History and evolution of scientific thought

From the HUMAN BRAIN all feeling, thought, emotion, memory, desire, language or ability to learn, reason and investigate comes.

From this organ creativity and imagination are born, it and the sensory organs are the bridge between the physical world of objects and the world of Ideas or Representations of man; that through the knowledge of the phenomena manages to understand the laws that govern in Nature and in Society. And it is thus, that with the help of science and technology, man can transform the resources found in the environment for the benefit of Humanity.

history-and-evaluation-of-scientific-thought

The human being must be seen and studied as a totality, as a whole. Since the human being is not a cosmic accident, but a culminating phase of the entire natural order, with the peculiar and important function to perform. Only he can illuminate nature with the light of understanding and consciously direct his life and activities within a voluntary harmony with this order, since only he, of all visible beings, possesses the faculty of rational understanding, however weak and fragile. whatever, of that cosmic harmony.

Socrates' anthropological vision.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

When analyzing the historical origins of a great diversity of scientific, technical, social and artistic disciplines, it is established that they had a rudimentary practice since man appeared on Earth.

The same happens with the origin of SCIENCE, since it is affirmed that the Acts of thinking are universal and as old as man; and that due to their physical limitations, prehistoric men had the need to group together and cooperate with each other in order to jointly achieve certain objectives with greater efficiency and economy of action and resources.

The activities of the prehistoric man had as its primary objective meet their needs related to Survival in the midst of dangers, tensions, discomforts, etc. While a man was engaged in achieving his ends for himself, he performed Acts of Intuitive Thinking; when acting together, within the group there were rudimentary aspects of intuitive thoughts as a whole, we supported the experience of previous activities.

The hunting of animals to take advantage of their meat as food and their skin as clothing, was one of the main activities carried out by prehistoric men for a long time and it serves as an undeniable indication of a form of Primitive Organization and of the transmission of experiences in groups. Carrying out such activity in a group required an Action Plan to achieve the objective more easily and with less risk to the safety of individuals, since hunting wild animals was a dangerous adventure.

In principle, the Action Plan consisted of scaring animals by throwing stones at them, screaming, etc., to direct them towards a cliff or traps previously built to achieve the objective.

The methods evolved as they used their Intelligence to invent weapons (mallet, spear, and later the bow and arrow), as instruments to improve the ways of carrying out their hunting activities, they were based on observation and needs from your environment; but this was achieved thanks to experience and human reasoning.

All of the above required Human Cooperation, where we can identify a common group objective, a rudimentary division of labor, and by logical deduction, certain people who exercised leadership over others. ³

1.1.- ORIGINS OF KNOWLEDGE

Since ancient times, man had been preoccupied with the fundamental questions of reality that especially affected his existence: the origin, nature, history and purpose of beings and, among them, of man himself.

As the answer that he endeavored to give to these questions was not of a rational order -as philosophy will later do-, but of a magical and mythical-religious nature, he built a knowledge prior to philosophy which philosophers usually call “ pre-philosophical knowledge or ".

Pre-philosophical knowledge, then, includes the deepest and most universal approaches of man, approaches that much later (properly in the 6th century BC) philosophy takes up and tries to answer in a rational and systematic way.

As has been pointed out, pre-philosophical knowledge is concerned, consequently, with knowing and explaining, in a magical and mythical-religious way, the origin, nature, history and purpose of beings.

In a magical way because in times of pre-philosophical knowledge man uses magic to know, dominate and explain the partial or total reality of the phenomena that occur in nature.

With the term magic - from the Greek Magike Tecne: the art of magic -, it was originally designated "the divinatory art of the Mazdean priests" of Zoroastrianism, in Persia.

Magic is of Eastern origin and spread in the West during the Greco-Roman period, it lasted more or less hidden throughout the Middle Ages to return to light with the Renaissance, when it was conceived as part of philosophy that "allows man to work nature and dominate it." And it was thus, as in this way the magicians, Median tribe or Persian priestly caste, dedicated themselves to astronomy and astrology; therefore, they were held "as administrators of the supernatural forces."

Magic then was and has continued to be a way of knowing and mastering total reality.

The myth –from the Greek myths: word, public discourse, history-, faithful to its original meaning, means any story referring to a real event belonging to the origins, and repeated in worship or in the history of the world and of man. The fact is present in the words of the narrator since, in other words, “ the myth is a history of primitive times, taken as true, which explains and bases the phenomena of the environment, history, society and society. of human life ”.

Now, the myth lives and revives its force in the polytheistic religion, which in its religious ceremonies brings past events to the present in the words of the narrator, of the one who sings past events as an explanation of the present reality.

In this way, myth and religion are also a form of knowledge, since it makes us know the complete reality, world, man, history and the same divinity, whom they present in the history of both, as happened in the case from Mexico, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece.

The myth, then, knows at its level and explains, in its own way, the reality that it constantly makes present in the narrator's words.

1.2.- Thought and its Factors

What does it mean to think?

Thinking is an activity that we carry out naturally and spontaneously, every moment, every day, all human beings around the world during our ephemeral and fleeting stay on this planet earth.

Some may wonder "What is thinking?" , or, “Why do we think? ”, We seem to know perfectly well; But if we are obliged to respond, we feel confused, hesitant, and end up confessing our ignorance.

Thought factors