The completion of the following work is in order to make an analysis of the pessimistic theoryand the behavior of the subject, and in particular that of students at a higher level. It will begin with concepts that expand the content of this theory, which will be taken as a reference to the student himself, his behavior and the pessimism that he may present, it will also serve to specify its intrinsic relationship to the subject to be treated, and thus treat to determine if the student who is pessimistic does so due to a lack of values, or because he adopts some similar behavior or is simply an attitude of observing things; although I must clarify that the following work will not fully cover all the parameters that the subject deserves, but that they will help us to have a vision of the types of behaviors that young university students go through.
The author Arthur Schopenhauer, tells us the following about the theory under study, based on his work Summit, in which he exposes " The world as will and representation ", he wonders about the essence of knowledge, and states that it has two alternative solutions, the first is to take a pre-metaphysical attitude unconcerned by the anthological character of the subject and the object and the second is related to metaphysics in which the anthological character of the object and the subject is interested. "
This author, who is taken as a reference, will allow us to analyze the metaphysical attitude in which he tells us that it can manifest itself in three different ways: Realism, Idealism, or Phenomenalism.. The first two metaphysical currents, try to explain the reality of the external world, are based on a poorly posed problem and presuppose that there is a causal relationship between object and subject, assuming that it is reality that produces the representation in the subject, or In other words, that it is the subject who produces the representation of the object. These are two false assumptions, because the causal relationships exist between the represented objects and not between subject and object. And the last manifestation refers to the fact that the individual is completely related to the will and in which he completely denies his own being that he reflects in the phenomenon.
Opening
To begin with this study, we will take some writings of the author Schopenhauer from his main work, The world as will and representation (1819), in which he proposed the dominant ethical and metaphysical elements of his atheistic and pessimistic philosophy, in which he was in disagree with the school of idealism, as it strongly opposed the ideas of the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, who believed in the spiritual nature of all reality. On the other hand he accepted, with some reservations, the theory of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, that phenomena exist only to the extent that the mind perceives them as representations.
However, he did not agree with him that the "thing-in-itself" (Ding an sich), or ultimate reality, exists beyond experience. He identified it for his part with the experienced will. However, the will is not limited to foreseeable voluntary action; rather, all activity experienced by the personality is will, including unconscious physiological functions.
The will is the innate nature that each being experiences and adopts in time and space as the appearance of the body in its complete representation, so that the innate reality of all material appearances is the will, and that the ultimate reality is a will. universal. On the other hand, the tragedy of life arises from the nature of the will, which ceaselessly incites the individual towards the achievement of successive goals, none of which can provide permanent satisfaction to the infinite activity of the life force, or will.. Thus, the will leads the person to pain, a remedy for suffering and death; to an endless cycle of birth, death and rebirth, and the activity of the will can only be brought to an end through an attitude of renunciation,in which reason governs the will to the point where it ceases to strive.
From the epistemological point of view, Schopenhauer's ideas belong to the school of phenomenology, a means by which he became famous for his misogyny, applying his ideas when considering the principles that constitute the foundation of human sexual activity, defending that Individuals are united not by feelings of sentimental love but by irrational impulses of the will.
One of Schopenhauer's writings tells us that the essence of man is the will and the essence of the will is the tendency of the object, that is, desire, therefore man is always desiring something and never achieves full satisfaction, for that's unhappy.
Development
We will begin by talking about the concept of personality, which etymologically comes from the word person, which in Greek is written as prosopon and means "mask"; which is defined as the dynamic organization within the individual and the psychophysical systems that determine their behavior and their characteristic thinking. This concept is interpreted as a relatively stable and enduring organization of the character of one's own temperament., of the intellect and physical of a person, which determines its unique adaptation to the environment that surrounds it, to obtain forms for the most part stable, characteristics of the individual, such as their way of thinking, experimenting and behaving. It develops and changes throughout life, as it is the result of the interaction of genetic inheritance and the human environment, through social learning and personal experiences. It is the habitual way in which people behave, where they manifest their behaviors and experiences. It is individual and social; individual because each person is unique and unrepeatable and social because we are aware of our actions, but we also see how the environment conditions us and we build it. They do not have an existence, it is inferred from the behavior of human beings.
It is an abstraction that helps us to order experience and predict behavior.
Personality has two components, one with a genetic base, called temperament, and another that is identified as character, which depends on social determinants and the individual's environment. Through character it is how we develop our virtues and abilities, it indicates the way that human beings act, think and express affection.
Based on the above we say that human beings generally live life naturally, with moments or stages in which they feel discouraged, but that if this discouragement becomes a habit, of bad thoughts and non-objective behaviors, Then he goes through painful moments and faces these types of situations, which will determine how to face them in life, if with optimism or pessimism.
Closing ourselves to a certain behavior leads us to have a way of acting and seeing life, so that if in a difficult situation we do not rescue the good, and we do not focus on seeing it in a positive way, then we speak of having a pessimistic behavior.
In this way, already focusing on pessimistic behavior, the human being is locked in a series of ideas from which he does not rescue any objectivity, but instead they believe that everything that happens to them is due to bad luck, that it will always go wrong, that nothing works, that everything is a failure, that nothing matters, and by not overcoming these thoughts, they tend to take over the behavior of the individual, turning them into people isolated from their social environment, and acquiring distrust and discouragement for everything that intend to perform.
Next, pessimism will be defined as: (from the Latin pessimum, "the worst"), a philosophical doctrine that holds (inverting the Leibnizian thesis) that we live in the worst of all possible worlds. From the psychological point of view, it constitutes one of the most prominent features or symptoms of the disease known as depression ”. That is why the vast majority of human beings agree that it is better to enjoy life than to suffer it, few people think that it is not worth it to see life in a very unfavorable way, since they do not know its true essence, so they feel belittled by others, as a defense they hide behind a wall of mistrust and sink into loneliness and isolation. Thus, isolated from others they become apathetic, indifferent towards themselves and towards the people around them,They have a greater propensity to look down on others, fear being a natural companion to this mistrust and isolation.
The human being is the only thinking entity that has the power to contemplate his life, activities and privileges, and through consciousness leads him to seek, transform, choose and decide what is significant for him. To achieve this change, values, beliefs and principles must be used, since they are continuously influencing their behavior, attitudes and decisions, being the basis for establishing a behavior of life in general.
To finish this analysis I consider that this whole theory of pessimism revolves around the attitude of the person, it is a mental state influenced by our experiences, feelings and behaviors; "The attitude we transmit will be what we generally receive." Since any positive ideal will have as its adversary a pessimistic ideal: dreamers against the utilitarian, enthusiastic against the apathetic, generous against the calculators, undisciplined against the dogmatic.
Closing
By way of conclusion, I am going to refer to a fragment of Arthur Schopenhauer, from his book Parerga y Paralipómena, which says the following:
«Wanting is essentially suffering, and like living is wanting, all life is essentially pain. The higher the being, the more it suffers… The life of man is nothing more than a struggle for existence, with the certainty of being defeated. Life is an incessant hunt, where beings, sometimes hunters and other hunted, fight for the trifles of a horrible prey. It is a natural history of pain, which can be summed up like this: wanting for no reason, always suffering, continuously fighting, and then dying… And so on for centuries, centuries until our planet is shattered. "
From what I can say that today, thanks to the newspaper, radio, television and even the internet, we hear that the world and humanity are heading towards a catastrophe of destruction, derived by global warming of the earth, biological and sexually transmitted diseases, organized crime, domestic violence, corruption at all social levels and above all the loss of values and good customs as a moral decadence that no longer has a remedy.
All this leads me to reflect and accept the philosophy of this author.
Bibliography
- Larsen, R. & Buss, D. (2005). Personality Psychology (Second Edition). Mexico, Editorial Mc Graw Hill. ISBN 970-10-5065-7Ingenieros, José. The mediocre man Philosopher for this time New questions about the transmutation of values Arthur SchopnenhauerArthur Schopenhauer
