Why attract the lightning strike to an area that we want to protect? - Wouldn't it be better to avoid the discharge and concentrate it in undeveloped or industrial areas?

We will try to answer these questions in this work. We will talk about lightning and electric shocks, the problems they cause, human sensitive activities to electrical activity, etc., and we will finish with the protection systems that we currently have.

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It is well known that the climate is changing little by little, either due to natural or anthropogenic causes or both at the same time. The expression "time is crazy" is increasingly accentuated. Among other phenomena and climatological disasters we can point out the progressive increase in storms, as well as their intense electricity (1, See references).

Every day around the world there are about 44,000 storms and more than 8,000,000 lightning strikes are generated according to the global meteorological detection system.

Almost all natural discharges start inside the clouds and progress in the form of a tree with different branches, some are compensated with negative charges and the others with positive charges; in their path they carry electric currents that can reach, on average, 30,000 Amps at maximum values higher than 300,000 Amps for millionths of a second with potentials that have been estimated at values that exceeded 15 million volts, giving off a thermal energy greater than the 8,000 degrees, as an atypical reference in Spain on August 7, 1992 in a single day 32,000 lightning strikes fell according to the Ray remote sensing service of the National Institute of meteorology

Lightning strikes have caused around 2,000 deaths in Spain, from 1941 to 1979 (1.6 deaths per year and one million inhabitants). The National Meteorological Institute has had a modern network since 1992 that allows lightning strikes to be detected throughout the national territory.

There is no doubt about the great danger associated with the lightning phenomenon along with its destructive effects due to direct or indirect impact; For this reason, we are sensitizing the population to review the needs for protection from the direct impact of lightning and the effectiveness of current lightning rod systems.

In this article we will refer to lightning, what are the electrical discharges generated between the cloud and the earth.

Prevention. It is everyone's responsibility, the need for effective lightning protection is evident in many human activities. We have to protect ourselves, we do not have to excite or attract the brutal lightning bolt. We have to transfer the atmospheric electric charge peacefully, before the lightning is formed and, thus, avoid its fall or direct impact.

Our obligation, as a company, is to inform you of some relevant issues of the lightning phenomenon and protection systems (Lightning Rods). It is convenient to analyze the current problems and the real needs for lightning protection that each of us needs according to the typology of each installation. Also, we want to publicize the different operating principles of some lightning rods.

Lightning: its effects, electrical repercussions and some direct protection systems (lightning rods)

Lightning is the electrical reaction caused by the saturation of electrostatic charges that have been generated and accumulated progressively during the activation of the electrical phenomenon of a storm. During a few fractions of seconds, the accumulated electrostatic energy is converted during discharge into electromagnetic energy (visible lightning and noise interference), acoustic energy (thunder), and finally heat. The lightning phenomenon is represented randomly from an atmospheric electric potential (10/45 kV), between two points of attraction of different polarity and equal potential to compensate for the charges.

The lightning charge density is proportional to the saturation of electrostatic charge in the area. The higher the charge density, the greater the risk of generating a leader and then a lightning strike.

The leader or step leader (Step Leader) is the tracer that will guide the discharge of the beam to the area where it is generated. The ray tends to follow a prepared path , it is the concentration of electron transfer (10.000 Culombios por segundos) en un punto concreto para compensar las cargas electroestáticas de signos opuestos. Durante su generación y en función de la transferencia de carga, el fenómeno se puede representar (Efecto Corona) en forma de chispas eléctricas generalmente de color verde-azul y con fuerte olor a ozono (ionización del aire). No es constante ni estable y puede viajar y moverse en función de los puntos calientes de ionización (fuego de Sant Elmo). Cuando se visualiza este fenómeno, el campo eléctrico-Atmosférico de alta tensión es tan grande que los pelos de la piel se ponen de punta hacia arriba y la descarga de rayo se puede representar.

The intensity of the lightning discharge is variable and will depend on the critical moment of the rupture of the air resistance between the two transfer points. It will also be influenced by the resistance of the materials exposed in series, such as: earth, rock, wood, iron, lightning rod installations, earthing, etc.

Air is not a perfect insulator, its dielectric strength before breakdown is 3kV / mm and varies proportionally with height.

The breakdown of the dielectric of the air will also vary according to the degree of atmospheric pollution, temperature, humidity, pressure and natural or not electromagnetic radiation.

The beam can carry an electron charge in less than a second equivalent to 100 million ordinary light bulbs, the average value per beam is 20GW of power.

The direction of the lightning discharge is generally 80% cloud-to-ground (negative lightning), 10% are ascending ground-to-cloud discharge (positive lightning). The positive ray discharges are usually more intense than the negative ones (2, See references).

The lightning path can be chaotic, charged electrical environments will always predominate, although studies of the atmospheric electric field on the ground determine that the distribution of charges on the ground is not static, but is dynamic as it spawns and randomly generates sparks at different geographical points at the same time, the intensity and location of the field changes radically. The lightning strike zone cannot be guaranteed once formed without adequate protection.

E l level risk of lightning is called keraunic level, it is measured by the number of days of lightning activity per year and km ², they only levels are reference as they tend to be highly variable, some are kept for longer by characteristics of the environmental and telluric context, the average has to be valued at least every 5 years, in Greek "Keraunos" means lightning. Lightning strikes can be tracked on different virtual maps. There are several portals where we can see lightning activity almost in real time at the national and European level, for example in

Spain: National Institute of Meteorology.

France: Météorage, from the Météo France group.

Isocratic lines are measurement indicators of a specific area that determines different risk areas.

The storm seasons are getting bigger and more active, the graph represents the evolution of storm days and lightning strikes over a period of 6 years in the geographical area of Las Pardines (1,503 meters above sea level) in the Principality of Andorra. (3, See references).

Years	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	Total
Month								month
one	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
two	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
4	0	0	one	0	0	one	0	two
5	3	0	one	one	one	0	4	10
6	0	one	13	one	0	8	5	28
7	0	4	one	one	eleven	13	13	43
8	7	eleven	3	two	one	22	5	51
9	two	4	one	one	0	8	fifteen	31
10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
eleven	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
12	one	0	0	0	0	0	0	one
Total / year	13	twenty	twenty	6	13	52	42	166

Storms generate dangerous electrical charges per square kilometer within stormy cloud cores, especially in high mountains with predominantly dry climates (= <32% RH). The potential difference between the cloud base and the ground increases progressively by ionizing the air in the great space of time, the reference values are of the order of one hundred million volts and the value of the electrostatic field on the ground is 10 kV for each meter elevation above the surface of the earth. Compensation for electrostatic charge is transferred in two ways. One is peacefully due to the flow of electrons in a large geographic area (Km ²) and in a long period of time (minutes) without visualizing the lightning discharge to ground. The other is due to the large concentration of electron transfer in a short space of time, meters ² / seconds.

In the high-keráunico areas, the transfer of this energy is represented in the form of a lightning bolt with impacts to the ground to compensate for the high-voltage electric field that has been generated.

Their efects.

The human body is a bioelectric machine, electrically polarized and all the electromagnetic activity in the environment affects us. Each lightning strike generates a dangerous electromagnetic radiation or pulse for people.

Artificial electromagnetic fields disturb the earth's natural magnetism and the human body undergoes changes in its normal biological rhythms, and may succumb to different diseases.

These phenomena are under study, since they can affect the cell membrane from a large exposure in a short time; depending on the absorbed radiation, our nervous and cardiovascular systems may be affected.

Today it is proven that low-frequency electrical currents with densities greater than 10 mA / m2 affect humans, not only the nervous system but can also produce extrasystoles.

Any radiation greater than 0.4W / kg cannot be properly adsorbed by the body. The sudden increase of 1 degree in the body can produce adverse biological effects, this phenomenon can be represented by gigahertz or microwave radiation. (4. see references).

The following information is an excerpt from Doctor Cauman Laurent's doctoral thesis in Medicine, "Accidents due to fulmination", in French "Les accidents de la fulguration". (5. see references).

Direct lightning strikes are destructive and deadly

When the lightning strikes a point, it generates various effects due to the disproportionate and devastating energy transferred. The affected phenomena will be of different severity depending on the intensity of the discharge.

Impacted phenomena:

Optical.Acoustic.Electrochemical.Thermic.Electrodynamic.Electromagnetic.

Indirect lightning strikes are very dangerous, generating strong stresses.

The distance and potential of the discharge will generate different effects that will directly affect the human body.

We summarize the different physical effects that can cause people, if we are within a radius of action of less than 120 meters from the impact-

Physical effects:

Burns to the skin, rupture of the eardrum, injuries to the retina, fall to the ground due to a shock wave, fall to the ground due to muscle seizure due to a light stress, lung injuries and post-traumatic stress, death from:
1. Cardiac arrest, Respiratory arrest, Brain injuries.

Extract from Doctor Cauman Laurent's doctoral thesis in Medicine.

Electric repercussions:

The potential and amount of lightning discharges are random across the planet, but each time there is an increasing trend due to different climatic changes. Solar flares are some of the causes of the increase in the saturation of the charge in the atmosphere (6. see reference)

During solar storms our planet is relentlessly hit by ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and torrents of charged particles, which distorts the magnetic field and induces powerful electric currents into the atmosphere, a maximum solar activity is expected for the year 2012. (7. see reference).

During lightning strikes, inductions and couplings are generated in electrical and communication lines, all sensitive electronic equipment within a range of 120 meters may be affected by an induced overvoltage. Depending on the lightning discharge intensity, the earth connections do not adsorb all of the potential energy discharged in less than 1 second, generating electrical returns from the earth connection inside the electrical installation. This phenomenon can generate dangerous voltages if the installations are not prepared for this purpose.

It must be taken into account that all materials or ground contact points have different values of electrical behavior, their own electrical resistance can vary considerably depending on environmental conditions and their mineral composition (values = <a 5 Ω, at values => 3000 Ω). The minimum values recorded at the time of a discharge is from tens of kA to maximum values recorded of 300 kA in a single impact.

Lightning strikes generate a strong amplitude current wave on overhead cables, which propagates over the network creating a high-energy overvoltage.

For example, if we apply Ohm's Law, and taking an average value of the impact of a lightning strike to earth of 30 kA (30,000 Amps) and a value of the resistance of the earth connection of 10 Ω (ohms), then we have Some energy results that will circulate through the earth cable to the physical earth connection of 300,000 Volts (High Voltage) and 9,000,000 kW (High Radiation Energy.

The consequences: Destruction of material, premature aging of sensitive electronic components, malfunction of the equipment connected to the beef with the danger of fire.

We put below some reference values of the lightning phenomenon:

Voltage between cloud and a grounded object ………………….1. to 1,000. kV. Discharge intensities ……………………………………….5 to 300 KAdi / dt…. ………………………………………. ………… 7.5 kA / s at 500kA / s Frequency ……………………………………………………..1 K Hz to 1 M Hz. Time …………………………..10 Microseconds to 100. Milliseconds. Temperature above …………………….27,000 degrees Celsius. Propagation ……………………………………….340 meters per second. Electrostatic range per meter of elevation. Over the surface

of the earth ……………………………………………………………………. 10 kV.

Lightning strikes many deaths in the world, in Brazil alone one hundred people die each year . It is one of the countries most affected by the direct death of people caused by lightning, according to Brazilian researchers, it is equivalent to 10 percent of the world total. (8, see references)

Some statistics of damage in France caused by lightning.

We have taken the data from the Météorage portal that we quote below:

www.meteorage.fr/meteorage.fr/foudre_phenomene_physique6.html

An average of 1,000,000 lightning strikes per year. The annual cost of lightning damage is estimated at millions of € uros. More and more people die, between 8 and 15 deaths per year.More than 20,000 animals killed, 000 lightning strikes, of which 15,000 caused fires, and 10,000 electric meters were destroyed, 250 bell towers affected.

Different lightning protection systems

Introduction

In 1747 B. Franklin began his experiments on electricity. He advanced a possible Leyden bottle theory, defended the hypothesis that storms are an electrical phenomenon, and proposed an effective method to prove it. His theory was published in London and tested in England and France before he even carried out his famous experiment with a kite in 1752. He invented the lightning rod and presented the so-called unique fluid theory to explain the two types of atmospheric electricity, the positive and negative. Since then, the lightning rod has evolved with different technologies, some of them, maintaining the principle of ionization by peak effect from a natural electric field.

all lightning rods that end in one or more points have as their principle the excitation and capture of the beam. To a greater or lesser degree, they generate secondary effects of electrostatic and electromagnetic contamination that affect electrical installations and equipment with the possible destruction, which is why lightning rod manufacturers recommend additional protections in internal installations to minimize the effects of temporary voltage surges. (over voltage) in electrical, telecommunications, audiovisual and any other equipment that contains sensitive electronics, during the lightning discharge in the lightning rod.

During the industrial revolution, there were no electronic technologies as sensitive as current ones, if we look around us, few are the electrical or electromechanical equipment that does not have an electronic control system incorporated to facilitate the processes that we use in our daily lives, all of them They incorporate electronic components that are increasingly reduced and sensitive to variations in voltage and frequency. It is evident that they are affected by environmental electrical pollution and depend on the continuity and quality of the electricity supply or the communication of information, for this reason sources that generate electromagnetic disturbances must be avoided as much as possible,such as nearby lightning strikes or Franklin-type lightning rod installations or PDCs (Lightning Arresters with Priming Device) that excite and attract lightning strikes within industrial or urban centers.Others use the atmospheric electric field during a storm to transfer the system's charge peacefully without causing discharge (CTS).

Some of the lightning rod regulations

The current standards related to the regulatory installations of lightning rods, aim to protect lightning, safeguard the lives of people and animals along with their properties and note that to a greater or lesser degree, they accept that there is no absolute protection against phenomenon of thunderstorms, but only adequate protection. (9. see reference)

The regulations leave open the possibility of applying other protection systems, where the need for solutions for lightning protection is particularly more demanding.

Laboratory lightning rod tests.

Experimental tests in a technical high voltage laboratory , only have to use technically and comparative reference for the manufacturer can check the technical effectiveness of the air head (captures-rays or arrester) is carried assay.

It will never be possible to represent, in a technical laboratory, all the variable parameters of natural phenomena that are closely involved in the transfer, excitation and discharge of lightning.

The parameters and procedures that are currently used in a high voltage technical laboratory are fixed within a protocol and technical characteristics. The test setup has nothing to do with the very different lightning rod setups. In the field of application of a lightning rod installation, many environmental phenomena intervene and different geographical contexts, architectural forms, materials that can interfere positively or negatively in the transfer, excitation and discharge of lightning energy.

The experimental test of a lightning rod in a high-voltage technical laboratory does not include the rest of the components of a lightning rod installation, that is, the mast, the supports, the electrical conductor, the grounding, etc.

The efficacy tests of a lightning protection system must be carried out in the field of application and verify that they meet the objective for which the entire installation of a lightning rod installation has been designed, monitoring in real time of the lightning phenomenon and periodic maintenance checks.

We summarize some of the operating principles of some Lightning Attracts and Lightning Stops

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If we want to capture the lightning (Lightning Attractant) we will pay attention to some types of Franklin type lightning rod or PDC (Lightning rod with Priming device) that base their operating principle on passive or active ionization of air to excite the load, and create a open path to capture the lightning discharge and channel its potential energy through a cable to the electrical ground.

Ionizing lightning rods.

Lightning rod that ionizes the air and captures the lightning discharge ( lightning striker):

They stand out for being electrodes finished in one or more points.They are installed in the highest part of the installation and connected to ground. They are divided into:
- - Passive ionizers (A-1, see below) Semi-Active (A-2, see below).
During the lightning discharge, High Voltage currents are generated by the upper grounding conductor, being dangerous near the lightning rod at that time.

If we otherwise wish to stop the lightning strike (lightning strikes) in a security perimeter from which we want to protect the facilities, we will decide on the new lightning arrestor technology CTS (Charge Transfer System), in Spanish Cargo Transfer System. They base their principle on deionization, the objective is to avoid the saturation of electrostatic charge in the atmosphere, specifically to peacefully compensate for the potential difference in the area during the storm formation process. With this principle, the high voltage field that generates the formation of effluvia and the excitation of the presence of lightning is avoided. The result is an electrically stable area without the influence of lightning strikes.

Passive deionizing lightning rods.

Lightning rods that deionize the air and for lightning ( lightning arresters ):

They stand out for being spherical in shape.They are installed in the highest part of the installation and connected to ground.During the process of electrostatic charging of the lightning phenomenon, the transfer of its energy to ground is transformed into a leakage current to earth, its electrical value can be recorded with an earth leakage current clamp, the maximum reading value in the middle of a storm does not exceed 250 Milli-Amps and is proportional to the electrical-Atmospheric load.

Note:.All lightning protection systems for lightning protection are installed according to particular regulations and are summarized in 3 basic elements:

The earth connection with a resistance less than 10 Ω The mast and conductor cable that connects the earth with the aerial head The lightning rod (Aerial head).

A-1. Passive Ionizing Lightning Arrester (PSF) Franklin Single Pointed (Single Lightning Strike):

Let's discuss some basic principles.

Basic characteristics. They are steel or similar material electrodes finished in one or more points, called Franklin single point, they do not have any electronic device or radioactive source. Its measurement varies depending on the model of each manufacturer, some manufacturers place a metallic system near the tip to generate a condenser effect. Its working principle.It is essentially based on channeling through the earth connection the potential difference between the cloud and the lightning rod head, the installation first leads up, through the bare earth cable, the electrical voltage generated by the storm, to compensate the difference in potential at the highest point of the facility. During the storm process, high voltage electric fields are generated that are concentrated in the most predominant points, from a magnitude of the electric field around the point or electrode, natural ionization or the corona effect appears, they are mini-disruptive discharges that ionize the air, this phenomenon is the excitation principle to trace a conductive path that will facilitate the discharge of the lightning phenomenon (Leader).

Depending on the transfer or exchange of charges, it can be seen in the PSF, tiny sparks in the form of light, audible noise to fry, radio frequency, vibrations of the conductor, ozone and other compounds. This phenomenon starts a series of electronic avalanches through the field effect, an electron ionizes an atom producing a second electron, this in turn, together with the original electron, can ionize other atoms, thus producing an avalanche that increases exponentially. Non-resulting collisions on a new electron cause excitation that results in the light phenomenon. From that moment, the air changes its gaseous characteristics to the limit of its dielectric breakdown, the lightning is the result of the saturation of charges between cloud and ground, it is responsible for transferring, in an instant, part of the accumulated energy;the process can be repeated several times.

The objective of these lightning arresters is to protect the facilities from the direct impact of lightning, exciting their charge and capturing their impact to drive their high voltage potential to the electrical ground. (Lightning rod installations are regulated by low voltage regulations).

There have been cases where the PSF tip, the thermal effect, has melted several centimeters of steel from the Franklin tip.

A-2. Semi-Active Ionizing Lightning Arresters (PDC) Lightning Arrester with Priming Device (Lightning Attract):

Basic characteristics. They are formed by electrodes of steel or similar materials finished in a tip, they incorporate an electronic system that generates an advance in the tracer priming (Leader); They do not incorporate any radioactive source, they have a sensitive electronic device made up of diodes, coils, resistors and capacitors, flooded in an insulating resin, all shielded; others incorporate a piezoelectric system. The two systems are characterized by anticipating in time the capture of the beam once the charge of the excitation device occurs. The measurements of the heads vary depending on the model of each manufacturer. Operating principle.It is essentially based on channeling through the earth connection the potential difference between the cloud and the lightning rod head. The installation first leads up the bare earth wire, the electrical voltage generated by the storm, to the highest point of the installation to compensate for the potential difference. The electronic system takes advantage of the electrical influence of the potential increase between the cloud and the earth, to self-feed the electronic circuit and excite the avalanche of electrons, the excitation of the beam is carried out by ionizing the air by repetitive impulses, as the difference of potential provided by the saturation of electric-atmospheric charges appears natural ionization or corona effect, they are mini periodic discharges that ionize the air,This phenomenon is the excitation principle to trace an intermittent conductive path that will facilitate the discharge of the lightning phenomenon (Leader).

During the storm process, high voltage fields are generated that are concentrated in the most predominant points, from a magnitude of the electric field around the point or electrode, impulse ionization appears, they are small electric flows, it can be seen in the form of tiny sparks of light, audible frying noise, radio frequency, conductor vibrations, ozone and other compounds. This phenomenon starts a series of electronic avalanches through the field effect, an electron ionizes an atom producing a second electron, this in turn, together with the original electron, can ionize other atoms, thus producing an avalanche that increases exponentially. Non-resulting collisions on a new electron cause excitation that results in the light phenomenon.From that moment on, the air changes from gaseous characteristics to the limit of its dielectric breakdown, lightning is the result of saturation of charges between cloud and earth, it is responsible for transferring, in an instant, part of the energy accumulated in the atmospheric condenser (cloud-ground); the process can be repeated several times.

The PDC electronic device is connected in series between the head support and the air head

The objective of these lightning arresters is to protect the facilities from the direct impact of lightning, exciting their charge and capturing their impact to drive their high voltage potential to the electrical ground.

These teams are characterized by incorporating a priming system that anticipates the discharge of 25 to 68 ųs, micro-seconds. (PDC lightning rod installations are regulated by low voltage regulations).

The PDC lightning rod priming device.

The priming system needs a charging time to activate the electronic device that will generate an impulse, then it will carry out the same process as long as there is the supply of natural energy, this charging time of the electronic device is not counted in laboratory tests high voltage from a PDC.

In the field of application, the electronic device installed at the tip of the PDC, needs a working time to charge the priming system; During that process, the ionization effect is delayed at the tip of the PDC relative to conventional Franklin lightning rod systems.

The priming device is built with electronic components sensitive to electromagnetic fields, it is installed in the aerial head (PDC) within the influence of the thermal, electrodynamic and electromagnetic effects of lightning. In fusion of the lightning discharge intensity the destruction of the electronic device is radical, from that moment the effectiveness of the PDC is not guaranteed and the protection installation is out of service.

Some manufacturers advise checking the lightning rod's electronic circuit every time it receives an impact.

Passive deionizing lightning rod, CTS technology, Charge Transfer System, (lightning arrester).

Basic characteristics. The Electrostatic Charge Deionizing Lightning Arresters (PDCE), incorporate a charge transfer system (CTS), do not incorporate any radioactive source. It is characterized by transferring the electrostatic charge before the lightning formation, canceling the ionization phenomenon or corona effect. The lightning rod head consists of two aluminum electrodes separated by a dielectric insulator, all supported by a small stainless steel mast. Its shape is spherical and the system is connected in series with the grounding itself to transfer the electrostatic charge to ground avoiding the excitation and direct impact of the lightning strike. Its working principle. It is essentially based on channeling through the earth connection the potential difference between the cloud and the lightning rod head, the installation leads first upwards, through the bare earth cable; the electrical voltage generated by the electrical storm to the highest point of the installation, during the storm process high voltage fields are generated that are concentrated in the lower electrode (cathode -), from a magnitude of the electric field, the upper electrode (anode +) attracts opposite charges to compensate the internal potential difference of the head, during the transfer process, inside the lightning rod a current flow occurs between the anode and the cathode, this natural process cancels the corona effect on the outside of the lightning rod, not producing disruptive discharges, or audible fried noise,no radio frequency, no driver vibrations. During the process, a current leakage to ground occurs through the electrical conductor cable, the maximum values that can be recorded during the maximum activity process of the storm, do not exceed 300 milliamps. From that moment on, the environmental electric field does not exceed the breakdown voltage as it does not have enough charge to break its electrical resistance.

The objective is to avoid the direct impact in the protection zone to protect people, animals and facilities, the whole of the installation is designed to channel the energy of the process prior to the formation of lightning from the aerial head to the grounding. (The grounding and lightning conductor cables installations are regulated according to low voltage regulations)

Lightning rod installations with CTS technology cover more demanding protection needs, where conventional lightning capture systems with pointed ends are not enough.

Conclusions

New lightning protection technologies become an obvious need for the protection of people, animals and facilities: communication, audiovisual, machinery etc.

The sectors most affected by the lightning phenomenon have definitive solutions at their fingertips. The new technologies for the design of the most effective lightning protection system, fulfill the objective for which they have been designed: to protect from the impact of lightning, preventing it from falling into the protection zone.

From what we have analyzed so far we can conclude that:

Climate change is expected to generate increasingly long storm seasons with large energy potentials that will impact a trend towards greater electrical-atmospheric activity, in general, and lightning, in particular. Lightning strikes are random and their trajectory It is chaotic with a very destructive discharge potential. New electronic communications technologies simplify management or information for the user but increase the need for more effective protection. Avoiding lightning strikes is an obvious need. There is an increasing number of human activities where the impact or presence of lightning is notorious and sensitive. Franklin-type lightning arresters excite and attract lightning discharges (Lightning strikes), generating phenomena of electrical repercussion, sometimesDangerous for sensitive electronic components. PDC lightning rods excite and attract discharges (lightning strikes). They are primarily characterized by their electronic priming system incorporated in the lightning rod head. This system manages to anticipate collection in a high-voltage laboratory. of the discharge in a shorter time (microseconds), referring to the discharge of a Franklin type lightning rod, but in the field of application they have a delay of microseconds to carry out the work of charging the electronic device.This system manages to anticipate the discharge in a shorter time (microseconds) in a high-voltage laboratory, referring to the discharge of a Franklin-type lightning rod, but in the field of application they have a delay of microseconds to carry out The charging work of the electronic device.This system manages to anticipate the discharge in a shorter time (microseconds) in a high-voltage laboratory, referring to the discharge of a Franklin-type lightning rod, but in the field of application they have a delay of microseconds to carry out The charging work of the electronic device.

Some manufacturers of PDC lightning rods recommend checking the head every time a lightning strikes them, to verify the effectiveness of their electronic priming system that is incorporated and change it if necessary. The reason is the possible destruction of the electronic priming system caused by the thermal, electrodynamic and electromagnetic effects of the beam during the impact.

The certificates of high voltage laboratories that guarantee the effectiveness of the PDC system should only be used, as manufacturer's technical reference documents, not as an application in installations, since the standard does not guarantee absolute protection with these lightning protection systems and tests do not cover the entire protection installation.All the protection systems finished in one or more points that have as principle to excite and attract lightning, be they passive or active, ionize the air generating dangerous sparks and high voltage discharges, the installations of External lightning protection are regulated by low voltage regulations; These systems would have to be used outside explosion risk areas, urban or industrial areas.Its field of application would be ideal to guarantee lightning capture areas, such as forests, thus preventing a large number of fires. In urban and industrial areas they have to be protected with electrostatic charge deionizing lightning arrester systems (for lightning), where the transfer of electrostatic charge will be peacefully compensated in real time and the visual discharge of the lightning and its repercussion phenomena of couplings or inductions will not be represented.The efficiency of a system is demonstrated by meeting the objective in space which has been designed, the application in the field of work will guarantee its operation.In urban and industrial areas they have to be protected with electrostatic charge (lightning) deionizing lightning rod systems, where the transfer of electrostatic charge will be peacefully compensated in real time and the visual discharge of the lightning and its repercussed phenomena will not be represented. couplings or inductions. The effectiveness of a system is demonstrated by fulfilling in space the objective for which it has been designed, the application in the field of work will guarantee its operation.In urban and industrial areas they have to be protected with electrostatic charge (lightning) deionizing lightning rod systems, where the transfer of electrostatic charge will be peacefully compensated in real time and the visual discharge of the lightning and its repercussed phenomena will not be represented. couplings or inductions. The effectiveness of a system is demonstrated by fulfilling in space the objective for which it has been designed, the application in the field of work will guarantee its operation.It is demonstrated by fulfilling the objective for which it has been designed in space time, the application in the field of work will guarantee its operation.It is demonstrated by fulfilling the objective for which it has been designed in space time, the application in the field of work will guarantee its operation.

The big question we keep asking ourselves:

Why continue to install ionizing lightning strikes that attract lightning to an area that we want to protect?

Wouldn't it be better to install the deionizing lightning to eliminate it in our protection zone?

Information, news and updates on how to carry out an installation of lightning arresters that prevents lightning strikes and the repercussions of their phenomenon, references of installations carried out. www.rayos.info

Bibliographic references

(1) Climate change.

(2) The direction of lightning discharge.

(3) Keraunic study in an area of the Principality of Andorra.

Graphics of maximum and minimum temperature, rain and snow in the Principality of Andorra. www.rayos.info

(4) Exposure to electromagnetic fields: characteristics and restrictions to avoid damage to health.

(5) Doctoral thesis in Medicine Doctor Cauman Laurent, »Accidents due to fulmination«, in French »Les accidents de la fulguration».

(6) Solar flares are some of the causes of the increase in charge saturation in the atmosphere.

www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2002/05/10/ciencia/1020994850.html.

(7) Maximum solar activity is expected for 2012.

(8) in Brazil alone, one hundred people die each year.

(9) Report on ESE, PDC or PDA lightning rod regulations and new CT research guidelines

Surveillance networks of meteorological parameters.

The collision of the solar wind with the atmosphere alters communication networks on Earth.

Additional information and photos of meteorology.

www.meteored.com

Dynamic map of the last 24 hours on the evolution of lightning strikes across Europe Météorage.

Static map of the last 24 hours that represents the areas affected by rays with intensities and polarity, predictions, satellite, all related to meteorological information Spanish National Meteorological Institute.

Conceptual Models: Rays (MCM2) Olinda Carretro Porris Francisco Martín León Analysis and Prediction Techniques Service

Different models of lightning rod. Faculty of Exact Sciences, Engineering and Surveying - School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Department of Physics.

Side effects of atmospheric electrical activity Roy B. Carpenter, Jr. and Dr. Yinggang Tu.

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INT AR SL C / Dells Escals nº 9 301-Escaldes-Engordany, Principat d'Andorra.

Web. www.rayos.info - www.int-sl.ad (Catalan, French and Spanish).

LIGHTNING NO THANKS

Contributed by: Angel Rodríguez (Andorra) - [email protected]

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