The human need for security is primary, intuitive, intense, and substantially psychological. In the search for security, man has always acted according to his cultural situation, his social environment and the levels reached by his own development.
At the beginning of the first movements for occupational safety and hygiene, there was no interest in improving working conditions. Industrial development brought with it an increase in accidents, forcing an increase in safety measures, which crystallize with the advent of labor conquests.
Over the years, technological development not only brought with it the increase in workplace accidents, but a series of risks have arisen in productive activity that have sometimes caused an unjustified deterioration in health, which is why the The occupational party is responsible for ensuring the control and prevention of diseases, accidents and deviations in the health of workers, as well as their promotion.
occupational-risks-identification-and-evaluationThe risks present in the work activity are very varied, as a result of the diversity of operations, machines, tools and tools necessary to execute all the phases of the production process.
The human factor is essential in any work system that you want to develop, the knowledge that workers have about the risks produced by working conditions is a determining factor, so it is necessary to identify them, evaluate them and take corrective actions to reduce them or remove them, as much as possible.
The Safety and Health at Work has the purpose of creating the conditions for the worker to carry out his work efficiently and without risks, avoiding events and damages that may affect his health and integrity, the entity's heritage and the environment, and thus promoting the elevation of the quality of life of the worker and his family and social stability.
It is of great importance for the company to identify, evaluate and control risks, although accidents have been decreasing considerably in the last five years.
Throughout history, concepts related to the health and safety of workers have evolved through conceptual definitions, such as industrial hygiene, occupational health, industrial safety or ergonomics.
Starting from the definition that the World Health Organization gave in 1946, according to which "Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of damage and disease."
Safety is the state of working conditions in which the influence of risk factors on workers is excluded.
It is therefore that Health and Safety at work is the activity aimed at creating conditions, capacities and culture so that the worker and his organization can develop the work activity efficiently, avoiding events that can cause damage derived from work.
Every year, in the world, work accidents happen. Some are fatal, others cause different types of injuries whose effects can last from a few days to leave sequelae for life which can be partially or totally incapacitating. (Viña, sa).
1.1 Causes of work accidents.
The causes of accidents are generally divided into three groups: (Sevilla, 2002).
- Human factors. → Unsafe acts Technical factors. → → Unsafe condition Organizational factors. → Administrative or managerial.
At present the accident analysis is carried out by the causality model, where technical, organizational and related causes are taken into account with human behavior. "The multicausal approach must be an essential aspect when approaching the investigation and analysis of the work accident." (Espinosa, 1993).
1.2 Classification of work accidents.
Accidents are classified as follows: (Díaz, 1989).
- Impact with violence Impact without violence.
Impact with violence: are those accidents caused by blows with or against objects that are in the trajectory of the development of the work activity. They occur in the processes of handling, transport, storage and use of materials.
Impact without violence: these are accidents caused by contacts. Here they are considered:
- Electrical contacts. Thermal contacts. Contacts with sharp or sharp surfaces. Contacts with corrosive or caustic substances.
1.3 Evaluation of occupational accidents.
In order to achieve a common pattern and to be able to compare the figures and importance of accidents and their injuries, regardless of the quality of the operator and the number of hours worked in each company, it is necessary to keep track of accidents during the same period and in accordance to the same number of men and hours of work. (Díaz, 1989).
This is achieved with the indicators to measure work-related accidents, which we mention below:
- Incidence Index (II). Frequency Index (IF). Severity Index (GI). Mortality Coefficient (CM).
Incidence Rate: It indicates the number of accidents that must be reported for every 1000 workers. It is determined by the following expression:
II = (N / P) x K
where:
N = Number of accidents with mandatory information (disabling injuries) in the period.
P = Average number of workers in the period.
K = Constant that means the selected baseline. (Usually it is 1000).
Frequency Index: Measures the relationship between the number of accidents that have caused an injury, regardless of its magnitude, produced during a given period and the number of hours worked during it by the total number of employees, calculated in the manner following:
IF = (N o injured / N o total men exposed to risk) x 10 6
Severity index: Measures the relationship between the number of days lost due to disabling injuries and the number of hours worked during that period, by the total number of workers considered in that period for the calculation. To facilitate the calculation, it is multiplied by 10000. It is calculated as follows:
IG = (N or lost day / man hours worked) × 10 4
This index is essential because the frequency index only indicates the number of accidents and not the importance of the injuries.
The company uses the average severity index () that is used by the MTSS, which is calculated as follows:
= N or days lost / number of injured.
The difference that exists between these indices is that the GI gives us the relationship between the number of days lost per number of man hours worked multiplied by 10 4, and it relates the number of days lost among the number of injured.
Mortality coefficient: It gives us the relationship between the workers who died due to work accidents and the total of them injured by this cause and is calculated as follows:
CM = (F / N) x 1000
where:
F = Number of deaths due to work accidents .
N = Number of workers injured by work accidents.
1.4 Labor Risks.
Work activity in its broadest sense is expressed through the interaction of man with the means of work, the defined regime of a certain organization that aims to obtain a product or provide services.
In turn, economic and social development implies an increase in the diversity, complexity and potentiality of risks determined by the concentration and development of advanced technologies, increasing use of more powerful energy sources, development of new products and raw materials, increase in the speed and massiveness of the means of transport and greater social demand for the quality of life and the preservation of health and the environment.
New technologies in all aspects share new risks and it is necessary to determine the levels of these new risks to calibrate their incidence on occupational health. (Port, 2002).
It is not the same to guarantee and certify the excellence of a product than the safety of the people in the companies in which they work. (Biosca, 2002).
Under these conditions there is implicitly the presence of risk that, as a threat to the stability of the functioning of organizations, can be defined as:
Risk: "It is the possibility of the occurrence of unwanted events as a consequence of potentially dangerous conditions created by people and by different factors or objects." (Seville, 2002).
"The word risk expresses the possibility of loss of life or damage to person or property" (Perdomo, 2002).
Risk: “Combination of the probability of damage occurring and its severity” (NC 18000/05).
Risk: “It is the possibility of damage to people's health caused by accidents, illnesses, fires or breakdowns. (Domínguez, 1993).
Risk: “It is the probability that the capacity to cause damage is updated in the conditions of use or exposure, as well as the possible importance of the damage. (Surgeon, 2002).
Risk: “It is the probability that a level of initial economic or environmental consequences will occur in a particular site and during a defined period of time, it is obtained from relating the threats with the vulnerability of the exposed elements. (Lavell, 2002).
Risk: "Present possibility of the occurrence of an unfortunate event" (Aguirre, 1986).
Coinciding with the aforementioned authors, risk is the possibility that a worker or an institution will suffer a certain damage derived from work.
1.5 Classification of risks.
- Physical risks Chemical risks Biological risks Psychophysiological risks
- Physical risks: They are those derived from the action of physical agents that cause traumatic effects that generally in the hospital environment break or attenuate the containment barriers for biological risks, increase the susceptibility of the host or enhance the effect of some biological agents.
- Physical risk: These are those factors inherent to the process or operation in our workplace and its surroundings, generally the product of facilities and equipment that include excessive levels of noise, vibrations, electricity, external temperature and pressure, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. (Seville, 2002).
If we start from the basis that to talk about lighting it is necessary to have a light-producing source and an object to be illuminated, the magnitudes that must be known are the following:
- Luminous flux Luminous intensity Illuminance or illumination level Luminance
Luminous flux and luminous intensity: “They are characteristic magnitudes of sources, the first indicates the luminous power of a source, and the second indicates the way in which the light emitted by the sources is distributed in space. (Fraternity-Muprespa, 2000).
Lighting of good quality and adequate quantity can be obtained with any of several types of lighting systems: (Manual de Alumbrado, 1986).
- Indirect : 90 to 100% of the luminaire's light output is directed at the ceiling at angles above the horizontal. Semi-direct: 60 to 90% of the luminaire's light emission is directed towards the ceiling at angles above the horizontal, while the rest is directed downwards. Direct-Indirect : 40 to 60% of the light is directed downward at angles below the horizontal. Direct: 90 to 100% of the light is directed downward at angles below the horizontal. Semi-direct: 60 to 90% of the luminaire's light emission is directed towards the ceiling at angles above the horizontal, while the rest is directed downwards.
Lighting methods.
The lighting methods refer to the areas where it is necessary to guarantee a level of illumination. Thus we have: (García, 1990).
General Lighting: With this lighting method, a uniformity of light is achieved throughout the premises.
Localized general lighting: It is necessary to achieve in areas that, due to the type of task that is carried out, requires high intensities.
Supplementary lighting: The method of illuminating specific points of the work area that requires a high level of illumination receives this name.
Design of a lighting installation.
The design of a lighting installation depends on many factors, including providing the right amount of lighting. This is carried out by prior analysis of the visual task and its particular lighting needs, then it is possible to proceed to the selection of the most suitable type of lighting and the calculation of the installation. (Manual del Alumbrado, 1986).
- Chemical Risks: Probabilities of damage due to manipulation or exposure to chemical agents, frequently used in research and diagnostic areas, or with disinfectants and sterilizers in the hospital environment.
- Biological Risks: It is derived from exposure to biological agents. It may or may not be occupational, depending on your relationship to work.
- Psychophysiological Risks: Caused by human factors, they can be organizational or sociological, all of them inherent to the human being.
1.6- Proposed Methodology for the Identification, Evaluation and Management of Risks that affect the safety and health of workers. (according to Resolution 31/02 MTSS, Cuba).
The risk assessment in the work centers, facilities and workplace is carried out according to the particular characteristics of each place, with the participation of workers in the places that need to make an initial risk assessment or proceed to update the the existing one.
This procedure can serve to quickly, easily and effectively comply with the obligation of entities to have a diagnosis of the level of security in their facilities and establish a prevention policy, based on the continuous improvement of working conditions.
The evaluation must be carried out considering the information on the organization, the characteristics and complexity of the work, the materials used, the existing equipment and the health status of the workers, evaluating the risks based on objective criteria that provide confidence about the results to be achieved..
When there is a specific “regulation” that must be applied, the procedure must comply with the conditions that it establishes and may be adapted to standards or guidelines, when it requires measurements, analyzes, tests or when complex evaluation criteria must be used.
Evaluations established by current legislation.
On many occasions the evaluation, exposure and control of some of the risks present in the facilities or positions can be regulated by legal documents or procedures of branch organizations or of the entity itself, and it must be ensured that the established requirements are met.
Assessments imposed by legislation on risk prevention.
Some standards that regulate aspects of occupational risk prevention and define procedures for their evaluation and control, for example, noise and vibration standards.
Assessment of risks for which there are no specific procedures or standards.
There are risks for which there is no specific legislation in the country that limits the exposure of workers to its effects. However, there are standards or technical guides, from organizations of recognized international prestige, that establish the evaluation procedures and sometimes even the maximum recommended levels of exposure. For example, permissible limit values for chemical contaminants, published by technical associations or institutes of applied research.
Assessments that require specialized methods of analysis.
Some of these laws require the use of specific qualitative and quantitative risk analysis methods, such as the HAZOP method, the fault and error tree, and others.
In practice, when a certain installation is analyzed from the security point of view, what is done is to combine a set of methods, from historical analyzes, combined with checklists and then carry out a systematic analysis using Hazop. In certain cases, frequency estimation methods are also used. (http://www.unizar.es/guiar/1/accident/An-couse-An-couse.htm).
Risk assessment is the central activity from which preventive planning for their control will be established. (http://www.mtas.es//inht/ntp/ntp-330.htm).
In light of what has been stated so far, a general method is the most suitable for carrying out an initial risk assessment, because it allows taking into account the risks inherent to the task performed by the worker and obtaining, if deemed appropriate, a first assessment for risks caused by factors for which there are specific assessment procedures.
The following procedure is based on the use of three instruments (models). (Basic course on safety and health at work, 2001).
- Model "Risk Identification Questionnaire". Model "Risk Assessment". Model "Preventive Activities Plan".
The "Risk Identification Questionnaire" is recommended to be used to start the evaluation process and its objective is to facilitate the identification of existing risks, as well as to achieve the participation of workers, thus knowing their subjective perceptions regarding those aspects that they consider most harmful to their health.
After obtaining the risk indicators in our organization through any mechanism, it is time to evaluate them to make organizational decisions about the management of our security and its priorities. (Risk analysis, 2003).
The "Risk Assessment" model allows evaluating all areas, facilities or jobs where a risk has been identified. In the established cases or at the discretion of the evaluator, a qualitative assessment of the risks identified can be carried out based on the probability and consequences of their materialization, proposing the corrective measures to eliminate and / or minimize the risk.
Once the risks have been identified and evaluated, it is necessary to establish the different coordinated actions aimed at eliminating, reducing and controlling them, which are collected in a written document, the so-called prevention plan constituting its formality. (Navarro, 2001).
The “Plan of preventive activities” consists of putting into a model the planned actions, the people responsible and the dates on which the deficiencies detected during the evaluation process must be eliminated or minimized. This document must be prepared annually and updated each time the risk assessment is modified.
The "Evaluation Procedure" consists of the following phases:
- Identification by areas, facilities or jobs. Assessment of the identified risks. Proposal of preventive measures aimed at eliminating or minimizing the identified risks.
The scope of the procedure should not be applied in a similar way to all work centers, given their differences in potential risks, size, economic importance and number of workers. It is beneficial, in order to achieve rationality and greater work efficiency, previously proceed to self-classify the work center in which the risk assessment is to be carried out.
The authors, for this purpose, suggest that technical staff could use the classification of work centers shown in table 1.1.
Table: 1.1 Classification of work centers.
| VARIABLES. | CENTERS
Group A". |
CENTERS
B Group". |
| Number of workers. | > 50 | <50 |
| Economic importance. | National, territorial. | Local. |
| Risk level. | Tall. | Low. |
| Accidentality. | Frequent. | Occasional. |
| Diseases. | High absenteeism due to illness and existence of occupational diseases. | Low absenteeism due to illness, not occupational diseases. |
When classifying a center, one must be flexible, considering the behavior of these variables and the objective conditions of each work center. This means, for example, that in certain cases a center with 40 workers could be classified as "A" if it had a "high risk".
According to the classification assigned to the work center, the evaluation procedure and the record models will be applied in the manner shown in table 1.2.
Table: 1.2 Registration models to be applied according to the classification of the center.
| MODELS. | CENTERS "A". | CENTERS "B". |
| Risk identification questionnaire. | X | X |
| General identification of risks. | X | X |
| Risks evaluation. | X | X |
| Specific questionnaires (Checklists). | X | |
| Plan of preventive activities. | X | X |
Note: The model will be applied but it is not necessary to use the part corresponding to risk assessment.
The specific questionnaires will be used at the discretion of the specialists who carry out the evaluation. Its application will be in correspondence with the risks identified and depending on the need or desire to deepen the information to be obtained, due to the characteristics of the tasks.
Risk Identification. (Look at annex 1).
The identification of risks will be carried out in all the areas, facilities and jobs of the company. The concept of job includes all workers who perform similar functions and are subject to the same risks.
The model will be filled out taking into account the general identification and evaluation data of the areas, facilities and jobs of the company or establishment.
An (x) will be entered in the row corresponding to each of the risks that the worker identifies as existing, subjectively assigning the level of risk to which he considers he is subject in the range between 0 and 3.
When they consider that there are risks that are not listed in the list, they will be added in each of the rows after 26, being essential to name the risk in question.
Risk evaluation. (See Annex # 2).
This model will be applied in all areas, facilities or jobs and will be the result of the analysis of the information obtained from the workers during the risk identification procedure and in the visits and interviews carried out at the evaluated workplaces.
The model can include the risk assessment which will be carried out in the case that the center is type "A" or when the specialist deems it necessary. Each risk is assessed separately (qualitatively), assigning each one a rating that is obtained from the result of the combination of probability and consequence, according to the methodology described by Menéndez in 2005.
When we are evaluating a Center “B”, the model can be used without filling in the part corresponding to the evaluation.
The model will be filled out taking into account the general identification and evaluation data in all areas, facilities and jobs of the company or establishment.
Risk assessment.
Qualitative and quantitative procedure.
- Probability
The possibility that the risk factors materialize in the damages normally expected from an accident will be estimated, according to the following scale:
| Odds. | Damage. |
| (B) Low = 0.1 | It will rarely happen. |
| (M) Average = 0.3 | It will happen sometimes. |
| (A) High = 0.6 | It will always happen. |
When establishing the probability of damage, the following will be considered:
- If there is exposure to risks The frequency of exposure to the risk If the control measures already implemented are adequate (guards, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), etc.) If the legal requirements and the recommendations of good practices are met. Protection provided by the PPE and time of use of the same If the habits of the workers are correct If there are workers who are especially sensitive to certain risks Failures in supplies or in equipment components, as well as in protection devices.
- People's unsafe work procedures (unintentional errors or violations of established procedures).
The materialization of a risk can generate different consequences, each with its corresponding probability. In other words, the normally expected consequences of a given risk are those that are more likely to occur, although it is conceivable that extreme damage would occur with a lower probability.
When referring to the consequences of the identified risks, this methodology tries to assess those normally expected in the event of their materialization, according to the following levels.
| Values. | Human consequences. | Material Consequences ($). |
| 0.5 | Minor injuries. | 0 to 200.00 |
| one | Less serious injuries. | 200.00 to 1000.00 |
| 1.5 | Serious Injuries. | 1,000.00 to 100,000.00 |
| 2.5 | Death. | 100,000.00 to 1,000,000.00 |
| 4.5 | Multiple deaths. | More than 1,000,000.00 |
- Exposition.
It takes into account the number of people exposed to risk, the exposure values can be seen in table 1.3.
Table 1.3 Exposure values.
| Exhibitions by people. | Value. |
| 0 to 20 | 0.5 |
| 20 to 70 | one |
| 70 to 150 | 1.5 |
| 150 to 300 | 2.5 |
| More than 300 | 4.5 |
- Risk value.
Risk Value = Probability x human consequence x material consequence x exposure.
Once all these data have been obtained, it is given priority from highest to lowest, in case of a tie it is decided randomly, or it is given the same priority.
Observation: In all work centers that classify as "B" or when the risk assessment requires a specific assessment, such as environmental measurement, it is not necessary to complete the assessment. In cases where a measurement would be required, the corresponding measure will indicate to perform the measurement.
Preventive Activities Plan.
Its purpose is to reflect in a given period of time all the actions aimed at complying with the company's health and safety policy and to facilitate the control of the strategy developed for the continuous improvement of working conditions, based on the principle of "Comprehensive Security", being a form of graphical expression of OSH Management in the entity.
The model will be filled out taking into account the general identification and evaluation data in all areas, facilities and jobs of the company or establishment.
The same must be prepared annually and may be subject to modifications, depending on the results of the evaluations that may be carried out, either by the company itself or by the state inspection bodies.
Proposed preventive activities: the actions or tasks planned in the different activities that the Plan must consider are detailed in order to comply with the strategy decided to materialize the management and organization model of prevention in all the company's activities; eliminate or minimize the risks identified and guarantee the "continuous improvement of working conditions".
It is possible that a plan does not have to include actions in all the activities described in the model, since in the period it did not plan improvements in a certain aspect. The aspects collected in preventive activities can be modified by the entities.
The actions described in this model do not have to coincide with the measures described in the evaluation model, since at this stage of the process the economic feasibility analysis is included and it is possible that there is no funding to act on some of the identified risks.
Comments: Any element necessary for a better understanding of the planned task is included.
Higher Complexity Assessments.
In those cases of work centers classified as "A" or that at the discretion of the specialist there are risks that justify it, the specific questionnaires will be applied by type of risk, as well as measurements of environmental factors or others that affect worker health and safety.
1.7-Techniques to be used in the Evaluation, Identification and Prevention of Risks.
Among the main techniques to use can be counted on:
Observation: Observation is the most elementary and the basis of the other methods.
In science, as a general rule, observations constitute a set of tests for one or another hypothesis or theory, and therefore depends, to a large extent, on that end. The scientist does not simply record any data, but consciously chooses those that confirm or reject his idea. Therefore, observation as a scientific method is an attentive, rational, planned and systematic perception of the phenomena related to the objectives of the research, in their natural and usual conditions, that is, without provoking them and using scientific means, with a view to offering a scientific explanation of the internal nature of these.
The interview: Which as an empirical research method can be defined as follows: It is a planned conversation between the interviewer and the interviewee (s), in which a communication process is established in which the In a fundamental way, the gestures, postures and all the different non-verbal expressions both of the person interviewing and of the person who is in the interviewed plane.
The interview as a research method is essential in cases where the research cannot be carried out in any other way, for example, when statistics are not concerned at all with collecting data on a series of questions that interest the researcher.
Brainstorming: The essence of this method lies in free and spontaneous ideas, avoiding criticism and attacks. It is used for the rapid collection of ideas, without taking into account the quality of these, or their Feasibility, only their quantity, the validity is decided in a later step. It is important before applying this method: explain it well and define the roles of the participants, that all members contribute their ideas freely, without criticizing, the conclusions must be drawn by the majority, it is necessary to systematically look for combinations or associations between the ideas stated.
Delhi method: The essence of the method is to do several successive surveys without interaction (exchange of opinions), where it is recommended to employ 7 to 9 experts. It works as follows:
- The analysis group (those who are applying the method) ask the experts the question, receive the answers and select the most common ones. The most common characteristics are sent to the experts, without ordering and they are asked to vote (Positive is worth 1, negative is 0).
The coefficient C = 1- Vn / Vt is calculated
where:
Vn = Negative vote.
Vt = Total vote.
Note: If there is no concordance, the error is from the analysis group.
Kendall method: It consists of the compilation or collection of weighted information from a group of experts The Method unifies the criteria of several specialists with knowledge of the subject, so that each member of the panel (You must work with at least 7 experts) has weighted according to the order of importance, that each one understands at his own discretion In the selection of the expert, experience, the level of information they can provide and the technical level they have will be taken into account. This method has a mathematical and statistical procedure that allows validating the reliability of the experts' criteria using the Kendall coefficient (W).
How is it used?
The steps to follow to carry out the method are shown below.
- Bring the result of the vote of each expert to the table Summation of all values per row Calculation of the coefficient (T) Control of the characteristics whose value is less than the coefficient (T) Calculation of D, It is done by row and one by one. Calculation of D2, the sum is found at the end of the column. Subsequently, the Kendall coefficient (W) is found.
®If it is met there is agreement and the study is valid.
K® Number of features.
m® Number of experts.
If W <0.5 repeats the study, if there are a number of experts greater than 7, the ones who introduce the most variation in the study should be eliminated, always respecting m ≥ 7.
Bibliographic references:
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