Introduction
At present, the legacy of thinkers and researchers in relation to strengthening the administration is enormous; Since ancient times, each individual, through teamwork and the operation of a whole to achieve a goal, contributed so that today's science allows many organizations the growth, development, positioning and sustainability in globalized markets in the World economy
Within this work, the contributions of those who are currently considered the main Gurus of management theory are presented, from primitive, agricultural, middle ages, modern and contemporary times, brief mention is made of the works they carried out by which they are recognized. It is widely favorable to know the main works carried out in the administration, to master the terms, definitions, practices and operation thereof, all of the above allows the employer, manager and / or manager to understand the responsibility of their actions and activities, the importance of their decisions and, of course, it is very useful as a basis and / or foundation in making decisions.
The application of the theories provided to which reference is made in this work are not only limited to for-profit companies, but also to those that do not pursue profit-making purposes, but that undoubtedly belong to an organizational system and environment.
Meaning of Guru
Guru is considered the individual who has great gifts, abilities and intelligence, from which he is recognized and respected when he is considered a teacher or guide (Española, 2011). During the existence of humanity and their activities, several management gurus have been recognized, who have given themselves the task of investigating the science of management and contributing to it to continue growing, innovating and developing new knowledge and theories.
Primitive time
The principles of administration date back to primitive times, in those times the inhabitants were organized by tribes, which were assigned tasks of hunting, fishing, it is from these ideas that the work of individuals in group terms begins to be visualized for the achievement of a general objective.
• Division of labor by age and sex.
• Begin group work for homework.
• Principles of administration.
Agricultural time
It began from the use of the soil for the cultivation of flowers and food, which allowed the abandonment of the nomadic activities of the settlers, thus being agriculture the main form of livelihood during this period.
• The sedentary life begins.
• Emergence of the state.
• The growth of cultures begins.
Greco-Latin period
Within this period, slavery arose, a method by which civilizations subjected the people they employed in their activities, slavery at some point was functional but being a means of repression and physical punishment for non-compliance and / or disobedience of the laws. tasks, the level of productivity was zero as there was discontent and dissatisfaction in the slaves, cultures such as the Roman were the main examples of the representativeness of these activities.
• Emergence of slavery
• Excessive supervision
• Means of labor control, physical punishment
China
There were four ancient empires that presented the most progress in administrative development: the Egyptian, the Greek, the Roman and the Chinese. In China, the thinker Confucius presented and carried out the elements of growth in the administrative sector, he worked in politics and the state in a large number of tasks and positions.
The main contributions of Confucius in the administration were:
• Impartiality in government
• Elimination of favoritism
• Formation of a ruling spirit
• Promote the commercial prosperity of the population
• Undertake prudently and without individualism
• Apply ethical standards in political and government work
• Analysis of the performance of local governments for its application on a larger scale
“Following the example of his colleague, another author of the administrative currents in China was Micius or Moti, who presented similarities in the governmental aspect but differences in elements of idealistic thoughts; later Chou used material elaborated by Confucius from which he relied to establish rules and other regulations ”. In conclusion, the contributions of these gurus of Chinese origin allowed a largely satisfactory governmental development.
Greece
Among the Greek administrative contributions, the most outstanding are those of Socrates (469 to 399 BC) who, after many analyzes and debates with his contemporary thinkers colleagues, had as the main administrative thought the performance of administrative activity as a personal capacity of the individual who performs government work and is not a direct part of professional and / or empirical training.
Plato was another thinker who developed thoughts in favor of administrative development, one of the main thoughts on this issue was the following: the individual skills of workers give way to specialization of work. He located the role that man plays within an organization such as the government, in the same way that he made treaties on social justice.
Another contribution of Plato was a book called The Republic, within which the following aspects were raised:
• Administration in representative markets
• The element of job specialization
• Systematization of the types of government such as democracy, the oligarchy and the aristocracy.
• Categorization of social classes such as: Gold, the government; Silver the warriors, Bronze, workers and merchants.
Aristotle
Within Aristotle's contributions, ethics occupies a very important place. He also wrote a book called "Politics" where he establishes forms for government administration and classified the government in political spheres such as democracy and monarchy.
Pericles
He prepared works related to the election of workers in organizations, he also decreed regulations that delimited citizenship in order to identify foreigners and citizens by birth.
Rome
The Roman civilization made great contributions in terms of organization, it projected all of this with its own example, by achieving unsuspected successes. Roman culture presented three stages, beginning as a republican civilization, to later be led by empires, which led to the centralization of power and decisions over the people, without them being able to express themselves freely, which is why the fall came of the Roman people. An important characteristic of this time is the presence and strength of Catholicism in government and decisions.
Within the conditions of Catholicism was the rejection of profit, in search of an honorable business relationship, obviously there were thinkers who were against this unprofitable position for businessmen, the main thinkers of this ideology Max Weber, B. Franklin and Martin Luther.
Max weber
• Protestant ethics and the capitalist spirit
This work analyzes the values and proposals of the churches relating them to the work elements of capitalism.
Martin Luther
Luther links religion with professional activity, since he considered as a design or mission imposed by God the profession that each person was going to carry out within the capitalist environment.
Middle Ages
Regarding the Middle Ages, a better organization can be found, feudalism and a decentralized government evolves.
Feudal era
This era was characterized by the presence of a labor service system in charge of the feudal lords who controlled the tasks and activities of the servants. After the boom of this time, the system of service was broken, the worker going from carrying out independent tasks to organizing to form organizations (worth the redundancy) of the family system, also labor regulation unions began to emerge (the emergence of unions).
• The service arises as an employment relationship
• Independence from easement
• Training of artisans
• Origin of unions and guilds
Friar luca paccioli
Paccioli was the creator of the well-known double entry applicable in the accounting world in 1494, in addition to providing tools for the application of controls in the administration.
Thomas More
The characteristics of Moro's treatise are to some extent utopian questions, it establishes the creation of an ideal state, proposes specialization in tasks and the greater use of the labor force. It also exhorts the working class and the bourgeoisie to better manage resources and find useful opportunities for them.
Nicholas Machiavelli
Italian historian and politician
• His main works: The prince (1532), speeches and the art of war
Within his work the prince makes known the conditions by means of which a ruler manages to achieve power and authority in the environment of politics and maintain it under any situation. What gave him the well-known fame of evil, resulting in the term Machiavellianism colloquially associated with works or actions carried out far from the moral framework and values. It also contributes to the organization of the government and the use of leadership as a tool of the political sector to achieve the objectives and the formation of tactics sometimes considered unethical.
James Stuart
During 1767 he collaborated with the work of the source of authority, the use of techniques such as automation and its benefits, in addition to considering the roles of the working class and their leaders to know their performance and the necessary requirements to understand them better.
Modern era
Industrial Revolution
During this period, manual work was revolutionized thanks to the discovery of tools and means that accelerated production and promoted specialization and the art of producing in volume, even so there were many imbalances and protection gaps in the labor sector. Due to the need to monitor and control the industry of this time, the assistance of specialized people was necessary and it is for this reason that the birth of different types of administrative and labor thoughts and theories originated.
• The heyday of industrial tools
• Growth of competition
• Displacement of manual production by industrial
• Specialization in tasks
• The worker as an element of society and production
• Emergence of specialists in production machines and tools
The administration is constantly being renewed in terms of processes and thoughts, each author has his own current and thought that contributes to administrative thinking and the growth of companies in the application of said knowledge.
Adam Smith
“He made contributions to classical economics, and made a work that earned him prestige and recognition: The Wealth of Nations, which was published in 1776 and in which he offered economic tools such as the division of labor to achieve productivity, the result of the skill and experience of workers in processes and tasks ”(El prisma, 2009).
Smith is considered the father of economics for his work The Wealth of Nations and his method "let go, let go."
James Watt
He designed and created the steam engine which revolutionized the industry, mainly in England because it contributed to the evolution of the conditions of the production processes, increasing the productivity of companies and therefore the profits of entrepreneurs.
The Industrial Revolution led to socio-economic, technological and cultural transformation in Great Britain and later the entire world; Transportation routes were expanded, and railroads were the highest-paying business of the 19th century. This Industrial Revolution has two eras:
• 1770 to 1860: The chroniclers reveal that it is the first industrial revolution where coal and iron were the main resource.
• 1860 to 1914 This period of time is known as the second industrial revolution where steel replaces coal and electricity replaces steam.
Charles Babbage
He is widely known as the father of computing, among the main works he did are:
Henry Varnum Poor
He applied the use of principles and elements of administration in the work processes of railways, due to problems in the rails that were expanding alarmingly. Varnum established that those in charge of the administration of this type of transport should be governed by three important principles: Organization, communication and information, the first being the most important (George, 2005).
Daniel C. McCallum
He worked together with Henry Varnum to apply his experiences and concepts in his position in a railway company, in which he used the recognized organizational chart of hierarchical levels by establishing it as a model of organization in communication and activities, through which he allowed to know the role and authority of managers and decision-making within organizations.
Classic approach to administration
It is made up of scientific management and classical management theory.
Scientific administration
Frederick taylor
He is known as the father of scientific management. The purpose pursued by Taylor was to increase the production of companies by improving the efficiency of work activities and increasing the salaries of employees based on the scientific procedure (Koontz & Heinz, 2001).
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
Frank is credited with time studies and Lillian, being a famous psychologist in the industrial sector, made humanistic contributions in labor processes and in the perception of characteristics of the workforce and its requirements for performance.
The main contributions in the administration of this marriage are presented in detail below (Hernández and Rodríguez, 2006).
Henry L. Gantt
Engineer in the mechanical area by profession and disciple of Taylor, with whom he collaborated for approximately fourteen years in carrying out work for industrial-type organizations. The main research activities carried out by Gantt established control analysis and planning of the processes through the use of graphs, which today are widely known as Gantt charts, which until today are used to carry out plans in activities; Gantt also carried out a task bonus system based on the humanistic approach (González, 2009).
Harrington Emerson
An engineer by profession and pioneer in research on the selection and training of industrial operators, he contributed with contributions on the subject of performance principles to increase productivity; which gave way to goal-based management.
Classical management theory
This school arises with two authors: Henri Fayol and Wilfredo Pareto
Henri Fayol
He is widely recognized as the father of modern administrative theory, classified industrial area activities into six sections:
Wilfrido Pareto
Engineer of Italian origin, his main contribution is the “ Pareto principles ”, from which proofs were made related to the fact that the presence of twenty percent of variables causes eighty percent of the effects.
Behavioral or human relations sciences
This current contains elements based on treatises on psychology, sociology; From which the aim is to achieve efficiency in personnel management.
Hugo Munsterberg
This author made contributions to the administration from the execution of psychology in the industrial and administrative areas.
Walter Dill Scott
During the year 1911 he carried out the culmination of his investigations concerning the immersion of psychology in matters of advertising, commerce and human resources.
Max weber
His greatest contribution was the theory of bureaucracy.
Elton Mayo and FJ Roethlisberger
Mayo is distinguished as the father of the social processes approach in management. His main contribution was in 1933 when they carried out the well-known analyzes in the Hawthorne industrial base of the Western Electric company, through which the impact of attitudes and social development of labor groups on their performance in the organization could be verified.
School of the social system
Within this school, the administrative area is analyzed from a social analysis or intercultural development (Munch Galindo, 2001).
Max weber
He did research on government labor zones in Germany, better known as the theory of bureaucracy.
Oliver Sheldon
He focused on areas of directives and control of the administrative process found in the industry, specifically in the productive sector.
Chester barnard
He contributed his knowledge in the social and psychological aspect in his performance as an administrative manager in the Jersey Bell telephone company, he demonstrated the importance and participation of the formal and informal organization in the organization.
Management gurus in Mexico
Isaac Guzmán Valdivia (1906-1992).
Born in Guanajuato, he received a law degree and a notary public; He was the founder of professions such as Industrial Relations where his administrative legacy is summarized as:
• The country is superimposed on any group and / or social class of power.
• Freedom and security contribute to the development of the person with decorum.
• The work of human resources is not a commodity, it is a right and an obligation for any citizen.
• Private property protects the country's production.
José Antonio Fernández Arena
Born in Mexico City, he has a degree in Accounting and Business Administration, he served as director of the Faculty of Accounting and Administration of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, within his contribution is having broken with the traditional teaching scheme from modular education.
At present there are great thinkers who continue to contribute and revolutionize the administration and the business world, within the main Gurus of contemporary times are the following.
Development of a study to know and identify the impact of the contributions made by the gurus in the organizations analyzed.
Development of a quality program based on the administrative theories of the Gurus today.
Analysis of the organizational impact of modern administrative practices today.
objective
Develop a quality program based on the main contributions of the most outstanding gurus of today, based on the theories that are considered to have the greatest impact on an organization.
Conclusions
This paper maintains the essence of presenting the main exponents of the administrative area and the outstanding works that to date each of the contributions to the administration have motivated and achieved that companies position themselves in global markets and achieve social recognition and of success in economic performance
It was also possible to verify the development of administrative economic thinking as well as its evolution, we are all part of an organization at some point in our lives, whether as clients, employees, managers; That is why it is always important to know the reference margin to undertake actions or changes relevant to the achievement of business objectives.
Each contribution of the different authors has a unified essence in the progress of science, but each with a unique approach and perspective. Today the Gurus of the modern era create new knowledge and experiences taking into account their organizational performance as CEOs, private, governmental and / or researchers.
Bibliography
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George, JC (2005). History of administrative thought. Mexico: Perason Education.
González, CB (2009). Administration I. Xalapa: General Directorate of Baccalaureate.
Hernández and Rodríguez, S. (2006). Introduction to administration. Korea: McGraw-Hill.
Koontz, H., & Heinz, W. (2001). Management a global perspective. Mexico: McGrawHill.
Munch Galindo, GM (2001). Administration Fundamentals. Mexico: Trillas.
