Due to the convergence between language and the in-depth interview, it is important to know the use of languages.
The in-depth interview is a type of dialogue characterized by narrative-type strategies. Benveniste, referring to the structure of dialogue, suggests that two figures, in the position of interlocutors, are alternately protagonists of the enunciation.
The speaker appropriates the formal apparatus of the language and states his position as speaker through specific cues. As soon as he declares his position as announcer and assumes the language, he implants the other in front of him. Every enunciation is an address and a speaker postulates.
Bakhtin also proposes the structure of dialogue. According to Bakhtin, the statement is a link in the chain of discursive communication and cannot be separated from the previous links that determine it inside and out, generating in it response reactions and dialogic echoes.
A statement is not only related to the previous links, but also to the later links of discursive communication. When the statement is in the stage of its creation by the speaker, the latter, of course, do not yet exist: But the statement is constructed from the beginning taking into account the possible response reactions for which the statement is constructed.
The statement has an author and addressee (orientation). The role of the other is extremely important. The other is not a passive listener but an active participant in discursive communication. The speaker expects your answer and active understanding from the beginning. Every statement is constructed in view of an answer.
Bakhtin underlines the dialogical nuances that the statement possesses. Because our thinking originates and is formed in the process of interaction and struggle with other people's thoughts, something that is also reflected in the verbal expression of the informants.
The individual act of appropriation of the language introduces the speaker into his speech. The presence of the speaker in his enunciation makes each instance of discourse constitute a center of internal reference. This situation will be manifested by a game of specific forms whose function is to put the speaker in constant and necessary relationship with his enunciation. The emergence of the indications of person occurs in the enunciation and by it, the term I denotes the individual who utters the enunciation, the term you, the individual who is present as a speaker.
Personal pronouns then appear as a class of "linguistic individuals", in ways that always refer to "individuals", be they people, moments, places, as opposed to terms that refer to concepts. Three discursive dimensions emerge in enunciation: subjectivity, spatial relationships, and temporality. Benveniste's theory of enunciation provides the researcher with the possibility of knowing the subjectivity of the interviewee.
Bakhtin, like Benveniste, recognizes the link between language and life. Because language participates in life through the concrete statements that make it, just as life participates through statements. According to this author, the different spheres of human activity are related to the use of language. This is why the character and forms of its use are as multiform as the spheres of human activity.
Each statement is individual, but each sphere of language use elaborates its relatively stable types of statements which it calls discursive genres. The richness and diversity of discursive genres is immense, because the possibilities of human activity are inexhaustible and because in each sphere of praxis there is a whole repertoire of discursive genres that differentiates and grows as the sphere develops and becomes more complicated. herself.
The marks of the enunciation in the statement. Both Jakobson and Benveniste consider the reflection on enunciation based on the linguistic phenomenon of deixis.
For Jakobson deictics are index symbols that differ from the other elements of the linguistic code by the characteristic that they necessarily refer “to the message”, and imply a reference to the enunciation process.
The personal pronouns indicate the protagonists of the enunciation. For example, the interviewee may say "At that time I was living with my parents." Yo is a nominative pronoun and my is a possessive pronoun. The ending of person in verbs also fulfills a deictic function: to point out the protagonists of the enunciation.
Appellative. It is a lexical term used in speech to mention a person. Among personal pronouns, proper nouns, some common nouns and kinship terms, among others. For example: “What I could do; but I don't want it, it would be going to my brother's house with a van. In this case, the interviewee uses the nickname my brother to designate the person he is talking about: the author. It is called delocutive.
Subjective. They are those lexical units (nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, fundamentally) that in a particular discourse manifest subjectivity, that is, they inform about an evaluation (evaluative or affective) of the enunciator.
For example, a researcher asks “And on this and this street you don't run? And the interviewee responds “Nooo !!!, if the blacks are there… etc. etc. etc." This subjectivity (blacks) carries an evaluative feature of the good / bad axis, which manifests or connotes a value judgment, positive or negative, regarding what is stated.
The speech act is the smallest unit that performs through the language, an action (an order, request, assertion, promise) destined to modify the situation of the interlocutors.
For Austin, when producing a speech act, three simultaneous acts are carried out: A locutionary act (a sequence of sounds that have a syntactic organization and that refer to something are produced); an illocutionary act (through speech an action is carried out that modifies the relations between the interacting -affirming, promising-, a perlocutionary act (an illocutionary act can be carried out to carry out very varied actions: a question can have as aim to praise the co-enunciator, show that one is modest, make someone uncomfortable, etc.)
For example, the interviewer asks, "What do you think about that?" Here a locutionary act can be detected, because a sequence of sounds is produced that have a syntactic organization and that refer to something, an elocutionary act due to the act it produces, in this case "questioning" and a perlocutionary act, due to the consequences of illocution (discursive or non-discursive), the interviewee could move his head doubtfully (this would be the case of a non-discursive consequence).
Bibliography
Bajtín, M. "The problem of discursive genres".
Benveniste, E. "The formal apparatus of enunciation."
Adelstein, A. "Enunciation and journalistic chronicle".
Examples in:
Guber, R. "The metropolitan savage."
Blanchet, A. Ghiglione, R. Massonnat. Trognon, A. "Research Techniques in Social Sciences".
Maingueneau, D. "Key terms of discourse analysis." Speech Act, Austin (1970) Searle (1972).
