INTRODUCTION
From very remote times, man learned to ferment grains and juices to obtain a substance that caused him a special state. This state varies in different people according to the amount ingested and according to the reasons for their interference. We refer to the state of alcoholic intoxication.
There are written reports of the use of beer, wine and other alcoholic beverages dating back to 3000 years before Christ. But the distillation process applied to fermented beverages dates back to around 800 AD. This process has allowed the preparation of highly potent liquors that are currently consumed. The influence of alcohol in society has had great weight as a problematic factor in the conformation and functioning of the family, individual and therefore of society. The influence of alcohol has been reflected in the different spheres of the history of society since very remote times.
"The consumption of alcohol has been recognized as a factor of social integration and favoring coexistence." That is, alcohol is one of the intoxicating beverages, consumed in moderation and in the permitted contexts, it reduces tension, disinhibits and causes feelings of well-being. "Normal" drinkers enjoy drinks for these pleasant effects and appreciate different qualities of drinks. Unfortunately, variable proportions of individuals in the population have problems in their health and in their interpersonal relationships due to the immoderate consumption of alcohol.
Alcoholism affects adult males more, but its incidence among women and young people is increasing. Alcohol use and problems are increasing throughout the West from 1980 to 2006, including the United States, the European Union, and former Eastern countries, as well as in developing countries like Peru.
On the other hand, violence is an abuse of power that seeks to cause harm. Violence is a blow, an insult, a phrase, a threatening look. It is a behavior that causes you fear or humiliation.
Violence can be a door slam, a long silence, a malicious smile. It is breaking an object, not giving money for household expenses, forbidding the woman to work; is to force unwanted or hurtful sexual practices, to force pornography or prostitution.
And also family violence is a crime that is punishable by jail
Family violence is a cycle that repeats itself over and over again. Sometimes it begins with mutual complaints, from the two members of the couple, due to lack of attention, money or work problems, when family harmony is broken, attacks, threats, insults, teasing, yelling, The hits.
Finally comes the repentance, the signs of affection and guilt, the great attention to win back and the promises that it will never happen again. After a while the scenes are repeated and this can lead to murder.
Violence affects the physical and emotional health of family members. It affects the school performance of boys, girls and young people, the emotional and social development of all, especially those who receive violent acts, and in extreme cases it can lead to mutilation or homicide. Furthermore, when the daughters and sons of a family, where there is violence, decide to form their own family, it is very common for them to repeat the learned behaviors.
The violence reflects the frustration of the batterer and generates guilt in the victims.
The relationship between alcohol and violence has effects on the structure and functioning of the central nervous system, which directly affects consciousness, which allows us to reason about our own existence and reflect, in an adequate way, the surrounding reality, so that consumption Alcohol can promote alterations in the perceptions and ideas of people who have ingested this substance, which has a negative influence on their relationships with others and on the full understanding of the circumstances experienced. Disinhibition, loss of emotional control, breaking of ethical and moral codes and good coexistence habits can also occur, which facilitates the appearance of violence.
The title of this research is "Violence and Alcoholism", which has been divided into three chapters: the first deals with everything related to Violence, the second develops what concerns Alcoholism and the last chapter focuses on the relationship between Alcoholism and Violence.
We wish to express our gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly contributed to the culmination of this monograph.
CHAPTER I. VIOLENCE
1. Definition
Let's see what is meant by violence, since this is a concept subject to very different interpretations.
DOMENACH, is a not very complex and easily understood definition, violence is "the use of force, open or hidden, with the aim of obtaining, from an individual or a group, something that they do not want to freely consent to."
YVES MICHAUD defines violence as "a direct or indirect action, concentrated or distributed, designed to harm a person or destroy either their physical or mental integrity, their possessions or their symbolic participations."
MCKENZIE defines violence as the “exercise of physical force for the purpose of doing damage or causing damage to people or property; action or conduct characterized by tending to cause bodily harm or by forcibly restricting personal freedom ”.
These different interpretations of the concept of violence are enough to make something elementary understandable: the need to abandon the limited concept of violence, in the sense of simply assimilating it to some types of physical violence. Violence is not only a certain type of act, but also a certain potentiality. It does not refer only to a way of "doing", but also of "not doing"
From the sociological point of view, violence is the characteristic that criminal action can assume when it is distinguished by the use or application of physical force or the forcing of the natural order of things or of procedure. Violence is a constitutive element of numerous crimes against people, whether they affect their life, or their bodily integrity (homicide, injuries), and their honesty (rape), and against their assets (theft, damage), etc. Violence also characterizes a whole type of (violent) crime, as opposed to cunning, fraud and simulation.
We believe that violence is an action carried out by one or more people where they are intentionally subjected to mistreatment, pressure, suffering, manipulation or other action that threatens the physical, psychological and moral integrity of any person or group of people ».
"Violence is the psychic pressure or abuse of force exerted against a person for the purpose of obtaining ends against the will of the victim."
2. Violence in the stages of life
Violence has a profound effect on women. It begins before birth, in some countries, with sex-selective abortions. Or at birth, when parents desperate for a boy can kill their female babies. And it continues to affect women throughout their lives.
Every year, millions of girls are subjected to the mutilation of their genitals. Girls are more likely than their brothers to be raped or sexually assaulted by members of their family, by people in positions of power or trust, or by outsiders. In some countries, when a single woman or adolescent is raped, she may be forced to marry her abuser, or be imprisoned for having committed a "criminal" act. A woman who becomes pregnant before marriage can be beaten, ostracized or murdered by her relatives, even if the pregnancy is the result of rape.
After marriage, the greatest risk of violence for a woman continues to be in her own home, where her husband, and sometimes in-laws, can assault, rape or kill her. When a woman becomes pregnant, ages, or suffers from mental or physical disabilities, she is more vulnerable to attack.
When we talk about violence we think that it is only "hitting", but we are wrong. There are several types of violence, among them we can mention:
2.1 Family violence
The most common form of violence against women is violence in the home or family. Research consistently shows that a woman is more likely to be hurt, raped, or killed by her current or former partner than by someone else.
Men may kick, bite, slap, punch, or try to strangle their wives or partners; they can inflict burns or throw acid in their faces; hit or rape, with body parts or sharp objects; and use lethal weapons to stab or shoot them. Sometimes women are seriously injured and in some cases they are killed or die as a result of their injuries.
The nature of violence against women in the family has led to comparisons with torture. The assaults are intended to injure the psychological health of the woman as well as her body, and are often accompanied by humiliation and physical violence. Like torture, assaults are unpredictable and bear little relation to the woman's behavior. Finally, assaults can happen week after week, for many years.
2.2 Psychological or mental violence
Psychological violence includes repeated verbal abuse, harassment, confinement, and deprivation of physical, financial, and personal resources. For some women, the incessant insults and tyranny that constitute emotional abuse may be more painful than physical attacks, because they effectively undermine a woman's security and self-confidence. A single episode of physical violence can greatly intensify the meaning and impact of emotional abuse. Women are reported to be of the opinion that the worst aspect of abuse is not violence itself but "mental torture" and "living in fear and terror".
2.3. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
It is a form of violence against the girl that affects her life as an adult woman, it is a traditional cultural practice. In societies where it is practiced, it is believed that FGM is necessary to guarantee the dignity of the girl and her family and increases her chances of marrying. Furthermore, FGM encompasses all procedures that include the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genitalia for either cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons.
3. Manifestations of violence
Among the main manifestations we have the following:
3.1 Domestic violence
Psychological and physical violence with the spouse, child abuse and abuse of children.
3.2 Everyday violence
It is the one that we have been suffering daily and is characterized basically by non-respect for the rules, not respecting a queue, mistreatment in public transport, the long wait to be treated in hospitals, when we are indifferent to human suffering, problems of citizen security and accidents.
3.3 Political violence
It is one that arises from organized groups, whether they are in power or not. The traditional style of political exercise, the indifference of the common citizen to the events of the country, the non-participation in decisions, as well as the existence of so-called bribes such as: management of some institutions and the practices of institutional Nepotism.
3.4 Socio-economic violence
Which is reflected in situations of poverty and marginalization of large groups of the population: unemployment, underemployment, informality; all this basically reflected in the lack or inequality of opportunity of access to education and health.
3.5 Cultural violence
The existence of an official Peru and a deep Peru (native and peasant communities) are distortions of national identity values and facilitate unhealthy lifestyles.
3.6 Criminal violence
Theft, fraud, drug trafficking, that is, behaviors that assume illegitimate means to obtain material goods. Any form of individual or organized behavior that breaks the social rules established for group living. established does not help solve problems. Everyone dreams of the model that society sells them, easy success. But being a qualified professional or technician requires effort and preparation. It requires developing internal resources and goals. The youth of our country have opportunities for guidance and channeling their frustrations and in this they depend on their families, schools and institutions; It's everyone's responsability. In other words, expressions of violence without a future and without horizons can change.
4. Causes of violence
Among the main reasons that generate violence we have:
- Alcoholism: a number of cases register that a large percentage of women who are attacked by their spouses are under the influence of alcohol Lack of conscience in the inhabitants of a society: they believe that this is the best way to doing things: strikes, shootings, blows, etc. Strong ignorance of not knowing a better way to solve things: they do not know that the best way to solve a social phenomenon is by talking and analyzing what causes it and then trying to solve it. Not being able to control impulses: many times we are impulsive, thus generating violence, we do not know how to solve things Lack of understanding between couples, incompatibility of characters: intra-family violence is the MAJOR cause of violence that exists,A child who grows up in a conflictive and unharmonious environment must surely be a problematic person with few personal principles Lack of understanding towards children: knowing that children are creatures who do not know what they are doing, they are innocent. Many mothers mistreat their children, and thus generate violence Drug addiction: is another cause of violence, many people take drugs in order to be what they are not in reality, to escape reality thus causing a lot of violence: if they do not have how to buy their '' product '' they even kill and beat their own mother Violence originates from a lack of consideration for the society in which we live, if we create greater awareness in ourselves, if we analyze that violence is not the best way to achieve the goals, surely our society will grow and develop.
5. Consequences of violence
5.1 Physical or health consequences
Violence against women and girls, and other members of society, increases their risk of poor health. A growing number of studies exploring violence and health consistently report negative effects. The true measure of the consequences is difficult to assess, however, because medical records generally lack vital details as to the violent causes of injury or ill-health.
The consequences of violence against women may not be life threatening and take the form of physical injuries, from minor cuts and bruises (bumps, bruises) to chronic disability or mental health problems.
They can also be deadly; whether for intentional homicide, for death as a result of permanent injury or AIDS, or due to suicide, used as a last resort to escape violence. This information kit, Health Consequences of Violence Against Women and Girls, explores the topic in more depth
5.1.1 Homicide
Numerous studies report that the majority of women who die of homicide are killed by their current or former partner.
In cultures where the custom of dowry is practiced (goods that women contribute to marriage or that are given to husbands by their parents or third parties, in view of their marriage), this can be fatal for women whose parents cannot meet demands for gifts or money. Violence that begins with threats can end in forced "suicide," death from injury, or homicide.
5.1.2 Serious injuries
The injuries suffered by women due to physical and sexual abuse can be extremely serious. Many incidents of assault result in injuries that can range from ecchymoses (bumps and bruises) to fractures to chronic disabilities. A high percentage of injuries requires medical treatment.
5.1.3 Injuries during pregnancy
Recent research has identified violence during pregnancy as a health risk to both the mother and the unborn fetus. Research on this area has indicated higher levels of various conditions.
5.1.4 Injury to children
Children in violent families can also be victims of abuse. Children often hurt themselves while trying to defend their mothers.
5.1.5 Unwanted and early pregnancy (early pregnancy)
Violence against women can lead to an unwanted pregnancy, either through rape or by affecting a woman's ability to negotiate the use of contraception. For example, some women may be afraid to discuss the use of contraception with their partners for fear of being beaten or abandoned.
Adolescents who are abused, or who have been abused as children, are less likely to develop a sense of self-worth and belonging than those who have not experienced abuse.
They are more likely to be careless and engage in risky behaviors such as having early or unprotected sex. A growing number of studies indicate that girls who are sexually abused during childhood have a much higher risk of unwanted pregnancy during adolescence.
This increased risk of unwanted pregnancy brings many additional problems. For example, it is well documented that motherhood during early or middle adolescence, before girls are biologically and psychologically mature, is associated with adverse health outcomes for both mother and child. Infants may be premature, low birth weight, or small for gestational age.
5.1.6 Vulnerability to diseases
When compared to non-battered women, women who have experienced any type of violence are more likely to experience a number of serious health problems.
It has been suggested that the increased vulnerability of battered women may be due in part to reduced immunity due to the stresses caused by abuse. On the other hand, self-neglect and a greater proclivity to take risks have also been blamed. For example, battered women have been found to be more likely to smoke than those without a history of violence.
5.2 Psychological consequences
5.2.1 Suicide
In the case of women who are beaten or sexually assaulted, emotional and physical exhaustion can lead to suicide. These deaths are a dramatic testament to the limited options available to women to escape violent relationships.
5.2.2 Mental health problems
Research indicates that battered women experience tremendous psychological distress due to violence.
Many are severely depressed or anxious, while others show symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. They may be chronically fatigued, but cannot sleep; they may have nightmares or eating disorders; turning to alcohol and drugs to disguise their pain; or to isolate themselves and withdraw, without realizing, it seems, that they are getting into another problem, although less serious, but still harmful.
Rape and sexual abuse of children can cause similar psychological damage. An episode of sexual assault may be enough to create long-lasting negative effects, especially if the child victim does not subsequently receive adequate support. Like violence against women in the family, child abuse often lasts for many years and its debilitating effects can be felt in adult life. For example, the loss of self-esteem of women who have been abused in childhood can translate into minimal effort to avoid situations in which their health or safety is in danger.
Being a victim of rape or sexual abuse is a very traumatic experience and its consequences can last for a long time. Victims (women, girls and boys) who have suffered sexual attacks describe the following feelings: Fear, Guilt, Devaluation, Hate, Shame, Depression, Disgust, Distrust, Isolation, Marginality, Anxiety, Being different (they feel different from others).
It is a myth that sexual violence is carried out only by strangers, many rapes and abuses are committed by men the victim knows, including intimate partners and friends. This is why attacks occur at any time of the day.
Rape and sexual abuse can be carried out by strangers or acquaintances, but "never with the victim's fault", since there is an erroneous belief that it is the victim who causes it.
Effects on the child derived from having witnessed acts of violence. Research has indicated that children who witness acts of violence in the home often experience many of the same symptoms as children who have been physically or sexually abused.
Girls who witness their father or stepfather violently treating their mother are also more likely to accept violence as a normal part of marriage than girls from non-violent homes. Men who have witnessed the same violence, on the other hand, are more likely to be violent towards their partners as adults.
6. Social impact
6.1. Impact on society.
It is vitally important that, in order to establish possible solutions to the problem of intra-family violence, great attention must be paid to the training of minors who are an integral part of a family, since it is precisely in childhood that they are transmitted through parents all those values that will serve the individual in their future for proper adaptation in society, resulting in people capable of respecting the rights of any human being and therefore the rights of the people who make up their own family, since it is considered According to sociology that to avoid social problems such as crime, drug addiction, prostitution, etc., it is necessary to attack from the root,In other words, the family being the main cell of all human groups, responding to their problems in a responsible manner, will avoid the serious problem of family violence. Among the impact received by a society where its inhabitants or families suffer from violence are the following:
6.1.1 Added health care costs
The costs to society of violence against women are extraordinary, considering only health care. A proportion of these costs are to treat serious physical injuries. A substantial amount is also spent on psychological issues like managing anxieties and symptoms that happier, more confident women can tolerate, ignore, or shrug off.
6.1.2 Effects on productivity and employment
Women who experience violence may make less of a contribution to society as well as to their own fulfillment of their potential. The economic impact of abuse can extend to a loss of women's potential to earn pay. This may in part be due to the fact that girls who are victims of violence are likely to suffer from anxiety or depression and are unable to develop their full capacity in school. Due to her experience of not having control of her own body, the world can become a threatening place where women avoid challenges of all kinds.
In areas where the sexual abuse of female students by teachers is prevalent, girls may not attend school to escape unwanted attention. In other places, parents who fear that their daughters will be sexually assaulted may keep them at home until they are "married and in a safe frame." In many countries, a girl who becomes pregnant is expelled from school, regardless of whether the pregnancy was the result of rape. The consequence, in each case, is a diminished education, a reduced opportunity to obtain a lucrative job and a reduced contribution to the quality of life for their community.
6.2 Characteristics of the aggressor
The aggressor regularly has the following profile:
- He is jealous, he imagines that his wife is unfaithful, he tries to keep his partner isolated and controls her exaggeratedly, he has a double identity, while being aggressive in the house, he is '' good '' with other people. Had a bad childhood May have or may have had problems with the law Has an explosive temper, gets angry easily Project and blames partner for abuse Does not take responsibility for actions Has financial problems and drinks alcohol, smokes He gets aggressive with his children when they do some "mischief." And he always lives threatening his wife. He verbally abuses (insults, yells, says "curses") He grew up in a family where he saw abuse. He can be more violent when his partner is pregnant or has given birth. He has a tendency to deny abuse, minimizes it and sometimes does not remember.He pressures his partner to leave the house, if the partner leaves the house, he does everything possible to make her return. He apologizes to you He is selfish, ignores the feelings of others He believes that men have rights to certain privileges (extremely macho)
6.3. Social methods of correction.
There are several methods to correct violence, including:
- The police, police stations, prisons, more violence (they fight violence with more violence, thus creating a "food" chain)
There should be asylums where people who suffer from not being able to control their impulses take refuge, so that we can promote peace in our country.
6.4 Women and violence.
Women who are victims of sexual violence are often reluctant to report the crime to the police, family, or others. In countries where the woman's virginity is associated with the honor of the family, single women who report a violation may be forced to marry the aggressor, this being a very serious mistake, since this union is not typical of love pure, but of the impudence of a shameless man who, by satisfying a disgusting "impulse", hurts those who care less.
Some may be killed by their parents or siblings in shame, as a way to restore family honor. In some countries, a woman who has been raped can be prosecuted and imprisoned for committing the "crime" of having sex outside of marriage, if she cannot prove that the incident was actually rape. Thus, silence becomes our worst enemy and the best ally to repeat abuses
The rape victim believes that she has to hide it because she is afraid of being singled out as guilty, she feels ashamed of being looked at / or as "a different being", isolating herself from others to avoid criticism that would harm her even more. By keeping quiet, the victim is favoring the aggressor and helping him, setting him free, to do the same to other people.
7. Types of Violence or abuse
7.1 Physical violence.
7.1.1 Serious physical injuries: Bone fractures, hemorrhages, internal injuries, burns, poisoning, subdural hematomas, etc.
7.1.2 Minor physical injuries or no injuries: They do not require medical attention and do not endanger the physical health of the minor.
7.2 Psychological or emotional violence.
7.2.1 Reject
It implies behaviors of abandonment. Parents reject the child's spontaneous expressions, her gestures of affection; they disapprove of her initiatives and do not include her in family activities.
7.2.2 Terrify
Threatening the child with extreme or sinister punishment, creating in him a feeling of constant threat.
7.2.3 Ignore
It refers to the lack of availability of the parents for the child. The parent is self-preoccupied and unable to respond to the child's behaviors.
7.2.4 Isolate the minor:
Deprive the child of opportunities to establish social relationships.
7.2.5 Subjecting the child to an environment where corruption prevails
Prevent the normal integration of the child, reinforcing antisocial behavior patterns.
7.3. Violence or abuse due to neglect.
The child is deprived of basic care, despite having the economic means; health care, education, nutrition, protection, etc. are postponed or neglected.
CHAPTER II. THE ALCOHOLISM
1. Synonyms or equivalent terms
Dipsomaniac
Alcohol abuse
Alcohol dependence
Long-term heavy alcohol-dependent consumption.
2 Definition
Alcoholism is a chronic, progressive, and often fatal disease; it is a primary disorder and not a symptom of other illnesses or emotional problems. The World Health Organization - WHO, defines alcoholism as the daily ingestion of alcohol greater than 50 grams in women and 70 grams in men (a glass of liquor or a cocktail has approximately 40 grams of alcohol, a quarter of a liter of wine 30 grams and a quarter of a liter of beer 15 grams). Alcoholism appears to be produced by the combination of various physiological, psychological and genetic factors. It is characterized by an emotional and sometimes organic dependence on alcohol, leading to progressive brain damage and ultimately death.
According to the Mediline Plus Health Portal, Alcoholism is a disease marked by the uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages at a level that interferes with the physical or mental health of the individual and with social, family or occupational responsibilities. Alcoholism is divided into two categories: dependence and abuse.
People with alcohol dependence, the most severe alcoholic disorder, usually experience tolerance and withdrawal. Tolerance is the need for increasing amounts of alcohol to achieve intoxication or the desired effect. Withdrawal occurs when consumption is stopped or reduced. People with alcohol dependence spend a lot of time consuming alcohol and getting it.
Alcoholics are "problem drinkers," meaning they may have legal problems, such as drinking and driving or partying (having six or more drinks at one time). People who are dependent or abuse alcohol revert to alcohol use despite evidence of physical or psychological problems. People with dependency have more severe problems and a greater compulsion to drink.
Sociologically, alcoholism is the abnormal addiction to alcohol. The basis of all malted and distilled liquors: it is ethyl alcohol, which in large quantities constitutes a poison. According to Freudian theory, the irrepressible psychological craving to drink alcohol is based on repressed homosexuality. However, more generally, alcoholism is a form of conflict avoidance and is often associated with feelings of inferiority. Alcoholism, without a doubt, is an indirect criminogenic factor in violent crime. Intemperance and misery are also associated with him. The harmful effects of alcoholism are often felt strongly by non-drinking members of the alcoholic's family.Alcoholism is one of the forms of the problem of giving up a narcotic to escape a depressing psychological or social situation.
We agree that alcoholism is a dependency with characteristics of addiction to alcoholic beverages. It is characterized by a craving to drink an alcoholic substance, loss of self-control, physical dependence, and withdrawal syndrome. Likewise, alcoholism is not fixed by the amount ingested in a period of time, because affected people can follow very different patterns of behavior, with alcoholics who consume daily, others weekly or monthly, and even without a fixed periodicity, although the degenerative process tends to shorten the time between ingestion and ingestion.
3 Causes
Alcoholism is a type of drug dependence.
There are two types of dependency in this addiction: physical and psychological. Physical dependence reveals itself when alcohol intake is interrupted, with very clear symptoms such as increasing tolerance to alcohol and diseases associated with its consumption.
The direct effect of alcohol on the nervous system are depression, as a result of decreased activity, anxiety, tension and inhibitions. Even a small level of alcohol in the body slows down reactions. Concentration and judge start to get worse. In excessive amounts, alcohol causes intoxication and poisoning.
Alcohol also affects other body systems. An irritation of the gastrointestinal tract may appear with erosions in the stomach lining due to nausea and vomiting. Vitamins are not well absorbed, and this causes nutritional deficiencies in long-standing alcoholics. It also causes liver problems (liver cirrhosis).
The cardiovascular system is affected by heart disease. A sexual alteration can also appear causing a dysfunction in the erection of the penis in men and a disappearance of menstruation in women. The consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause problems in the development of the fetus, producing the so-called fetal alcohol syndrome.
The development of alcohol dependence can occur between 5 and 25 years following a progression. First, alcohol tolerance develops. This occurs in people who are able to consume a large amount of alcohol before adverse effects are noticed.
After tolerance memory lapses appear. Later, the lack of control of drinking appears, and the affected person cannot remain without drinking, she needs it to develop her daily life.
The most serious problem of drinkers are physical and mental complications. Some people are able to gain control over their dependence in the early stages before complete loss of control.
There is no definite cause of alcoholism but there are factors that can play a role in its development. The onset of alcoholism is more likely in people with an alcoholic relative than in others who do not. The reason is not known, which can be found in genetic or biochemical abnormalities.
Psychological factors include: need for comfort from anxiety, conflict in personal relationships, low self-esteem, etc.
Social factors include: ease of alcohol consumption, social acceptance of alcohol consumption, stressful lifestyles, etc…
The incidence of alcohol dependence is increasing. Statistics vary but approximately 7% of adults in Europe are affected.
4. Prevention
Until the primary causes of alcoholism are discovered, the problem cannot be prevented. In any case, educational programs on alcohol for children and adolescents and their families can be very useful. Correct social habits are critical to preventing abuse.
5. Symptoms
The main symptoms are the following:
- Tolerance of the effects of alcohol Daily or frequent need for alcohol for daily function Loss of control with inability to stop or reduce alcohol consumption Solitary drinker Make excuses to drink Memory loss episodes associated with alcohol use (black absences).Episodes of violence associated with alcohol consumption.Deterioration in social and family relationships and job responsibility.Absence from work.Unexplained bad temper.Behavior that tends to hide alcoholism.Hostility when talking about drinking. Ingestion of food Denial of physical appearance Nausea Vomiting Morning hesitancy Abdominal pain Cramps Numbness and tremors Redness and dilated capillaries of the face (especially in the nose) Confusion Tremors and uncontrolled shaking of the Body.Tiredness and agitation Insomnia Loss of appetite and intolerance to all foods Confusion Hallucinations Tachycardia Sweating Seizures Tongue problems Lacrimation Fainting
6. Test and analysis
A history of chronic or excessive alcohol use is made. The history should be obtained from the family if the affected person is unable to answer the questions. A medical examination makes it possible to identify physical problems related to alcohol use.
A blood alcohol level toxicology test confirms recent alcohol ingestion (which does not necessarily confirm alcoholism).
Liver function tests are also performed including GOT, GPT and alkaline phosphatases, which are abnormally elevated.
This disease can also alter the results of the following tests:
- Uric acid Urine osmolarity Serum magnesium test Ketone bodies in urine Absolute eosinophil count
7. Forecast
Alcoholism is the biggest health problem, both social and economic. It is involved in more than half of traffic accidents and accidental deaths. A high percentage of suicides are committed by combining alcohol with other substances, and there are many alcohol-related deaths from complications related to the disease. Treatment programs have different results, but many people with an alcohol dependence make a full recovery.
8. Treatments
The treatment has the following phases:
8.1 Recognition of the problem
Treatment of people with an alcohol addiction begins with recognizing the problem. Alcoholism is associated with denial, allowing the patient to believe that he does not need treatment. Most people with an alcohol dependence enter treatment under pressure from others. Voluntary acceptance of the need for treatment is very rare. It is difficult to know the defense mechanisms that have allowed the person with alcohol dependence to continue drinking and a confrontation with the family and close associates is required.
The person must be convinced when sober, not when drunk or hungover. Once you have recognized the problem, abstinence from alcohol is the only treatment. In addition, support programs, rehabilitation, monitoring, etc. can be given. Family treatment is also often necessary, because alcoholism creates victims among those close to it.
8.2 Detoxification
Detoxification is the second phase of treatment. Alcohol is hidden under control. Supervision is established. Tranquilizers and sedatives are prescribed to alleviate and control the effects of withdrawal.
The detox can last 5 to 7 days. Medical examination for other problems is necessary. Liver problems and other blood problems are common. It is very important to follow a diet with vitamin supplements. Complications associated with acute physical symptoms may appear, such as depression and other problems that must be treated.
8.3 Rehabilitation programs
Rehabilitation programs are to help affected people, after detoxification, to maintain alcohol withdrawal. These programs include various counseling, psychological support, nursing care, and medical care. Education about the disease of alcoholism and its effects is part of the therapy. Many of the professionals involved in these rehabilitation programs have to follow recycling programs.
8.4 aversion / disgust therapies
There are also aversion / disgust therapies in which drugs are used that interfere with the metabolism of alcohol and produce very unpleasant effects, even when a small amount of alcohol is ingested in the 2 weeks after treatment. This therapy is not used in pregnant women or in people with other diseases. This type of therapy should be used with supportive advice and its effectiveness varies in each case.
Alcoholics Anonymous is a group for help in the conversion of alcoholics that offers emotional and affective help, under a model of abstinence, to people who are rehabilitating from alcohol dependence. There are more than one million partners worldwide, and small groups are found in small towns throughout Europe.
9. Pharmacology
Unlike opioid detoxification such as heroin, which can be very unpleasant, and rarely with fatal consequences, quitting alcohol can kill the sick without proper medical treatment. The pharmacological method of detoxification for alcoholics is based on the fact that alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiazepines have quite similar effects in the brain, and therefore, one can replace the other. Because the benzodiazepines are the safest drugs of the three, the ingestion of alcohol that is substituted by some long-acting benzodiazepine, such as Valium, is stopped in order to control the withdrawal syndrome.
Other drugs that are used to treat alcoholism are Disulfiram and Naltrexone. They are used to improve compliance with the withdrawal regimen and pharmacopoeial standards such as antidepressants, anxiolytics and other psychotropics that are used to treat profound mood disorders, neuroses and psychoses associated with the symptoms suffered by alcoholics.
10. Calculation of excessive alcohol consumption
There is a simple formula to find out if you are consuming an excessive amount of alcohol with the damages that this implies, by calculating the grams of alcohol. This formula consists of multiplying the amount of drink in milligrams or cubic centimeter by the number of degrees of alcohol and by 0.8, and this result is divided by 100 to find the grams of alcohol in the drink in question In men, due to Due to its superior tolerance to alcohol, we can consider excessive drinkers those who exceed 40 grams of alcohol per day. In the case of women, this rate should not exceed 24 grams of daily alcohol consumption so that they are not considered excessive drinkers.
11. Alcoholic beverages
Alcoholic beverages are beverages that contain ethanol (popularly known as alcohol). Dependence on alcoholic beverages is called alcoholism.
Taking into account the elaboration, it is possible to distinguish between beverages produced by alcoholic fermentation (wines, beers, mead, sake) in which the alcohol content does not exceed 18-20 degrees, and those produced by distillation, generally from a product of fermentation (liqueurs, spirits, etc.)
The alcoholic beverages are: Absinthe, Brandy, Brandy - Cognac, Cachaça, Cava - Champagne, Beer, Cocktail, Mead, Gin, Grappa, Orujo, Pisco, Rum, Sake, Cider, Singani, Tepache, Tequila, Wine, Vodka, Whiskey.
12. Drunkenness
Drunkenness or intoxication, is the state of intoxication with alcohol (that is, ethanol) to a degree sufficient to impair the mental and motor functions of the body. A person who is habitually intoxicated in this way is labeled an "alcoholic", he is also often referred to as "drunk" in vulgar language. And in more formal language «DIPSOMANO»
12.1 Cultural attitudes
Many societies have cultural stereotypes associated with drunkenness; while some regard those capable of drinking large amounts of alcohol as worthy of respect, others regard it as a serious moral problem. Arguably, such an attitude can be approached as pathological, since it can lead to alcoholism. In many public places where alcoholic beverages are consumed such as bars, refusing to drink alcohol can be interpreted as "negative" and therefore can generate social disapproval. However, a person intoxicated with alcohol is often considered incapable of controlling her natural limits of consumption and therefore can be treated with recklessness, due to the annoyance of her condition.
The first symptoms of drunkenness are usually considered positive, at least initially. When the effects subside, a “hangover” () associated with drunkenness begins, as a result of dehydration and exhaustion.
The ancient Greeks believed that they could prevent drunkenness by putting a piece of amethyst in glasses or in the mouth while drinking. And in fact, the name of the gem refers to this belief (in ancient Greek "a-methyst" means "not intoxicated").
Many religions discourage or prohibit the consumption of alcohol. The Qur'an, or the book of Islam, declares that God forbids mankind to consume alcohol due to the harmful effects on the body, life and family of the consumer, the social problems it brings, and the distraction of thinking towards God.
According to the catechism of the Catholic States of the Church in paragraph 2290: «The virtue of temperance disposes us to avoid every kind of excess: the abuse of food, alcohol, tobacco, or medicine. Those who incur grave guilt, who through drunkenness or a love of speed, endanger their own safety and that of others on the road, at sea, or in the air. " The church does not prohibit the use of alcohol if it is done in moderation.
Buddhists abstain from alcohol to avoid inadvertently harming others. The intoxication of the mind is also at odds with the teaching of meditation.
13. Effects of alcohol on the body
The effects of alcohol on the body take many forms.
Alcohol, specifically ethanol, is a powerful psychoactive drug with a level of side effects. The amount and circumstances of consumption play an important role in determining the duration of intoxication, for example, when consuming alcohol after a large meal, visible signs of intoxication are less likely than with an empty stomach. Hydration also plays a role, especially in determining the duration of hangovers.
Alcohol has a biphasic effect on the body, which means that its effects change over time. Initially, alcohol generally produces feelings of relaxation and joy, but later consumption can lead to blurred vision and coordination problems. Cell membranes are highly permeable to alcohol, so once alcohol is in the bloodstream, it can spread to almost every tissue in the body. After excessive consumption, unconsciousness can appear and extreme levels of consumption can lead to alcohol poisoning and death (a concentration in the blood of 0.55% will kill half the population). Death can be caused by asphyxia if vomiting, a frequent result of excessive eating, obstructs the trachea and the individual is too drunk to respond.An appropriate first aid response to an unconscious and drunk person is to put them in a recovery position.
Intoxication often leads to a lowering of one's inhibitions, and intoxicated people will do things they would not do while sober, often ignoring social, moral, and legal considerations. The term intoxication is typically used in legal proceedings when a crime has been committed while intoxicated.
13.1 Action on the brain
Ethanol is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream, reaching the brain and the rest of the body's cells. As a small molecule, it is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier of the brain. For reasons that are still being investigated, the arrival of alcohol in the brain causes the release of dopamine and endorphin into the bloodstream, which produces euphoria. Later, the depressive effect caused by alcohol is due to the fact that it acts on potassium BK channels, which are calcium dependent. Ethanol enhances the activity of BK channels, which decreases the excitability of the neuron. Ethanol acts on the neurotransmitter GABA, although it has been questioned whether this is really a direct consequence of the effect produced on BK channels.The effects on GABA are similar to those produced by anxiolytics such as diazepam and benzodiazepan. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which means that it slows or inhibits nerve impulses. Ethanol increases the effectiveness of GABA by acting through GABA receptors
When used for a long period of time, ethanol changes the number and type of GABA receptors, which is responsible for violent changes in the individual's behavior. Ethanol intervenes in the synapse causing the death of nerve cells. This death is due to the increase in the intracellular concentration of calcium, which has several effects, including the secretion of proteases, which degrade cellular proteins.
14. Delirium tremens
Delirium tremens - Latin phrase meaning "trembling delirium" - is called a morbid state associated with acute alcoholic intoxication (by ethanol), although it also appears as a complication in intoxication by benzodiazepines and barbiturates. It only occurs in individuals with a long history of alcohol consumption. Some sources suggest that delirium tremens commonly manifests itself around 18 to 24 hours after alcohol intake has been stopped, although others indicate that it occurs within 72 to 96 hours after last drinking, resolving within 3 to 5 days, and that can appear even in the process of alcohol intake.
The symptoms include strong uncontrollable tremors in the extremities, as well as intense terrifying hallucinations (sudden attacks of insects, rats…). In contrast to the hallucinations of schizophrenia, which are auditory, in delirium tremens they are basically visual.
Delirium tremens is also characterized by presenting neuropsychiatric components such as confusion, agitation, and signs of autonomic hyperactivity, such as mydriasis, diaphoresis, tachycardia, and tachypnea.
About 5% of acute alcohol poisonings cause this syndrome. As in the case of other similar poisonings, it can be fatal. Mortality is around 35% if not treated in time. But prompt treatment reduces this rate to 5%.
Possibly, psychological factors are also responsible for the syndrome.
Treatment is usually based on sedatives such as diazepam (Valium) or oxazepam, and in some cases antipsychotics, such as haloperidol, are also administered until symptoms subside. If the patient is epileptic, the seizures are treated together.
CHAPTER III. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALCOHOL AND VIOLENCE
1. Introduction
In the past, society almost always excused men for committing violent acts against women when they were drunk. However, nowadays people no longer accept such behavior as normal.
Alcohol and domestic violence have a few things in common:
- Both can be passed down from generation to generation. Both involve denial and minimization of the problem. Both can cause the abuser and victim to feel isolated. Both stem from a need for power and control.
2. How the Violence Starts
The destructive habit of drinking and violence in the home can exist before marriage. Bad habits can start on teenage dating days, sometimes after observing that parents exhibit the same behaviors.
Whenever destructive drinking and violence occur, one partner is exercising power and control over the other.
A woman who becomes a victim of abuse is at risk of abusing alcohol and other drugs to escape the pain and shame of the abuse. Some abusive partners force a woman to drink or take drugs under the threat of further violence. Most women don't realize that drinking alcohol (in any amount) puts them at risk for violence.
Alcohol can be connected to domestic violence, even if one does not cause the other. Not all men who abuse alcohol become violent. Some men are violent whether they drink or not.
3. Cycle of Violence
Domestic violence usually occurs in cycles. If nothing is done to stop it, violence can repeat itself from generation to generation. Violence also occurs cyclically in the stages of a relationship between two people. The stages include:
3.1 The Honeymoon Phase
Both couples display their best behavior and share a sense of excitement and novelty. Gifts are exchanged. Alcohol can be present only in social or romantic settings. There is no true increase in the habit of drinking.
3.2 The Tension Creation Phase
After several months or a year, the woman feels tension building up and notices signs of temperament or criticism from her partner. She may try to minimize problems and tends to feel like she is "walking on eggshells." In some, but not all abusive relationships, the man may begin to drink excessively. As tension builds, alcohol abuse can become a problem, playing a major role in verbal attacks and minor violence. Some women can drink to decrease tension.
3.3 The Serious Abuse Phase
At this stage, the resulting violence can be severe, requiring medical attention for fractures, cuts, and burns. A man who abuses both alcohol and his partner may begin to rely on alcohol to ease his feelings of helplessness, guilt, and tension. Women can also use alcohol to escape physical and emotional pain.
After an episode of violence, a man's behavior can change dramatically. It becomes charming, which leads to the next phase.
3.4 The repentance phase
The man feels guilty for the violence and asks for forgiveness. It behaves similarly to when they were in the early days of the relationship. He tells the woman how much he loves her and how much he needs her. If you have been abusing alcohol, you can stop drinking. Whether alcohol is involved, in any abusive relationship, the honeymoon phase eventually leads to the next cycle of violence.
4. The Importance of Recognizing the Problem
Families experiencing alcohol and physical abuse have a strong need to deny the problem. People who do not experience problems directly also need to acknowledge the problem in their communities. An estimated 3 million children between the ages of 3 and 17 are at risk of exposure to parental violence each year.
Many people are unaware of the impact alcohol and domestic abuse have on children. Children can be hopeless and helpless.
They live in fear and shame. Babies may not thrive or feel estranged from their caregivers. Children could record their trauma physically. They may complain of stomachaches, headaches, and trouble sleeping. Children can also be neglected because their physical needs are not being met and
emotional. Older children may become aggressive, depressed, or do poorly in school. Also, children can become addicted to alcohol or drugs to escape their home life.
Teen Dating Violence
Alcohol plays a big role in abusive relationships between teens. Plus
60 percent of sexual assaults involve alcohol. Indeed, one in four adolescents will experience sexual or non - sexual abuse by the time they finish school or reach 21 years of age. Abusive relationships between teens follow the same patterns as older couples. However, the effects of violence on adolescent girls can include:
- Eating disorders Alcohol and drug use Difficulties sleeping; stress-related physical illness Depression; suicidal tendencies; Greater isolation from friends Lack of concentration and poor grades in school.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
- Alcoholism constitutes a social problem since it has a negative impact on the lives of a considerable segment of the population. For its study and understanding, we can analyze it through two functions: the manifest and the latent. We also corroborate the conclusions issued by scholars on the subject, agreeing with them that it has a great social impact, which is reflected in the repeated and always increasing violence against children and spouses, attacks on neighbors and friends, fights, damage to property. social, divorces (constituting one of the main causes of this). In addition, there are social factors that influence the prevalence of alcoholism as a social problem such as: a favorable social environment, the consumption and acquisition of alcoholic beverages,avoidance of problems that affect the individual and socio-cultural traditions favorable to consumption Violence is deliberate behavior that results, or may result, in physical or psychological harm to other human beings, or more commonly to other animals or things (vandalism) and it is associated, although not necessarily, with aggression, since it can also be psychological or emotional, through threats or offenses. Some forms of violence are sanctioned by law or society, others are crimes. Different societies apply different standards regarding the forms of violence that are or are not accepted. Although the relationship between alcohol consumption and the different manifestations of violence has been recognized for centuries,It is in the last 20 years that systematic research has been carried out to explore the causal bases of this relationship and the processes that underlie it. The investigations carried out present an extensive review of data that verify the relationship between alcohol consumption and domestic violence, including results obtained in cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental studies, as well as in investigations based on specific events and studies with a population of alcoholics in treatment. From this review it is concluded that alcohol is a factor that contributes to domestic violence but not a sufficient or necessary cause for it.The relationship between alcohol and violence is conditional: it is the drink in combination with other factors that What is in game.The relationship does not necessarily operate in the brain of a perpetrator; consumption by the victim is often another factor in the causal chain. More generally, the relationship operates through consumption as a cultural and circumstantial practice. Although the strength of this relationship varies from one population to another, current evidence indicates that such a relationship exists in a wide range of cultural contexts.
The influence of the consumption pattern on various health and social problems means that the attributable risk may vary between two societies or groups to the same extent that the volume and pattern of consumption varies. Furthermore, when it comes to violence, it is ethnographically clear that people of different cultures behave differently under the influence of a similar amount of alcohol. This implies that an intoxicated subject is not only subject to the effect of individual and situational factors, he is also under the influence of specific cultural expectations and patterns.
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