trained them to retain information for people receiving this delicate task oftransmitting legends, myths, sagas and other narrative forms. Also, as evolved by the time the book
Development
The human being developed his intelligence and sharpening his ingenuity, more consistent and lasting ways of emitting and keeping messages emerged.
The Crómlech, came to us through the centuries scattered throughout the planet including that of Stornehenge in the United Kingdom, a set of circles formed with heavy blocks of stones built. About 4 thousand years ago, a sanctuary dedicated to the cult of solar the gigantic cultures up to 10 meters high, distributed irregularly on the slopes of the Easter islands.
The menhir is a monument formed by a gigantic stone driven into the ground, erected either for cultural reasons or for commemorative purposes.
The dolmen is a funerary monument made up of a funerary monument made up of one or more stones that are supported on other vertically driven into the ground
The cave paintings
It is a refined and artistic method of preserving information formed by cave paintings that we can see in many natural caves in which the Altamira in Cantabria stand out, In 1994 they were discovered together on the banks of the Coa River, near Vila Nova de Poz Coa, in the north of Portugal, a whole gallery of prehistoric art carved into the surface of the rocks, outdoors, it is a set of 60 animals, among bison, uro, horse, ibex and deer.
The first sample of this type of painting dates back to the Paleolithic.
In the cave paintings he showed how he behaved and how he captured his painting to keep all the information, his fear and his hunts
Writing
The invention of writing understood as a system of signs for the representation of the word is relatively recent in the history of humanity not before the 4th millennium BC. C.
Where was writing invented?
It is not certain where it comes from but it is most likely from Mesopotamia between the Euphrates and the Tigris.
Then it was adopted by the Akkadians. it was represented by cuneiform signs, that is, wedge-shaped. This painting was pictographic (direct reproduction of the object), ideographic (symbol representation) and phonetic (only syllable).
At first they used to use about two thousand signs, but later it was enough with seven hundred. They used it in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC as simple memory procedures applied to business.
Later towards 2600 a. C. for the drafting of contracts, and then in the legal field at the end of the third millennium BC c. it was used in religious and literary activities.
Pictograms were a primitive form of writing in which the objects or concepts that you wanted to express through drawing (for example, eyes, feet, head, hands, mouths, fish, etc.)
Ideograms represent ideas.
Hieroglyphic writing, which in some writing systems (such as Egyptian) is only one stage of its development, is distinguished by the fact that they do not represent words with alphabetic signs or phonemes, but rather by figures or symbols.
The alphabet
Japanese writing that has three modalities: hiragama, katakana and Chinese writing
The creation of the alphabet, the end point of a long evolution that consisted in breaking down words into their simple sounds, apparently ended. Indeed, in various places of Canaanite influence, more or less simultaneously, attempts were made to replace systems that made use of syllabic ideograms and phonograms, for example a certain number of simple phonograms, that is, an alphabet.
Primitive materials
For manifestation, writing needed two material elements: a support, where the written sign remained, and an instrument to trace this sign.
The writing is divided into archaeological (hard) and palaeographic (soft); among the former, stone (stelae, monuments, temple facades, ect.), clay (tablets, ostraca, ect.), marble and metals (mainly gold and lead) among the latter are the leaves of the trees (from which derives folium folio, leaves) the bark where bast "book")
The stone
A scriptorea material widely used in ancient times is stone. Already in Magdalenian, between fifteen thousand people and nine thousand years before Christ, a graphic type of geometric type was used, with 24 signs that never appear below the same shape, which used to be engraved in petroglyphs (stone on which design was traced symbolic) in general of commemorative or ritual significance. The walls of the temples, tombs and monuments have also been used as a support for writing in stone, the ten commandments given by God to Moses, as well as numerous laws and covenants of Greek states and cities, were engraved on stones. Perhaps it is, therefore, the oldest scriptural matter.
Papyrus
Papyrus is a plant of the family of the ciperáceas, of triangular section and about three meters high and ten centimeter thick, it grows on the banks of the water courses of Africa and Asia Minor especially on the banks of the Nile and there was cultivation of it in Syria, Palestine and Sicily. Although it is scarce today, five thousand years ago it grew in abundance, especially on the banks of the Nile.
The part that she used useful for the end the end that was pursued was the stem, from which she cut the marrow into thin strips that dried and arranged in parallel layers superimposed by the edges; This is the layer, another was superimposed perpendicularly, achieving a very appreciable adhesion between both. This sheet thus formed was glued, dried in the sun and polished so that the ink did not run off when writing. It was then glued into long strips with which the rolls or volumes were formed.
Papyrus was the most widely used primitive writing material in space and time, since at least from the 3rd millennium BC. of c. it was used throughout the Mediterranean area (in Greece, however, it was used relatively late in the 7th century BC)
Parchment
The parchment is a skin of beef (generally of goat, sheep, ram, cow and calf from which vellum was obtained, very thin and flexible skin, which was sometimes of newborn or unborn calf and that served above all for miniature codices, that is to say with miniatures, clean of the fleece or hair, which once frayed, marinated and stretched, was used to write on it, for this it was introduced in a solution of lime water that facilitates the operation of stripping it of the hair it was scratched with a knife, polished with pumice stones and the holes or cracks were glued to obtain a smooth surface. In convents where the codex was written, the people in charge of carrying out these operations are called pergaminarius (parchment workers) but as from the 12th century on, the codex writing was also secular,appeared industrial from parchment makers or parchment makers
Paper
This fine sheet that today supports manual and printed writing is ancient. It was invented in Pachiao (Shensi) in northern China, around 150 BC. of c.
History of the book
The 4th century also marked the culmination of a long process, which had begun in the 1st century, aimed at replacing the cumbersome scrolls with codices (in Latin, 'book'), a direct antecedent to current books. The codex, which was originally used by the Greeks and Romans for accounting records or as a school book, consisted of a booklet of lined sheets made of wax-covered wood, so that it could be written on with something sharp and erased later, if necessary. Extra sheets of parchment were sometimes inserted between the wooden tablets. Over time, the proportion of papyrus or, later, parchment increased, until the books began to be made almost exclusively of these materials, folded into booklets,which were then gathered between two wooden plates and tied with straps. The columns of these new formats were wider than those of the rolls. In addition, in front of them they had the advantage of comfort in handling, since they allowed the reader to easily find the passage they were looking for, and offered the possibility of containing writing on both sides. For this reason, they were widely used in the early Christian liturgy, based on the reading of texts for the location of which one must go forward or backward through the different books of the Bible. In fact, the word codex is part of the title of many ancient manuscripts, especially many copies of books of the Bible.In front of them they had the advantage of comfort in handling, since they allowed the reader to easily find the passage they were looking for, and offered the possibility of containing writing on both sides. For this reason, they were widely used in the early Christian liturgy, based on the reading of texts for the location of which one must go forward or backward through the different books of the Bible. In fact, the word codex is part of the title of many ancient manuscripts, especially many copies of books of the Bible.In front of them they had the advantage of comfort in handling, since they allowed the reader to easily find the passage they were looking for, and offered the possibility of containing writing on both sides. For this reason, they were widely used in the early Christian liturgy, based on the reading of texts for the location of which one must go forward or backward through the different books of the Bible. In fact, the word codex is part of the title of many ancient manuscripts, especially many copies of books of the Bible.based on the reading of texts for whose location one must go forward or backward through the different books of the Bible. In fact, the word codex is part of the title of many ancient manuscripts, especially many copies of books of the Bible.based on the reading of texts for whose location one must go forward or backward through the different books of the Bible. In fact, the word codex is part of the title of many ancient manuscripts, especially many copies of books of the Bible.
European medieval books
In the Europe of the early Middle Ages, it was the monks who wrote the books, either for other religious or for the rulers of the time. Most of them contained fragments of the Bible, although many were copies of texts from classical antiquity. Monks used to write or copy books in large rooms in monasteries called desks
Printed books
In the 6th century BC. C., in China texts were already printed using small wooden blocks with incised characters, although the oldest of the books printed in this way that is known, the Diamond Sutra, dates from the year 868. The Tripitaka, another text Buddhist, reaching 130,000 pages, it was printed on 972. Of course, printing books from reusable blocks was quicker and more convenient than having to write the different copies of the book by hand, but it took a long time to record each block., and could be used for a single work. In the 11th century, the Chinese also invented printing from moving blocks, which could be assembled and disassembled from one another to compose different works. However, they made very little use of this invention,because the enormous number of characters (kanji or ideograms) of the Chinese about 7,000 made the use of this system practically unapproachable
Ebook
The history of the electronic book could take us as long as we wanted. It would not be because of advances or technologies that make it possible, but rather because of the most diverse references and theories that have more to do with philosophy than with the digital book itself.
Formally, the digital book is any text stored in digital format. As such, reading such books requires programs called readers, which can be integrated into computers, mobile phones or, more recently, specific readers based on electronic ink. For us there begins the interesting and what will occupy us a good part of this special.
Digitization of books
At the end of 1971 the history of electronic books began on a global basis. It was that year that Michael Hart started his Project Gutemberg.
That idea pursued the creation of a digital library that was completely free, with works by authors such as Dante or Shakespeare.
It would not be until ten years later, in 1981, when we found the next important step in the digital book industry: the first electronic book, Random House's Electronic Dictionary, goes on sale.
Point of view
In conclusion the history of the book, the book begins from prehistory since men made paintings to keep traditions and customs.
The parchment helped us a lot since with them it kept relevant information but the disadvantage that the ink ran when wrapping it
Papyrus was a great help to us since it was revolutionizing our history.
Paper was the greatest invention in the world as it evolved as saving information
The electronic book came to revolutionize the history that by a project called Gutemberg was where the whole technology revolution arose.
Bibliography
- Dahl, Svend. History of Alberto Adell's book. Mexico: Alliance, 1961. Pp 100-129.Tangle, Matilde, history of the book: text and images. Buenos Aires: Alfafagrama, 2007.
