In sport, the term selection has been used as a category of its own, which groups together a series of intentions closely related to the degree of demand required for the practice of physical activities and is related, from a humanist point of view, to the realization of sports practice with the maximum possible conditions and potential and thus prevent deviations in health.
Introduction
In 1976, Dr.C. Hermenegildo Pila creates in the La Lisa municipality, in Havana City, the “Manuel Permuy” Experimental Athletic Development Center, the first experience in selecting Talents for Sports Initiation, using Indicators of the 97th percentile in stature from the Growth Research and Development carried out by Dr. C. José Ramón Jordán, who was a direct advisor in the experience, and also elements of evaluation in Motor Capacities were incorporated; This experience was evaluated and published in the book "Experiences of a Method for the Preparation of Athletes", published in 1985 by the publishing house Medical Sciences.
In the 80s, Dr C Rene Romero proposed an integrative system for the selection of Cuban canoeing athletes, Dr. C. Fleitas (1982) established the selection criteria for Artistic Gymnastics gymnasts and revealed fundamental methodological aspects for the performance of the sports team. Pila (1986) established norms for the sports orientation of Cuban children and young people as a continuity of the experience that began in 1976, on this occasion and based on the first of three national studies carried out to establish norms to evaluate physical efficiency. of the Cuban population, creates a system that is still applied nationally by the Physical Education and Sports system,These are the norms known as the “90 Percentile System for the Selection of Talents” based on Motor Capabilities.
This experience of Dr CH Pila was developed by him in the Republic of Nicaragua in 1985, creating the Nicaraguan standards to evaluate Physical Efficiency and Select Talents in that country through a study of national dimensions and in the same way carried out a similar study in Mexico, where the largest known research in this field of standard setting was carried out, with a sample design of 160 263 subjects measured in the ages of 6 and up to 18 years in all the states that make up the country, this experience was published by the publishing house Supernova de México, a book in the year 2000 entitled "Method and Norms for Evaluating Physical Preparation and Selecting Sports Talents", this time in addition to the norms of the 90th Precentile for motor skills,Tables and own tests were presented to evaluate initiation in each sport particularly.
In 1990, Calderón, C, organized at the country level in the Republic of Cuba, a study that provided a methodology for the massive study of all sports initiation schools in 14 sports.
The main objective of a sports selection system is the detection, selection and monitoring of those individuals with great aptitudes for the practice of a specific sport who, based on the influence of a well-structured preparation process and their own actions consciously, reach the highest level of sports mastery.
A sports selection system acquires great importance in many aspects, essentially because of:
A good selection system allows the best talents to be selected in a given geographical region, which results not only in higher results but also in an optimal use of economic, technical and human material resources.
On the other hand, it is avoided that children, adolescents and young people are selected who do not meet the requirements for a specific sport and whose unsatisfactory results give them a feeling of failure and loss of time.
That is why it becomes a necessity that any selection process be carried out in accordance with scientific principles and knowledge, as can be done through projects related to sports practice.
Development:
Dr. Juan Torres Guerrero
Generally, in most team sports, the decade of maximum performance is between 20 and 30 years, so the choice of athletes must be made when the body is still growing and developing. But the fact that each child has a different growth rate should not be overlooked, a fact that determines the great differences between the morphological and functional data of children of the same age and the mode of subsequent evolution of these data.
Most of the authors specializing in talent detection consider that despite the multiple differences between the different sports disciplines, in general there is a tendency to rejuvenate competition and direct and train boys and girls as early as 10-12 years of age, that they can achieve success as soon as possible, not paying attention to the consequences that a premature specialization in sport has for their psycho-physical health, education and for the game.
Sports educators know that sports initiation must begin at ages that correspond to a key period in the development of children. It is at this age when the subjects are in full growth both in height and weight, as well as in the development of their sexual characteristics, or of their personality and that there is a great relationship between the different ripening indices (GRATITO, H. and ZAZZO, R. 1982; RUIZ, LM 1987; TORRES, J. 1996; GONZÁLEZ, M. 2003). Having started at a suitable age and having accumulated playful practice for the precise time in good condition guarantees the sporting future of the players.
Jesús López Bedoya.
Modern training is characterized by very high loads with obvious watering possibilities. This risk increases when the training takes place at an early age where the subject goes through its full evolutionary and biological development period.
According to Baur (1993), together with the approach to these problems, certain lines of analysis have appeared that have oriented sports research fundamentally towards three large search blocks:
The early selection of sports talents trying to establish the scientific bases of a sports prospecting, based on the early identification of future champions.
The optimization of performance through the analysis of biological, technical, methodological and psychological factors that condition sports performance.
The promotion of talent through the promotion of the curriculum.
However, according to Harre (1978), at present, the scientific principles of training are extremely widespread. The material means and environmental conditions are usually very similar in the elite, and it can be argued that the differences of the champion teams from the others could be largely attributed to the way the athletes are recruited from the base.
In this section we will try to reflect various concepts, with the intention of providing material that may be useful for the reader or at least garner a certain interest in the subject. We will also try to contribute some extraneous results from the extensive existing documentary material, on a subject that is almost always problematic. When we use terms such as early training, talent detection, etc., susceptibilities are very frequently opened, which sometimes have their origin in diverse theoretical currents and different conceptual points of view, but fundamentally and almost in a generalized way, to a profound ignorance of the matter. It is therefore necessary to conceptually focus on various terms, which with some frequency mix and cause misunderstandings on these issues that often carry with them,certain controversy within the social framework.
Melilla:
The results of this work are the fruit of the initiative of the Autonomous City of Melilla in terms of establishing a talent detection program in accordance with one of the different lines of experimentation that the Research Group «Study on motor skills in PE and sport in the initial stages ”, is being developed at the Faculty of Education and Humanities of Melilla, through its Morphofunctional Assessment Laboratory. This study culminates the presentation of a talent detection program for boys and girls between the ages of 10 and 14, covering three large plots of data categories: 1st for the medical area (anthropometry), 2nd for the physical area (physical variables) and 3rd for the physiological area (physiological variables); presenting two main objectives to cover:A) Know the athletes from the point of view of the assessment and evaluation carried out through physical tests, and B) Analyze and assess the results.
A total of 52 subjects (27 men and 25 women) participated in this study with a mean weight (men: 49.85 kg + - 7.76; women: 41.76 kg + - 5.53) and average height (men: 161.22 cm + - 8.48; women: 155.24 cm + - 5.62), in addition to descriptive analysis by sex and sports specialty, the comparison analysis of means for independent samples was performed (student's t), presenting significant values in the following variables: height (p =, 021); flexibility (p =, 002); number of jumps in the Bosco test using the contact platform (p =.023) and in the throwing of the medicine ball (p =, 041).
Keywords: children, talents, physical tests.
Casimiro Andujar.
Reflections on training in childhood and the selection of sports talents. http://www.sportguest.com/revista// Digital Magazine - Buenos Aires - Year 5 No 21 May 2000.
There are numerous physioi¿> gical, biomechanical and psychological studies on training with adult athletes, which contrasts with the scarce literature on the characteristics that the initial construction process of the athlete must meet. We believe that global educational objectives should be placed before children's training, although their achievement is in the medium and long term, over other more specific objectives but with less projection in children's sports training, since such training is a long and complex process It is not advisable to accelerate for the sake of immediate success only.
Several authors have proposed that at this age only a basic and multilateral training should be considered, which develops a varied and broad base in different sports, and the formation of a good motor scheme, taking into account that each child has a different speed of learning, In this sense, Hahn (1988, p. 61) points out: In training with children, the aim is the expansion of all motor possibilities to achieve a wide motor repertoire, on the basis of which specific functional forms could be learned more easily and quickly and in a more structured way. The objective is not too rapid an increase in sports performance, which despite being feasible, would have a short duration, since, soon, there would be an oversaturation by the sport.
The child, in addition to a natural need for movement and to check his limits, shows interest in his physical condition, using it as a measure to stand out from others (social competition). Taking advantage of this, it is necessary to start gradually with the development of physical qualities, the most convenient being aerobic capacity, range of motion, dynamic strength, muscular endurance, psychomotor or coordinative capacities, reaction time and gestural speed.
But more important than analyzing the qualities to be developed, it seems more appropriate to reflect on the means to be used, differentiating between practical experimentation and systematic reiteration, which would become training. Thus, when the child jumps, he is experimenting, but if we force him to perform series of X jumps, with the intention of improving explosive strength, it becomes plyometric or multi-jump training (Liarte and Noneli, 1998). Another example could be the child who plays relays or chases sporadically (experiments), differentiating him from the one who performs 80-m relays every day, which would trigger anaerobic lactic training, which, of course, is contraindicated for the infantile organism.
In the same way, we recognize that throughout life there are periods that are more conducive to motor development than others, depending on the biological and psychological characteristics of the individual. Once these are known, it is essential to take advantage of the most critical or sensitive phases for the development of a certain capacity. Thus, an adequate stimulus on a developing subject produces a greater effect than on an already developed one (Martín, 1982, cited by Hahn, 1988). For this reason, if these stimuli are not applied at this age, the maximum genetically possible level will not be reached, although it may develop later, below its functional possibilities.
The development of physical condition in school age, we believe is justified, in addition to the concrete benefits in the health of the individual, because it enables him to perform well in sports tasks and physical skills. Now, we must assume that training will never be neutral, but will influence the development of children, benefiting or damaging them (Añó, 1997).
Among the benefits that adequate training can bring to schoolchildren, we can highlight the following (Añó, 1997, Casimiro and Aquila, 1999):
- Produces a higher level of child activity Produces a generalized increase in coordinated movement Lays the foundation for later learning and performance Expands motor possibilities Allow the child to form an image of sports in general and of their sport in particular Training It allows a better adaptation to the competition It increases growth It can correct physical defects that may exist It allows a progressive integration in society It increases the level of social responsibility It involves learning for sport and social success or failure. creation and regularization of habits. It contributes to developing the pleasure of movement.,, Cancels the limitations of sedentary lifestyle. It serves as a stimulus for hygiene and health.
2.1. Developing Fitness: Health and Performance
But the reality of sport at school age shows us how training in childhood, on numerous occasions, is focused on obtaining short-term results, constituting a form of high performance at an early age. It is then that their educational values and their presumably positive effects on health are compromised by eminently competitive interests.
Several authors have differentiated the components of a physical condition aimed at performance from one that tries to improve or maintain health. In this line, we think that the capacities that should be the object of development at these ages are, in addition to speed and psychomotor capacities, the components of physical-health condition, which are associated with a low risk of prematurely developing diseases derived from Sedentary lifestyle (Cantera, 1997). Said components, according to different authors, are the following: cardiovascular endurance, range of motion, strength and muscular endurance. (Pate, 1988 and 1995; Carpersen et al., 1985; Pate and Shephard, 1989; Simons-Morton et al., 1990; American College of Sport Medicine, 1991 and 1998)
There is no doubt that the training that we consider adequate for health collides with the one that seeks performance, since this will be developed under the prism of obtaining results and this implies a specific technical and physical work, which should be addressed in later stages. This causes the athlete's training process to accelerate, which is often a consequence of social pressures and even from family members themselves.
Selection of talents for sports initiation
A Cuban experience.
Introduction:
The topic that we will deal with in our article, deals with a very controversial aspect in the field of high performance sports, many criteria, concepts and experiences have been written, we will start with a general definition of what the word means.
“Talent” ………… from the Latin “talnthum”, gr “thalaton”, ability to obtain
remarkable results with the exercise of intelligence, ability or aptitude for a certain thing: “it has a talent for mechanical work.” …… ……….. ”set of gifts with which God enriches men” …………….. and we could go through all the dictionaries finding definitions and concepts, where an outstanding aptitude of the human being always prevails. Thus we have that Beethoven was a talent in music, Picazo was a talent in painting and we could cite in each of the manifestations of culture, science, etc., many examples that can illustrate what is outstanding in the concept.
Let's look at some criteria, evaluations and concepts that have been derived around this subject in the field of sport, we will always appreciate and continue to appreciate different points of view focused on by scholars of the subject.
Theoretical foundation:
According to López, cited by Soto (74), talent is the set of faculties or aptitudes for one thing; a natural or acquired aptitude to do something. It depends on the individual capacity of the subject but also on a series of external and internal aspects, such as the social and affective conditions that surround him or his motivation towards training.
In this sense, talent has to be not only discovered but also stimulated and trained. Already Matsudo (2000), states that talent is a collection of variables and that the most important is genetics, but considers some aspects of difficulty for the selection of talents in his country:
1- Lack of political will
2- Cultural profile
3- Socio-economic
factor 4- Family factor - parental lack of interest
5- Nutritional factor
6- Premature (early) start
It also highlights that the difficulties encountered in sports talent issues are almost always related to the lack of knowledge and acceptance by sports coaches of the research and methodologies developed by theorists, with the intention of helping in the diagnosis and prediction of the athletes performance.
Matsudo, cited by Bergamo, (10), through his CELAFISC laboratory, develops a comparison, where normal values for age and sex of unselected school children and young people are used for the comparison of reference values.
Conclusions:
According to the bibliography consulted by the different foreign and national authors, we understand that it is necessary to carefully plan all our actions in terms of talent detection and selection. It is necessary to bear in mind that the development of the psychophysical capacities of children and young people in training have peculiar characteristics, which differentiate it from that of adults.In addition, before undertaking a talent detection program, the profile of the demands must be deeply analyzed of the sport and the profile of the high-level players of that sport. Do not forget the maxim that leads to sporting success: "from the generic to the specific, the long road to the elite."
Government and institutional support is also part of the entire scaffolding that leads to the integral formation that our society demands.
Bibliography:
Dr. Hermenegildo Pila Hernández. Selection of sports talents a Cuban experience.
Casimiro Microsoft Word Selection Article.
Talents melilla Microsoft Word.
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