When starting with this “Technical Data Sheet”, take as a base the experience I have developed in the management and planning of: three (3) National Systems of Protected Areas and (3) Regional Systems of Protected Areas. Of course, the above does not make me a "specialist" on the subject, but I can consider that I have the technical criteria to be able to provide some basic guidelines and foundations to guide the technicians in the Dominican Republic and the Mesoamerican region.
The “Technical Data Sheet No. 5” was also developed within the same focus as some of the previous data sheets, where the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARN) through the Undersecretariat for Protected Areas and Biodiversity and specifically the Directorate of Protected Areas, through a socialization and validation phase, can easily transform it into a "management tool" that is integrated into the "tool box" of the National System of Protected Areas of the Dominican Republic.
In this period of "planning" that occurs in the different "conservation units" that make up the SNAP-RD, it is necessary that managers, managers and government administrators, can open their vision and resume the different exercises, studies and methodologies used to generate instruments and tools that guide for the next 10 years the sustainable conservation and development of protected areas in their different management categories.
It is also important to eliminate the “paradigms” that limit coercive access to natural resources, goods and environmental services provided by protected areas in the Dominican Republic, it is important to strengthen the SNAP-RD with the proactive and proactive participation of community organizations, civil society and private initiative, changing with actions and above all decisions the negative vision on the declaration, protection and management of "protected areas".
2.Objectives
- Provide technicians and professionals of the "Service of Protected Areas" of the Dominican Republic, those conceptual foundations that allow the development of a "policy" to strengthen the National System of the Dominican Republic (SNAP-RD) in the short and medium term;
- Raise awareness among members of governmental and non-governmental organizations, civil society, programs, projects and international cooperation, that isolated planning of protected areas, although very favorable, will not be significant in the medium and long term if similar actions are not carried out at the National System level. and of the possible Regional Subsystems, in order to consolidate and / or contribute gradually to the operationalization of a "Land Use Plan" at the national level;
- Highlight the need to systematize the different management, planning, management and administration processes of the "protected areas" for the generation of "management tools" that make it possible to standardize, but above all, to delineate the conservation and sustainable development of the areas in the long term. protected that integrate the SNAP-RD.
3.
3.1 Conservation versus Development
The classic concept of conservation has been based on the separation between man and nature, this is observed in the creation of protected areas devoid of people and managed as if there were no human populations inside or their areas of direct influence. However, at the Latin American level, about 86% of the protected areas are inhabited and in 80% of them live indigenous communities (Kemf, 1993; Amend and Amend 1992; and Alcorn, 1994).
The Dominican Republic has also experienced the historical contradiction between conservation of protected areas and processes of occupation of the territory. Spaces destined for production and other extractive activities have been declared as protected areas excluding human populations. If the occupation and use of the territory in these areas are taken into account, opportunities could be generated to provide management proposals.
Although to date, protected areas have been managed worldwide under threat control and coercion strategies, the situation in the Dominican Republic leads to seeking a policy that contributes to solving the causes and not just the consequences of these threats. It is with individuals and with social organizations that alliances are made based on an understanding of cultural diversity and the economic context that surrounds protected areas. The strategy of the Directorate of Protected Areas should consist of crossing the ethics of nature conservation with the principles of social equity, finding concerted solutions to problems.
It is necessary to understand nature conservation as a management task rather than absolute isolation. This situation presents two points of view:
First: is that the objectives of conservation necessarily involve the cultures that have made it possible and that have recreated biological diversity; This is the case of cultural models of deep relationship with nature practiced by syncretic communities, Afro-Caribbean communities and some local peasant communities. (Floristofilo, Melgar, M. 2005)
Second: point of view has to do with the pressures on the protected ecosystems, product of the social conflicts and the mentioned development model. This reality can only be transformed if social groups are involved in conservation, based on various strategies to which reference will be made later.
Conservation, until today, has been reactive to a development model that degrades nature and unbalances man-environment relationships. This model, which has imposed unsustainable instruments and a strong ideological burden on the use of natural resources, has already been overcome by the country's legal and political framework that recognizes the social, economic and environmental complexity. Consequently, the construction of participatory policies based on local and regional conditions should be sought.
The main conservation entities and the protection systems of protected areas at national and global level maintain the conservation scheme without the social component, with the aim of generating geographic spaces safe from development. Although this is a necessary aspect, on some occasions, as a first step in institutional action for biological conservation, here it is considered that this is not only insufficient and ineffective given the existing pressures and limitations of the entities to assume on their own. its mission, but this position tends to perpetuate a growth model rather than to generate a change in cultural attitude.
Social and cultural development must be generated, promoting the dialogue of knowing oneself, improving the levels of coexistence, recognizing and respecting differences and enhancing the ability to work together to balance the relationship with nature and with protected areas recognized as crucial for the future..
This trend contributes to the formation of a "conservationist culture" that includes real social and economic processes for national, regional and local benefit. This analysis aims, from the environmental point of view, to forge in a participatory and open way a different cultural and political change from the inadequate systems of social and natural coexistence that prevail today.
On the other hand, if we quickly analyze what has happened during the last 50 years of development, we see a gap between pointers and backlogs so large that it is unthinkable to be able to close it. In the 1980s, for example, the contribution of the "developing" countries where 80% of the planet's population lives, to the world gross domestic product, had decreased by 15%, while the contribution of the countries "Developed" rose to 80%; thus generating a crisis of social justice. Several international reports have reached this conclusion, among them those of the club of Rome - The limits of growth -, the report of President Carter and the most recent report of the United Nations "Our Common Future". (UNESCO, 2005)
The crisis of nature is the other impact of "development". A small population of the planet is undermining nature by leaps and bounds, exploiting fossil energy and producing waste of various kinds. If all countries could follow the industrial example of most northern countries, it would take five or six planets to serve as a source of inputs and deposits for the debris of economic progress. Exemplary, if the six billion people who inhabit the planet reached the level of fossil energy consumption that the inhabitants of the United States spend, it would not be talking about anticipating climate change, we would be accelerating and suffering it. (UNESCO, 2005)
This problem is marking the end of the "development" era, showing that there are biophysical limits that prevent its expansion. As some researchers suggest, the crisis of justice and nature are the two main elements of the dilemma, remaining in an inverse relationship with each other, within the notion of "development".
With this discussion the terms of a new debate are posed, it is important then to prepare ourselves and commit ourselves to a change of attitude about the relationship between society and nature that generates a cultural transformation. The history of humanity is full of crises that generated cultural changes.
3.2 The National System of Natural Protected Areas of the Dominican Republic
(SNAP-RD)
Although the conceptual foundations set forth in this document are oriented to the management, planning, management and administration of the “protected areas” that make up the SNAP-RD, in general, we must consider the legal and technical framework that allows us to consider the need to "strengthen" the "system" with management tools and instruments that make conservation compatible with the "social and economic development" that the Dominican Republic needs.
The SNAP-RD is the integration of a series of protection categories that allow assuming conservation goals, recognizing the diversity of land use models, contributing to the solution of problems at different scales and guaranteeing, in any case, viability of life in the regions.
Within this framework, the general objectives sought with the SNAP-RD are:
- Conserve representative samples of ecosystems, biotic communities, biogeographic units and physiographic regions of the country in the natural state;
- Conserve biological diversity and genetic resources;
- Protect watersheds and water resources;
- Maintain ecological processes and increase environmental services;
- Protect endemic and endangered wild species;
- Protect outstanding landscape resources and geological or paleontological formations
- Protect underground systems, including their aquifers, ecosystems, and Aboriginal cultural displays;
- Conserve archaeological sites, colonial monuments and architectural relics;
- Provide opportunities for scientific research and environmental monitoring;
- Promote the maintenance of specific cultural attributes and traditional knowledge of local populations;
- Contribute to the environmental education of the population;
- Provide opportunities for recreation and tourism, and serve as a natural base for a national tourism industry based on the principles of sustainable development;
- Provide environmental services to present and future generations;
- Provide ecologically and environmentally appropriate opportunities to generate income that serve to ensure the maintenance of the National System of Protected Areas and to improve the economic and social conditions of neighboring communities. (Law 202-04)
The work of the System through figures such as the "bioregion" is essential for conservation given the characteristics of biodiversity itself (dimensions of ecosystems, dynamics of protected species, historical and cultural nature of protected areas).
Work is underway to build a SYSTEM that, from local situations, is articulated regionally and nationally, based on participation, agreement and understanding of the different environmental systems that operate in the areas and that are beyond the control of the state over nature.
The notion of System aims to understand the connections between areas with categories of national or global importance and that, eventually, could contribute to improve genetic flows, decrease the fragmentation of the landscape and increase the self-regulatory capacity of the ecosystems conserved until now, not only by the Directorate of Protected Areas (DAP), but by other government agencies and civil society.
The DAP considers that current and future areas of strict protection are only part of a set of environmental management instruments for the management of areas with varying degrees of intangibility. These areas are a contribution to the formation of networks and planning, administration and management strategies that complement the current SNAP-RD scheme. Instruments like this and all the initiatives that are presented must commit the regional, municipal, provincial and territorial environmental authorities of ethnic groups to plan the uses and destinies of the land, the seas or the bodies of water around a new conception of conservation.
3.3 Political foundations for strengthening the SNAP-RD
3.3.1 Integrality
Any institutional action will involve a comprehensive and interdisciplinary vision, beyond the various ways of understanding reality and the multiple dynamics that the SNAP-RD faces. The environmental aspect includes this integrating relationship and lays the foundations for a new vision that guides public actions and guarantees greater probabilities of impact in favor of ecosystems and the society with which they interact.
3.3.2 Joint work between society and institutions
Conservation is an exercise in social interaction within a process of concertation of interests and perceptions, guided by the analysis and understanding of the relationships between society and nature. In this sense, the articulation and mutual collaboration with all levels of society and the State, as well as organized civil society at all levels, with an emphasis on the local, will generate cooperation in aspects of common or particular interest that allow strengthening spaces for debate and constructive argumentation, to facilitate the making of agreements.
3.3.3 Social function of conservation.
The participation of all social and institutional levels in conservation requires comprehensive efforts of coordination and prioritization of policies. It is important to consider a motto that is the presentation of the policy such as: - "Protected Areas for Development" - sets the course of the institution towards processes that seek to generate changes in the attitude of society towards its environment. Those changes must translate into the valuation of the environmental goods and services generated by natural areas as a conviction of life rather than subordination to the law.
This raises the need to develop new working methodologies and advance in a broader conception of in situ conservation strategies to strengthen the potential of ecosystems.
3.3.4 Multiple Environmental Systems to Understand.
The formation of a policy obeys the constitutional and legal mandates under which the SNAP-RD areas are administered and managed. This means that it acts under the current legislation that gives the Parks Unit jurisdiction as a national public environmental authority, but respecting and recognizing other types of authority and forms of environmental regulation.
In this sense, a principle of the policy will be the understanding of the diversity of control systems over natural resources exercised by cultures in diverse geographic, economic, social and organizational conditions. From this understanding, responses arise for institutional adaptation to different co-management and management models of protected territories. (Floristofilo II, 2005)
It should be clarified that this policy criterion has an intercultural, racial and non-unilateral vision of environmental regulatory systems, taking into account that the Dominican Republic is a syncretic country, with a high level of miscegenation, which has reduced its male ties in some geographic regions -nature.
3.3.5 Recognition and assessment of the different actors
Recognizing and valuing conservation actors is essential to order and consolidate the areas of the System. Therefore, it is intended to understand the characteristics of the population and the historical link they have with protected areas, their socio-cultural identity, their patterns of occupation and use of natural resources, the environmental regulatory system they practice, their expectations regarding the area and legal ownership of your link; on the other hand, the power exercised by institutions at all levels must also be recognized.
Planning and management will be the result of the institutional capacity to involve people, their organizations and institutions, as active subjects and not passive objects of the protective mission of the areas. It will also allow participating and negotiating in conflict situations present within and in areas of influence of the PAs, integrating and not joining in determining solutions.
3.3.6 Transition strategy for the consolidation of protected areas
A very common mistake of the majority of "Environmental Laws or Management of Protected Areas" is not allowing social and productive investment within the territories, relegating farmers in most cases to live in such subhuman conditions, minimized socio-environmental linkage and generating a series of quarrels between communities and resources, this approach must change and allow the projection of transition mechanisms to order areas with human presence, starting with the environmental training of the actors to initiate participatory processes and oriented agreements to make decisions about the zoning order.
The circulation of information and the negotiation with full knowledge of the technical, social and legal causes and consequences will be the basis of work with human groups. Flexible attitudes and treatments are also proposed according to local conditions and the state of ecosystems as far as technically determined. In the same way, the creation of new protected areas must be the result of deep reflections, inter-institutional agreements and analysis of social dynamics, to legitimize each legal decision that its declaration demands.
3.4 Objectives of a future policy to strengthen SNAP-RD
When developing a policy to strengthen the SNAP-RD, it should be emphasized that the objectives should be socialized and validated by all those entities of civil society, government institutions and private companies that actively participate in the management, planning, management and administration of the protected areas of the Dominican Republic:
- Strengthen the capacity of the Directorate of Protected Areas (DAP) of the Undersecretary of Protected Areas and Biodiversity to promote and consolidate processes of social participation and inter-institutional coordination for conservation Consolidate a networked information system for participatory environmental planning and management. the solution of conflicts for the use and occupation of the areas and their areas of influence through the search for sustainable alternatives. Organize the research processes and increase the knowledge of the environmental and cultural reality of the areas and their surroundings. Generate strategies of communication, dissemination and education, aimed at the implementation of participatory processes in local, regional, national and international instances.Strengthen the nature of public use and knowledge of the environmental benefits of the System. Intensify conservation and management actions of protected areas. Strengthen the administration system of protected areas, through the consolidation of a human team and physical infrastructure, able to provide functional support to the fulfillment of the mission
3.5 Strategic lines of action for a future policy to strengthen the SNAP-RD
3.5.1 Institutional adaptation and strengthening of the intervention capacity.
The Directorate of Protected Areas must go through a conceptual transformation that positions it as coordinator of policies for the establishment and development of the SNAP-RD. This in turn implies restructuring the planning and management processes of protected areas, focusing attention on the causes of deterioration and the pressures that threaten its stability.
It should be seen beyond a conventional "passive" control and surveillance strategy, to an active state that requires methodologies of institutional intervention on social and economic factors that alter the territories declared as protected areas.
The Directorate of Protected Areas must articulate this policy to the programs of other state entities and legal norms in order to include the subject of conservation in national policies and advance in intersectoral plans and programs.
Public order conflicts, which are relevant in most areas of the SNAP-RD, require the Directorate of Protected Areas to position itself at the negotiating tables and in the programs that the State formulates and implements in those areas.
Greater international management must be achieved to consolidate the country abroad in environmental matters. Support is sought in the ratification of conventions, conventions and agreements in favor of an equitable management of responsibilities, conservation costs, use of natural resources, and the definition of new international cooperation policies, which include, not only needs, but the ways of attending them taking into account the reality of the country. Considering the incorporation at the level of policies, strategies, instruments and management tools of the recommendations and actions resulting from the "V World Congress of Parks and Protected Areas" (DURBAN, 2003).
3.5.2 Informed Management
The social actors must be very clear about the normative bases, the academic information and the knowledge that the environmental institutions manage. The information, in many cases, comes from the dialogue between knowledge systems. Equitable access to information is achieved through the construction of common languages between community actors and official entities, especially the Directorate for Protected Areas and the entire Under-Secretary for Protected Areas and Biodiversity.
Research must be a training strategy and an instrument for effective participation; It will be developed to contribute to the ordering, planning and management of the areas and the system as a whole. The management plans will be built with the contribution of the academic sector, international cooperation, research institutes, NGOs and, of course, social groups and institutions related to the conservation and management of protected areas.
3.5.3 Keep communicating and educating.
The purpose of this guideline will be the search for solutions and the construction of processes based on changes in attitude, knowledge and sustainable practices.
With civil society the areas of the SNAP-RD will be promoted as opportunities for participatory social development through the sustainable use of natural resources, for the rescue of cultural traditions of human groups and for the conservation as an economic and social future of the country in the medium term, given the strategic importance they represent.
Community communication will be a process of joint construction with social groups based on what they are, what they require and the actions they undertake to achieve it. Its objective will be to become a meeting space to recreate traditional knowledge and models of communication and education. The use of alternative means to promote educational processes will be included within the learning systems in accordance with the agreed guidelines.
Internally, environmental education and communication will be understood as a transversal dimension of all activities, so that they become the foundations of institutional commitment. Through the appropriation of conservation values and attitudes, an identity consistent with the mission of the Directorate of Protected Areas (DAP) is sought to project in all fields of management.
3.5.4 Public use of the areas
Three strategic areas are considered for the public use of protected areas:
First: the system of attention to visitors and promotion of the services provided by the SNAP-RD will be strengthened, improving administrative efficiency in association with the business or associative sector that demonstrates the ability to manage the service infrastructure.
Second: protected areas are promoted as scenarios for the practice of ecotourism, since they represent the natural heritage of the nation and generate well-being for those who visit and inhabit them. The education and ecotourism strategies will complement each other so that visitors have access to an educational service that contributes to forging relationships of support and effective volunteering to support the Unit's activity in the medium and long term.
Third: ecotourism will be promoted among the surrounding communities and inserted in the areas of the System, as a sustainable alternative contributing to the change of use and destination of the land and to the balance in the exploitation of resources.
3.5.5 Planning and territorial ordering
If it starts from the fact that within the missions of the Environmental Law (64-00) is to propose and maintain environmental management strategies of the territory that allow, in a broad sense, to guarantee the conservation of biodiversity, concertation will be induced of regional plans of protected areas based on the confluence of the proposals of conservation scientists, research institutes, environmental non-governmental organizations, local and regional initiatives from various sectors,, Territorial Planning Plans of the municipalities, Management Plans and Plans Thematic, among others.
It is necessary to start from an analysis of the Country, in terms of its conservation values, the protected areas and those to be protected, and the social and institutional actors that participate or are potential participants in conservation develop a visualization exercise that integrates the national and regional levels. and local, in order to order and prioritize the areas where the institutional efforts will be focused, the processes of effective social participation with which it will articulate and the actors that become strategic allies for the development of its mission. (Modified from GITEC, PROCARYN, 2004)
The starting point of each process in which it engages or leads will be subject to the characteristics and specificities of each region, park and actor involved. Once the strategy is developed, it will be presented in the form of plans at the national (indicative plan), regional (regional plan - RECODES or Biosphere Reserve) and local (management plan) levels. In essence, they are different planning scales within the same plan that are differentiated by their scope, the actors involved and their level of intervention.The regions defined for the purposes of the SNAP-RD will not necessarily correspond to the scope of the regional jurisdictions of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, as their coverage will be determined by factors related to conservation needs and the processes and actors involved in the same. The implementation of the strategy will include the formation of participatory planning and management instances at the three levels. The framework for planning follows national priorities that intersect with regional and local priorities. The construction process will always be supported by effective participation processes that are built from the local and are projected towards the regional and national.The result of the process is manifested in conservation events that are evident in the landscape and is manifested in consensual environmental agreements and regulations. For this to happen, the Directorate of Protected Areas must develop a perfect synchrony between its different levels, assigning responsibilities, functions and areas. The national level will be in charge of projecting the consolidation of the SNAP-RD through the Indicative Plan of the AP System or Subsystems. The regional level will project the consolidation of Subsystems (RECODES and / or Biosphere Reserves) through regional indicative plans and the local level will project the consolidation of protected areas through Management Plans.The success in the construction of this projection will be in direct proportion to the effectiveness with which the processes are built at the local level without losing sight of the horizon of the National System and Subsystems of Protected Areas.
Strategic planning aims to order action on a territory and is fed back with a continuous process of analysis and diagnosis. In the Institutional proposal, a participatory relationship between the planning team and the population involved in the process is required. The guiding axis of management is drawn between the consolidation of the figure of the protected area as an in situ conservation instrument and the creation of a regional system of protected areas that articulates different figures of territorial ordering that integrate biodiversity conservation and social development.The thematic axes within which the actions of the Park are oriented will determine the strategy to be developed and their definition starts from the situation diagnosed in an integral way and the expectations or management needs according to the vision of the future of the protected area as an articulating element of regional subsystems (RECODES and / or Biosphere Reserves). This presupposes a clear socio-environmental characterization of the areas and an identification of actors and social processes that articulate the institutional mission. With these elements, the participatory strategy by protected area can be constructed, which will become the management plan.This presupposes a clear socio-environmental characterization of the areas and an identification of actors and social processes that articulate the institutional mission. With these elements, the participatory strategy by protected area can be constructed, which will become the management plan.This presupposes a clear socio-environmental characterization of the areas and an identification of actors and social processes that articulate the institutional mission. With these elements, the participatory strategy by protected area can be constructed, which will become the management plan.
3.5.6 Agrarian Systems for Conservation
The agrarian model historically promoted in the Dominican Republic (and throughout Latin America) has a close relationship with the deterioration of ecosystems of great biological importance, supply of environmental goods and services, and representativeness, among others. The Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources through its executing units (undersecretaries, directorates, programs and projects) must seek solutions to help transform this situation through strategies that follow the line of "sustainable agrarian systems for conservation". With this line, property planning processes are promoted that give concrete responses to the productive needs of peasant families in their natural environment, generating real conservation processes.
Agrarian Systems are understood as productive or extractive processes compatible with conservation that allow reducing pressure on protected areas.
Social factors such as the occupation prior to the declaration of protected area, the permanent presence of settlers and the overlap with community territories, must be taken into account when developing initiatives on the subject.
Sustainable agrarian systems try, from a general perspective, to integrate various fields of knowledge with deep ethical reflections that recognize in the study of traditional agriculture and popular knowledge, a fundamental pillar of its origin. (Altieri MA, 1993; Conway 1990; Edwards et al, 1993 etc.)
The Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources, through the Undersecretary of Protected Areas and Biodiversity and specifically by the Directorate of Protected Areas, is responsible for the protection of strategic ecosystems where most of the problems that affect the country come together. From this position it can generate, with some adjustments to its institutional infrastructure, processes aimed at the conservation and restoration of ecosystems, the protection of biodiversity and the improvement of regional economic structures.
3.6 Criteria, concepts and methodologies for strengthening SNAP-RD
3.6.1 Social participation in conservation
Social participation in conservation is understood as horizontal social and institutional cooperation in three dimensions:
First: opening institutional spaces for community participation in the formulation and implementation of management plans for specific areas; opening in instances of institutional coordination for the construction of regional systems of protected areas (RECODES and / or Biosphere Reserves). Participation allows social sectors to use natural resources appropriately and help conserve the diversity of ecosystems, species and genetic resources existing in the country.
Second: institutional articulation in ongoing social and institutional processes related to natural conservation.
Third: institutional cooperation for the strengthening and reconversion of local models of use of natural resources and environmental management.
3.6.2 Environmental Education
Environmental Education (EA) is an institutional intervention strategy to strengthen and enable work environments by carrying out an exercise in "building culture" with the participation of the communities.
The EA is transversal to all the activities, processes and strategies of the Institution as the articulating axis of the policy through the creation and consolidation of pedagogical tools that allow the flow and translation of information between different systems of rules and assessment angles of nature.
Being transversal implies integrating into the social, political, economic, cultural and biophysical contexts of the regions and localities. In this way the methodological and pedagogical tools are determined to generate respectful attitudes towards the natural and cultural environment.
The continuous development of processes that involve the exercise of sharing, guiding, training, training, informing, sensitizing and raising awareness, strengthens the cultural roots of the communities settled in the areas of influence of the Institution.
The aim is to unite efforts with the communities and institutions that develop biodiversity and culture conservation activities to generate and consolidate processes of Education for environmental management at the international, national, regional and local levels.
To contribute to the discussion and collective creation of a national Environmental Education program, educators will be trained in the institution. This is a permanent process, of a social and personal nature, where the environment is the element that allows reality to be comprehensively understood, generating processes of transmission and construction of culture.
Environmental education must allow:
- The construction of alternative solutions to identified environmental problems; The social strengthening for the proper use and management of the territory; The establishment of development models based on the participation of actors with their interests and worldviews; The establishment and strengthening of levels of quality of life, under the principle of respect for cultural and biological diversity; Contribution to forming communities to promote conditions and capacities for research, evaluation and identification of the problems and potential of their cultural and natural environment.
For this process to achieve meaning, it must start from the daily activities of people and communities.
Some schools propose the development of significant learning (Ausubel, cited by Talero, et all and Gamero P.), and refer to the establishment of substantive relationships between new knowledge and what is already known.
This school considers that learning is the result of the different experiences that the human being has in his daily life, in contact with nature, with studies, in the relationship with the other, with the difficulties and achievements that can be achieved.
The "meaningful learning", can acquire new meanings that are the result of the importance and meaning to be given to an idea, to a problem or concepts like preserve, conserve, recover, reuse, replace, benefit, etc.
Therefore, the learning attitude of the individual is essential so that he can relate the different ideas, concepts, experiences and materials with his structure, based on his experiences, perceptions, observations, needs, interests, expectations and contact with the environment.
It is also considered that in order to develop the Environmental Education process, an attitude of openness is important from the development of:
- Tolerance, necessary to reach consensus on decisions, solidarity as a principle to be able to share spaces and times; y Responsibility as a response to gaining awareness through reflection and taking action
The principles that must be considered within the EA for its practice to achieve the stated scope are:
- Comprehensive vision, understanding that reality is a complex matter where different social and biophysical aspects interact and must be considered as a whole; it must start from the reading of environmental contexts of regions and localities, identifying and analyzing problems from the multiplicity of its causes and effects; Education for action, promoting research-action process with communities; Being dynamic and flexible, designed in a way that adapts to cultural and biophysical circumstances; Being a permanent process of social and personal nature with participation active in the community, which seeks to create habits, modify attitudes and generate knowledge so that the citizen participates in decision-making;Be critical and creative for the discovery of new methods and construction of environmentally sound realities which implies that they are culturally accepted; The environmental is the element that allows us to comprehensively understand reality; It recognizes the history of peoples and their cultural, political landscapes and biophysicists from the exchange, valuation or revaluation of knowledge, knowledge and practices; The recognition of cultural identity and interculturality must be the basis of their actions; Respect all forms of life on the planet; Be effective and affective; yBe significant in the daily life of those involved in the educational process.Recognizes the history of peoples and their cultural, political and biophysical landscapes from the exchange, valuation or revaluation of knowledge, knowledge and practices; The recognition of cultural identity and interculturality must be the basis of their actions; Respect all forms of life of the planet, being effective and affective; yBe significant in the daily life of those involved in the educational process.Recognizes the history of peoples and their cultural, political and biophysical landscapes from the exchange, valuation or revaluation of knowledge, knowledge and practices; The recognition of cultural identity and interculturality must be the basis of their actions; Respect all forms of life of the planet, being effective and affective; yBe significant in the daily life of those involved in the educational process.
Another primary aspect within this context is that of training based on continuous work and a methodology that aims to generate attitudes of change and commitment, so that those involved can propose alternative solutions through actions that allow for a use and appropriate social, economic, political and ecological management of the territory.
The training is conceived as the articulating axis between the programs of Environmental Education, Ecotourism and Sustainable Agrarian Systems for Conservation and focuses on the consolidation and strengthening of the human teams in charge of managing the protected natural areas.
The Service of Voluntary Rangers and / or Youth Committees of Friends of Protected Areas, with which the participation of civil society in conservation is encouraged, offers environmental training through cycles of conferences and training workshops that allow for dimensioning responsibility of the volunteer with the institution to later develop their work of supporting protected areas.
Finally, the environmental interpretation can be understood from different readings. Within the EA program, it is conceived as a landscape reading tool, meaning by landscape portions or totalities of natural and transformed ecosystems, where the relationship between society and nature is expressed.
It is also a useful tool for zoning protected areas and a criterion for managing territorial environmental planning plans, research proposals, and environmental education programs.
Thus, environmental interpretation can also play a role in the generation of communicative and productive alternatives to local communities, through the training of local guides in eco-tourism activities, in protected areas that serve visitors or in which It is possible to make alternative uses involving people other than those in charge of administration.
The future existence of protected areas largely depends on the general public managing knowledge about the purposes and importance of these, for the whole of society, such as providing environmental goods and services, an aspect that is being addressed. within ecotourism proposals with a focus not only recreational but educational.
Training in environmental interpretation provides tools for the daily exercise of local actors who want to perform functions in specialized guides, be co-researchers, local educators or process facilitators.
3.6.3 Agricultural systems for conservation
It is necessary to recognize the real capacities of ecosystems to develop sustainable production models and to give the importance that the creativity of many producers deserves. Cultural creations for the use of resources can interact with science and technologies for the sustainable management of biodiversity and agricultural production. Important examples have been developed in Latin America.
The community and inter-institutional agreement to establish sustainable activities must be mediated by reflections that involve the following aspects:
Recover and strengthen traditional agrarian systems for sustainable use in the areas and their internal Zoning, buffer zones and regions of influence, by integrating farmers into planning models oriented to comprehensive management of hydrographic basins and farms, such as the Plans for the Use of the Earth (PLUTs);
Generate concerted actions with local actors to reduce pressures on ecosystems and gradually resolve conflicts of use and occupation;
Strengthen the intervention capacity of the human team of natural areas in solving the problem of protected areas in a context of participation and agreement; and
Train social groups in the development of production processes aimed at the sustainability of the intervened systems.
The search for solutions to the problem identifies and evaluates transitory measures to develop alternative production systems. In this sense, the following steps can be applied:
Characterization of the present production systems;
Identification of sustainable production alternatives; and
Implementation of sustainable production systems.
The following criteria to approach the work of the SASC, today constitute responses generated by the same rural communities with which they work in the areas of the System
3.6.4 From your resilience
Among the main resilience to be restored are:
Participation of women: Women heads of families are considered to be the basis of family resistance to failure, the main promoters of the solidarity groups created in the "provisional" spaces of those displaced by violence and the main carriers of the criteria of resilience that follow.
Creativity: Ability to generate productive systems or arrangements from the crisis (lack or inability to access credit, market, little land, scarce available resources, etc.).
Initiative: The pleasure of demanding and testing yourself in progressively more demanding tasks or the ability to take charge of and exercise control over problems.
Humor: The ability to find the comic within the crisis.
Values: The ability to commit to values and discriminate between good and bad / "do not carry bricks".
Ability to relate: The ability to establish satisfactory close ties with other people and the acceptance and recognition by the community. Not necessarily what we understand as a leader but with the ability to share love for the land.
Independence: Ability to maintain distance, without isolating yourself, establishing a boundary between the family and adverse environments, keeping your own criteria capable of generating changes in a concrete and reflective way.
Introspection: Ability to ask yourself and ask yourself honest answers.
From the appropriation of productive practices in response to natural phenomena and / or generated by the aforementioned structural context:
- Use of arrangements with a high degree of genetic diversity, distributed over time and space: Integration of various productive components (agricultural, livestock, forestry, etc.); History of decreasing dependence on external inputs; Use of various energy sources for the farm (hydro, wind, animal, etc.); Productive relationships that have generated relative economic success; Guaranteed food security; Some processes of product transformation; Start of traditional production systems towards clean or organic agriculture; Intensive use of available resources unconventional, use of biodiversity management and conservation practices, use of soil management and conservation practices; yUse of water management and conservation practices.
3.6.5 Ecotourism
Ecotourism will become an alternative model of use and occupation of the territory, through which a productive process can be developed that generates benefits and transmits, at the same time, education for conservation, especially in regions that due to their potential ecotourism offer merit.
This process implies the modification of the land use models towards forms in accordance with the environment, which will be implemented in areas of special biological and cultural importance as a strategy to minimize conflicts of use and occupation of the territory.
Because they are public use assets, protected areas fulfill an educational and recreational function, not only because of the landscapes, cultures and biological wealth that they protect, but because in them, the population can actively participate in the different programs and projects. management.
Ecotourism in protected areas is aimed primarily at a specific public interested in environmental education and awareness rather than recreation itself. The position of protected areas between public opinion and the benefits they provide is reduced, therefore, through ecotourism and its educational vision, visitors must become allies of conservation and spokespersons for the role that protected areas play.. It is necessary to establish special attention and disclosure programs: "memberships", friends' associations or similar figures that serve as "political support" for the administration.
As a source of income for the administration of the areas of the System, ecotourism must be included within the various circuits or "packages" that are offered in the country. Conventional tourism carried out in many of the Parks merits a strategy that gradually links the sensitive public, through special offers, periodic information, discounts and other facilities.
A conservation education strategy linked to ecotourism will be launched through environmental interpretation, educational content in talks and guidance services, presentations, environmental learning dynamics and mechanisms used in the field as the central axis of the promotion.
Progress is made in exercises that define the value of environmental goods and services associated with ecotourism. Simple methodologies such as the "cost of travel" and others, can give a basic idea of the availability to be paid by users of the Parks and with this, determine the value of the entrance fees and other services associated with this activity.
Ecotourism is an opportunity to connect protected areas of various categories. The Unit will promote the establishment of private, municipal, regional reserves and other categories with possibilities of public use and regional systems that generate benefits for the communities.
Ecotourism will be implemented as an additional sustainable alternative for the inhabitants of the areas, but not the only one. This activity will always be accompanied by other possibilities for the use of the territory, by virtue of the constant socio-political changes that can block tourist flows.
Ecotourism in areas of special biological and cultural importance will be directly related to the conservation objectives of each area in particular, and prior planning and consensus exercises of the type of tourist use will be developed, with a view to making the objective prevail in all cases. basic conservation that led to the creation of the area.
All those activities that are developed, associated with ecotourism, must respond to a consensual internal regulation and be subject to permanent monitoring of the possible environmental and cultural impacts that are being detected. The public use planning exercise within a protected area will be a dynamic instrument that can be constantly evaluated through technical procedures, for which environmental and cultural indicators, easily measurable and effective, will be developed to support the need to take an administrative measure..
In areas of the SNAP-RD where there are territories inhabited by ancestral communities, public use can only be made if the will of each community to share its territory or part of it is involved and the advantages that ecotourism can bring to it. of popular recognition, economic resources and guarantee of a minimum impact on these communities.
The publicity or dissemination of the services provided by the SNAP-RD areas must obey a planned strategy that includes the realities of each area and the target audiences. The offer of each area requires market studies to be carried out to satisfy the demand for specialized services. It is important that in each area diversify the ecotourism offer, advancing in the implementation of possibilities in demand such as adventure sports and specialized wildlife observation. These services, duly ordered and provided by third parties, are an excellent source of income.
According to the area, the possibility of setting up eco-shops will be analyzed, which, in addition to generating additional resources for the administration of the areas, provide the possibility for local communities to offer their products. The elaboration of these products through sustainable processes will allow obtaining a special “certification” to generate a new culture of supply and demand for products made with quality seals, which would increase their value.
The services provided in the areas of the System will be delivered in concession, under suitable terms of reference that guarantee quality service and respond to the Unit's policies on the subject of public use.
In accordance with the Management Plan of each area and the infrastructure needs, constructions and adaptations for ecotourism will be developed. These adjustments will be governed by current legislation, environmental impact studies or environmental diagnosis of alternatives and the subsequent management plan.
3.6.6 Financial sustainability
The strengthening and consolidation of the SNAP-RD in the current situation of the country requires the use of environmental goods and services that the areas offer as an opportunity to seek financial self-sustainability. In this sense, characterizing these environmental values would support the financing of the expenses demanded by the areas.
A first step to characterize the environmental offer of the areas is to assign total economic value to the resources (See table 1) according to the use of environmental goods and services made by society. This allows us to identify what could be the financial opportunities that a protected natural area has according to the environmental offer it generates.
Table 1: Total economic value of protected areas
Source: IUCN, Economic Values of Protected Areas
The process of economic valuation of protected areas provides the necessary information for making decisions about their management and financing. This process allows identifying alternative sources of financing for the SNAP-RD, giving order to the financing options, specifying threats and justifying possible sources. Finally, it allows establishing the ways to ensure that some of the benefits derived from the areas remain in the communities that favor their conservation.
Taking into account the biological goods and services that a protected area can provide to consumers, valuation is a tool that helps to technically support a negotiation strategy for these goods and services to conserve biodiversity, promote the sustainable use of natural resources, In other words, it will allow identifying real and potential clients, estimating appropriate prices and finding ways to capture these benefits. It is important to establish how these benefits can be distributed in the communities and how they can participate in them.
To implement a financial self-sustainability strategy, it is necessary to frame it within a thematic business plan (financial self-sustainability) that includes a diagnosis (types of goods and services, accessibility of the area, institutional structure, environmental policy), an analysis of the potential and current beneficiaries of the area and a financial plan. Within this business plan, the strategy will determine the lines of action based on the area's relations with its surroundings and the actors that participate in it.
Among the possible financial sources there are some that require effort and time to establish (CDM Clean Development Mechanism), therefore they do not offer a good return in the short term, in the long term they are a possibility of stability and reliable financing for recurring costs. Some sources have short-term horizons (Ecotourism) and a constant flow of resources. Others require an important but still uncertain negotiation effort (Water Use Rates, Transfers). A good financial plan identifies these characteristics and creates an income stream that matches the short, medium and long-term requirements of protected areas.
To access financing sources from Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM), it is recommended to use the management tools developed by the Regional Program for Central America (PROARCA / APM), for the "Central American System of Protected Areas" (SICAP). Which is aimed at managers, planners and managers of protected areas
Economic incentives in conservation areas
From the perspective of the Protected Areas for Development Policy and within a financial self-sustainability strategy, it seeks to generate economic incentives as instruments of integration, commitment and participation of people with conservation objectives.
In order to identify incentives, it is necessary to understand the local and regional conflicts that exist between indirect and direct users of protected areas and that influence national and global levels. These conflicts can be caused by market failures, policy failures and institutional factors that influence the decision-making process of the actors on the use and exploitation of biodiversity.
Why is it necessary to give economic incentives to achieve environmental conservation objectives? The economic activities that degrade are more useful in the short term in economic terms than those that they preserve. This logic encourages individuals to carry out activities conducive to degradation.
To implement an incentive system, it is necessary to identify the groups causing the degradation, the activities and the time in which they occur. Once the niches are identified, you can choose the type of incentive or economic incentive system such as taxes, subsidies, agreements by mutual agreement between the state and private entities (co-administration figures, co-management, delegation, concessions, etc.)
To establish incentives there are defined strategies such as the implementation of a mutually reinforcing mixture of them or a balanced combination of positive character that rewards conservation and discourages degradation (packages with a “pan-stick” approach).
Strategic Lines of Financial Self-Sustainability
Consolidation of ecotourism as a generator of own income
Planning of concessions, the context of each park requires services that can be provided in the buffer zones or inside the areas. Many of the services within the areas can be developed in concessions that benefit the private sector or organized communities while avoiding costs to SEMARN.
- Contracting of concessions: the services that can be provided within the areas require the design of the most appropriate contractual mechanisms for their management. Measure the good development of management plans and the entry of resources for SEMARN.
Water Resources (Water Valuation)
- Some natural parks are the source of water and electrical energy in large cities and areas of the country The financial mechanism would refer to transfers from the energy sector for the use of water in the generation of hydroelectric energy: the areas must make alliances with the territorial entities, current beneficiaries of royalties, to access resources that make it possible to work on projects that allow the protection and conservation of the basins that generate the water resource.Rates for water use for municipal aqueducts: work must be done on a scheme that captures resources for protection of the basins that generate the resource. This should be articulated through fees for water use and managed in funds for the protection of watersheds.
Carbon dioxide sequestration
Currently, under the Kyoto Protocol, forestry projects are expected to be included in the negotiation of CRE emission reduction certificates through the Clean Development Mechanism. In this regard, the countries build projects that allow entering into emissions capture negotiations. The geographical conditions place the protected areas that make up the SNAP-RD as a potential opportunity for the projects.
3.6.7 Research
The Research strategy will promote the production of knowledge about the environmental and cultural values of protected areas for the development of methods that contribute to conservation, management and management within the socio-cultural and environmental context of the regions. In turn, they will serve to redirect government actions in legal and operational matters.
Research is understood as a process of social interaction framed in a process of concertation of interests and perceptions; It must be guided by the analysis and understanding of society-nature relations, so that its development will be promoted and supported if it contributes to the management of the areas, emphasizes conflict resolution and satisfying the basic needs of the populations located. within protected areas or in the zone of influence (conflict map, production and extraction models, socioeconomic and cultural diagnoses, carrying capacity, cartographic updating, economic valuation of environmental resources, etc.).
The research will be linked to the social dynamics of each protected area and will contribute to generating shared appropriation of knowledge within a participatory research methodology that fosters knowledge dialogue and training.
The Research Program will focus on interaction with the country's academic and scientific community, which will result in scientific support for the areas, the training of officials, the acquisition of knowledge on specific aspects, and the exchange of concrete experiences regarding management. and their problems.
The research will contribute to the solution of the problems of environmental deterioration in which many protected areas are found. This requires integrating socioeconomic and biological approaches based on scientific knowledge and analysis that allows, after a monitoring process, the evaluation of results and the adaptation of Management Plans. The research will be based on interdisciplinary work that integrally builds knowledge and understanding of complex problems and variable systems.
It will promote, guide and support the scientific and academic community for the development of projects that strengthen planning and management. The process will be carried out through the definition of a Research Plan for the System, which identifies lines of action in each protected area, strategies for obtaining funds and definition of strategic alliances. Academic institutions and research centers will be oriented on the information needs that the areas require, after a rigorous diagnosis on the state of biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural knowledge.
It is intended to provide a conceptual framework and guidelines that help and facilitate the execution of the investigation. The strategy is based on the principle that science should serve the Park System for management and protected areas should be research laboratories for the advancement of science in the country.
SEMARN must seek financial capacity to develop the research program and will compose thematic packages to submit them to national and international funding sources. Likewise, logistics will be coordinated to support this activity and consolidate research stations.
Alliances must be established for twinning between entities and protected areas, in order to strengthen mutually beneficial relationships that allow the necessary technical support on specific aspects.
It is necessary to establish mechanisms for the information produced to flow intra and interinstitutionally, as well as to promote the socialization of results with local communities, supporting the production and dissemination of publications seeking to integrate local and national information. Another strategy will be the use of databases on fauna and flora that allow them to be fed directly by researchers in the areas in which they carry out their studies and who are able to.
For the socialization of the information generated in the research processes, environmental education programs play a preponderant role, to the extent that these results support educational proposals at all levels and mainly at the local level. Likewise, the ecotourism program may use this information to open new attractions and promote specialized ecotourism aimed at visitors with particular scientific interests. Likewise, ecotourists will be linked in monitoring programs in protected areas as an environmental education strategy.
3. 6.8 Information systems
Geographic Information Systems are: «the set of methods, tools and activities that act in a coordinated and systematic way to collect, store, validate, update, manipulate, integrate, analyze, extract and display both graphic and descriptive information on elements, in order to satisfy multiple purposes ». This strategy is intended to design, develop and implement an operational model for consultation and analysis of the geographic and descriptive information of the areas of the SNAP-RD, in the first instance, so that it becomes a tool for technical decision-making, administrative and legal. Later it will be extended to the SNAP-RD.
The Information System aims to generate a process for the efficient and optimal flow of information between the different levels of SEMARN management. In general, this Information System, rather than a GIS, consists of a series of common interests, similar criteria, concurrent procedures and homogeneous codes that allow timely and effective decisions to be made regarding the conservation in situ of the biodiversity of the Republic. Dominican. To do this, it uses computational tools (Hardware and Software), which allows managing and storing high volumes of information, with minimum costs of time, human and financial resources.
In this context, a series of actions will be implemented to create an information culture for the design of databases and cartography and the effective use of these tools. The actions translate into:
- National, regional and local Training and Technology Transfer through formal and non-formal education processes. Appropriation of the Tool by the entity, forming and structuring thematic groups and territorial groups with specific responsibilities in the collective construction of the Information System, in the conceptualization of topics and the maintenance of information structures. Dissemination and Feedback of the Information System through the holding of national and regional events in which aspects related to the flow of inter-institutional and intersectoral information are discussed. Work will be done on the standardization of information transfer protocols. Information generation as a permanent and parallel activity to identify sources,prioritize and manage the transfer of information to the SEMARN. Characterization of Users of the Information System, considering them in the Conceptual, Logical and Operational Design (who uses it and who feeds it). It is necessary to determine security and metadata application standards.
3.6.9 Communication for Social Change
Communication for social change is understood as a process rather than as concrete products and aims to position the image of an institution committed to conservation through informational, information and educational channels.
It is a two-way tool in all the Unit's work areas and projects and will be used for intervention, negotiation and agreement of objectives with all the actors directly or indirectly involved in the conservation of the areas.
In the dissemination and information, both internal and external, SEMARN, within the institutional framework of the Undersecretary of Protected Areas and Biodiversity and the Directorate of Protected Areas, should promote the concept of Protected Areas as “opportunities for participatory social development through of the sustainable use of natural resources, the rescue of cultural traditions of the human groups living in its areas of influence and the conservation as a medium-term economic and social future of the country, given the strategic importance they represent ”.
To achieve this, SEMARN's corporate image and visual identity must be solid and homogeneous, consistent with its actions and based on the principle of social participation in the conservation of areas. A Global Communications Plan will be established that annually plans the objectives under which the strategies to be followed will be worked out according to the needs of the institution.
The Global Communications Plan will consider the production of means to operationalize the objectives as the axis of action:
Internal: to generate unity of criteria and a sense of belonging among the human team that works at SEMARN, through the opening of spaces for dialogue and exchange of experiences, opinions and knowledge about the reality of the institution in each area.
External: to show a SNAP-RD committed to the conservation of the areas through the results obtained in the administration's management, the production of knowledge that contributes to the conservation of natural resources and the promotion of natural areas as spaces for the alternative and sustainable development of cultural, social and economic activities.
All the means of dissemination and information produced will respond to an editorial and corporate image unity policy at the national level.
Education, which in turn also involves dissemination and information, will have special emphasis on working with rural communities living in the areas of influence of the System areas.
The Communication for Social Change, a term used for this component, constitutes a support for institutional management and an accelerator of social processes as a working tool for protected areas with human groups. In addition to informing them, it will contribute, from the joint construction of knowledge, to the rescue of communication traditions and the homogenization of languages for fluid and coherent work, alternative development and the search for solutions to environmental and social problems.
It is a job that requires the development of methodologies appropriate to the conditions of each area and special projects, hand in hand with the environmental education programs carried out by the parks. The means of communication generated for the development of this component will depend on the communicative tradition of each social group and the collective construction of these tools.
3.6.10 Consolidation of the National System of Natural Protected Areas
One way to start with this fundamental aspect of the policy is to streamline environmental management processes to “cushion” the impacts of the use of natural resources in the areas of influence of the Protected Areas. An ecoregional vision will be addressed that leads to acting more decisively beyond the current borders of the Parks. The concerted declaration of corridors or portions of territory that prolong the conservation of protected areas in critical areas, vulnerable areas or strategic ecosystems is a priority. It will seek to support autonomous individual initiatives, organized groups or the public sector at any of its levels, while introducing and promoting strategies to specify regional systems of protected areas that can be homologated according to their functions,administrative dependencies and angles of the knowledge systems or rationales from which they come, provided that their objective is conservation.
Some of the principles proposed for the consolidation of the SNAP-RD are the following:
- Recognition and use of the environmental systems of different cultures or social arrangements that demonstrate, within specific contexts, a harmonious integration with nature. The SNAP-RD will be formed from the Regional Systems of Protected Areas (RECODES and Reserves of Biospheres), built through broad participation processes, compromising the shared responsibility of institutional, union and social actors. The criteria of regionalization and subregionalization will be defined through processes of participation and agreement with institutional and social actors, and will include ecological aspects or natural, socio-cultural, and political-administrative.
The SNAP-RD will seek to consolidate itself as a priority in the regions of the country that contain remaining protected areas, outstanding values of biodiversity and environmental services for society (strategic ecosystems). The participation of the Civil Society Nature Reserves is an important tool for its formation and for the physical structuring of the Network of Protected Areas, which is sufficiently representative of the biological and ecosystem diversity of the country.
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RESILIENCE: Nature's ability to return to its original state after an environmental impact. Socially it is used as the ability of a group to solve problems that arise and recover from blows and adverse situations. (Melgar, M. 2006)
Among the biological goods and services we find: recreation and tourism; plant and animal life habitats; genetic resources; water supply and protection against natural disasters.
The different consumers or clients are rulers, donors, tourists and local people who will decide which goods and services to buy.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the flexibility mechanisms proposed within the Kyoto Protocol (this Protocol commits industrialized countries to reduce emissions by 5.2% in 1990 for the period of 2008 - 2012). Currently, developing countries have neither common goals nor deadlines, so these flexibility mechanisms allow different countries to reach effective commitments, considering the particular circumstances.
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