It is common to see incorrect use of references or bibliographic references (), usually (but incorrectly) called “bibliography”. This is more widespread and more serious among some schools and students. The inappropriate, incorrect or disrespectful use of the references makes inconsistent opinions that the author emits when he states ideas or concepts in his work.
Bibliographic references are, in most cases, the guarantee of publication. The reader trusts that the author of the publication or article, in addition to his research, is providing bibliographic data that he can easily obtain. This will be possible, provided that the annotated bibliographic reference is correct and precise.
Probably the most important thing about the bibliographic reference is that they guarantee the contrast with the results, giving validity to the research. For this reason, different academic institutions and publishers (especially journal editors) establish norms and / or rules, thus trying to standardize the correct reference in their publications.
UNESCO, the American Association of Psychologists, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, the “Vancouver 1997 Group”, ISO 690-2 Standard, prepared by the Technical Committee of ISO TC 46, Subcommittee 9, 1997 version, the Oslo Manual (Oslo Hand Book) are among others, some of the institutions that establish regulations for bibliographic references. Accepted and usual regulations in the academic and editorial environment.
Probably the most widespread or known regulations are the Harvard System and the Vancouver System.
The “Vancouver Group” originates from a meeting of a group of directors of general medical journals gathered in the city of Vancouver (Canada) in 1978, in order to establish norms regarding the format that the manuscripts sent to these publications should adopt.. Over time, the “Vancouver Group” grew and became the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICDRM) which meets once a year and has gradually broadened the issues that concern it.
The indications that journal editors provide to their collaborators on the use of references are generalized so that they adhere to their indications.
These indications are designated as: Editorial Norms, Instructions for Collaborators, Instructions to Authors or Norms for Publication. Some publishers have specific norms, as is the case of ABNT that the magazine Teoría y Evidencia Económica del Brasil indicates in the guidelines to its collaborators. It is the same with other publishers.
The orderly and adequate use of the references in the text of a research report or in the text of the publication allows and facilitates the identification of the source publication from which ideas, concepts, categories, theses or proposals from previous works or research are extracted.
About; Two are the issues that deserve our attention:
1) The way in which a reference is made in the text of the publication; and
2) the way in which the list of bibliographic references are presented and written, which are usually presented at the end of the text.
1. References in text or citations in writing
In practice, two types of text reference are allowed: 1) the textual citation and; 2) the reference quote.
The textual quotation is presented in quotation marks followed by the author, the year and the page, in parentheses or simply the consecutive number and the page. That is, any of the following forms can be used for the verbatim quote:
“… Cited text…” (Author, year); or
“… Quoted text…” (Author, year: p.); or
“… Quoted text…” (Correlative Arabic number: p.); or
“… Quoted text…” (Correlative Arabic number)
In the latter case, the correlative number will be the one recorded, and that corresponds to the author, in the bibliographic reference list.
The reference, as indicated, is a reference to a previous work, an idea, concept, thesis or conclusion of an author and / or a work. The idea is exposed, presented and paraphrased, followed by the author, by the author and the year or by a correlative Arabic number.
a)… reference text… (Author).
“… Reference text…” (Author);
The competitive advantage of nations, in reality, depends on regional competitiveness (Porter), which determines the development of the national competitive diamond.
b)… reference text… (Author, year). When the author has multiple referenced publications.
“… Reference text…” (Author, year);
Autonomy implies the presence of a high degree of discipline in the organization or institution (Peters and Waterman, 1982); where there is no discipline, autonomy is unlikely to flourish.
c)… reference text… (consecutive number). Correlative number that appears in the bibliographic reference list at the end of the text.
Example:
“… Reference text…” (consecutive number);
This is a very different approach from the one that prevailed in previous monetary integration efforts in the Community, which started from the establishment of monetary stability, first of all, in the confidence that this would lead to the necessary convergence to take further steps that later would not it was possible to perform. As a consequence, the Maastricht Treaty fully opted for the establishment of preconditions, in accordance with the German requirements to be rigorous in the selection of participants.
Another example:
"… reference text…" (consecutive number)
Environmental risk is a conditionally measurable concept. Unfortunately it is not possible to easily determine the final effects of environmental processes or risk exposures. Faced with these restrictions, environmental risks can be measured by potentially risky activities such as levels of pollution discharge (1) or the destruction of ecosystems. One possible measure of relative environmental risk is the toxic discharge / employment (E / J) ratio in discharge sectors. For example, the chemical industry has considerably higher E / J ratios than the clothing industry.
In some cases explanatory notes are used. In this case, the notes are numbered by correlative superscripts and placed at the end of the text. They are explanations that are ignored in the text but that end of the text is recorded, to explain what we stopped doing in the text. It generally serves to facilitate its reading.
2. References or bibliographic references or List of Bibliographic References.
The list of bibliographic references is consigned at the end of the text, in strict alphabetical order.
Examples; of bibliographic references, in various cases:
2.1. Books and other monographs
a) Individuals as authors
In the case of books in which the author is a person:
Author in bold or capital letters. (Year). Both in bold (author and year). Title in italics. Edition number in Arabic followed by the term ed. and in parentheses. City, Country: Editorial.
Example:
Bologna Behr, C. (2000). Experiences for an economy at the service of the people. Lima, Peru: New Educational Techniques.
SALVATORE, D. (1995). International economy. (4 ed.). Santafé de Bogotá, Colombia: Mc Graw-Hill.
Arotoma C., Sixto (2003). Research Methodology in Economic and Administrative Sciences. Lima: Technological University of Peru.
Arotoma C., S. (1992). Organization and Integrated Management of Microregional Units: Regional Competitiveness. Ayacucho, Peru: COGEI-UNSCH.
Arotoma C., Sixto (1993). Uruguay Round of the GATT: Negotiation of Contracting Parties and Trends of the General Agreement. Ayacucho: UNSCH.
b) Publications in the USA. Usually, publications made in the United States cite the State, in abbreviated form, when the place of publication is not a well-known capital. The following example cites the city of Beverly Hills and the State of California.
Agar, MH (1986). Speakig of Ethnography. Beverly Hills, Ca..: Sage.
c) In some cases the author is an organization or institution. In this case, it is cited the same as a book and the institution is consigned as the author. Examples:
UNSCH (1977). UNSCH: Jubilee book in homage to its foundation. Lima: Editora Italperu SA
SPSS Inc. (1980). SPSS-X. User's Guide. Chicago: McGraw-Hill.
CLADEA (1991). Management for development: Workshops. Presentations. XXVI Assembly of CLADEA, Lima, September 23 to 26, 1991. Lima: CLADEA-ESAN.
d) In the case of classic works, of which a recent version was consulted, but it is interesting to specify the year of publication of the original version. In the example below, the 1949 version was queried but the original version dates from 1620.
Bacon, F. (1949). Novum Organum. Buenos Aires: Losada (Original version 1620).
e) When an original in a foreign language of which it is known that there is a version in Spanish has been consulted. In the following example, the original version in English has been consulted but there is a version in Spanish published by Librería El Ateneo.
Drucker PF (1973). Management, tasks, responsabilities, practices. London: Curtis Brown Ltd. (Spanish version: Management: Tasks, responsibilities and practices. Buenos Aires: “El Ateneo” Editorial Bookstore).
f) When a translation has been consulted, the original version can be indicated in one of the following ways:
Taylor, FW (1969). Principles of scientific management. Buenos Aires: The Athenaeum. (Original English version: The principles of scientific management. New York: Harper & Rpw, Publishers, 1912).
Fayol, H. (1969). Industrial and general administration: Forecast-organization-command-control. Buenos Aires: The Athenaeum. (Translation of the original in French: Administration industrialle et générale: Prévoyance-organization-commandement-coordination-contróle. Paris: Les PTT, Dunod, 1921).
Fox, DJ (1980). The process of research in education. Pamplona: EUNSA. (Original English translation: The Research Process in Education. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969).
Gordon, T. (1979). Efficient and technically prepared parents. Mexico: Diana. (Original edition, in English, from 1970).
g) When there are several different editions, the edition number is indicated in Arabic followed by ed. in brackets. The rest of the data is the same as that of a book. Example:
Salvatore, D. (1995). International economy. (4 ed.). Santafé de Bogotá, Colombia: Mc Graw-Hill.
h) When there are several authors. The authors are cited in alphabetical order of the surname. If the number of authors exceeds six or they are numerous, the first authors are listed and followed by et. to the. Examples:
Arotoma C., S. and Paredes T., M. (1994). Business management: Competitiveness factor in international trade. Lima: Rain Editors.
Arotoma C., S.; Luya A., H; Chau R., C.; et. to the. (1994). Peruvian legislation for the formation of the Andean customs union. Graduate School, UNMSM (unpublished).
i) When it comes to compilations (edited by a compiler) by an editor, director or by a coordinator.
Examples:
Ayer, A. (Comp.) (1978). The logical positivism. Mexico: Fund for Economic Culture.
Arnau, J. (Dir.) (1978). Research methods in the Human Sciences. Barcelona: Omega.
Spindler, G. (Ed.) (1982). Doing The Ethografy of Schooling: Educational Antropology in Action. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Festinger, L. and Katz, D. (Eds.) (1972). Research methods in the social sciences. Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Quintana, JM (Coord.) (1986). Participatory research. Madrid: Narcea.
j) In the cases in which a book chapter is cited, which is a compilation, the author of the chapter and its title are cited first, then the compiler, editor or director, title, the pages of the chapter between parentheses, place of edition and publisher, similar to the reference to any book. Examples:
David, FR (1978). The matrix of weaknesses - opportunities - strengths - threats (SWOT). In FR David, The Strategic Management (p.192-215). Bogotá: Business Series, Editorial Legis Fund.
Arotoma C., Sixto (1999). Future vision of higher education in Peru. In W. Espinoza, Universities facing the third millennium (p. 95-105). Ayacucho: Legis.
Shepard HA (1980). Organizations that resist innovation and organizations that produce it. In JS Jun and WB Storm (Eds.). The organizations of tomorrow, challenges and strategies. (p. 207-214). Mexico: Edit Trillas.
Bartolomé, M. (1978 a). Studies of variables in research in education. In J. Arnau (Dir.), Research methods in the Human Sciences. (p. 103-138). Barcelona: Omega.
a) When the author's surname is very common, both surnames are entered. Example:
BOLOÑA BEHR, Carlos (2003) From Toledo to…?: From Chaos to Disaster. Lima: IELM
2.2. Magazine articles
The title of the article is without quotation marks and in normal font (not underlined or italicized). The name and number of the journal in italics or underlined. The number of the journal and the pages that the article occupies are specified, separated by a hyphen. Other reference aspects conform to the specified standards for book references.
Varela P., F. (2000). The process of creating the European Monetary Union. Foreign Trade, 50, 8: 724-733.
Varela P., F. (2000). The process of creating the European Monetary Union. Foreign Trade Magazine, Vol. 50, No. 8: pp. 724-733.
Arotoma C., Sixto (2000). Huamanga: Tourist Destination? Business and Development, Publication of the Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Tourism of Ayacucho. 2, 1: pp. 32.
Arotoma C., Sixto (1996). Vision and expectation of the Ayacucho businessman. UNSCH Research Magazine, 4: 56-58.
Arotoma C., Sixto (1995). Limiting factors to business development in the province of Huamanga. Research Magazine, 3: 58-60.
Arotoma C., S. and Carreño M., P. (1994). Bases for the establishment of a tax policy in Peru in the current situation. Research, 2: 63.
Chiavaro AE, Caligiani A. and Palla G. (1998). Chiral indicators of aging in balsamic vinegars of Modena. Italian magazine di scienza degli alimentanti, X, 4: 329-337.
Vela GL, Reategui BC, Nogueira SC et. to the. (1999). Determination of different stages of enteroparasites in drinking water in the city of Iquitos. Knowledge, 5, 1: 31-42.
Arotoma C., Sixto (1995). Bureaucracy: Enemy of innovation and competitiveness in the spheres of university government. Economics, 5: 15-18.
Arotoma C., Sixto (1995). Organizational innovation: Determinant of business development. Strategy Magazine, Publication of the GAMBARE Business Studies Circle, 1: 2.
Arotoma C., Sixto (1988). Role of the Business Administrator. Economics, 2: 67-68.
2.3. Other published works
a) Newspaper article
Bunge, Mario (1997). Medicine and philosophy. Sunday, September 7, p.6. Sunday Supplement El Comercio. Lima Peru.
Arotoma C., Sixto (2000). Tourism GDP: Increasing. Democracy, May, 2, 25: pp. 11. Ayacucho, Peru.
Escudero P. (2000). Peru's task is to generate economic and social stability. A Peruvian man. September 8; Sec. A: 3 (col.5).
b) Audiovisual material (video, cassette or similar are included in square brackets). Place of location is referenced below. In the following example; The video of Paradigms by Joel Barker can be found in the Library or Video Library of the Faculty of the aforementioned University.
Barker Joel (1994). Paradigms.. Library Faculty of Economic Sciences, UTP, Lima.
c) Dictionaries and similar reference works
Stedman's medical dictionary. 26th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1995. Apraxia; p. 119-20.
Yaranga Valderrama, Abdón (2003) Quechua-Spanish Dictionary, Runa Simi- Spanish. Paris 8 Université Vincennes-Saint-Denis, National Library of Peru, Editorial Fund.
2.4. Other documents
a) Documents not published and their possible publication is unknown. All the data is entered the same as a book, obviously without publisher and place of publication, followed by the term unpublished or paper, as the case may be. Examples:
Arotoma C., Sixto (2000). Research Policies and Research Plan of the UNSCH for the Apurimac-Ene River Valley. Lima: IICA-GTZ Project, German Technical Cooperation (unpublished).
Blanco Villaseñor, A. (1984). Interpretation of the APA regulations on bibliographic references. Barcelona: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Barcelona (unpublished).
b) Communications and presentations at Congresses, Seminars, Symposiums, Conferences, etc. Examples:
Arotoma C., S. (1999). University organizational typology. III Congress of Faculties and Schools of Administrative Sciences of Peru. Trujillo, November 23-27. (Paper).
Arotoma C., S. (1997). Organization, direction and management. Seminar, SOS-FAIM and UNI. Abancay, October. (paper)
Arotoma C., S. (1997). Letter of Intent 1998-2000: Bases for a vision of Social Development of Ayacucho. I Departmental Conference of Social Development of Ayacucho. Ayacucho, July. (paper).
c) When it comes to communication presented to the congress and which was subsequently published.
Examples:
Arotoma C., S. (1994). Is decentralism as harmful as centralism? Communication to the V National Congress of Graduates in Administration of Peru, Arequipa, December 5, 1974. Reproduced in J. Tamo T. (Ed.) (1994). V Congress of CLAP. Arequipa: CLAP.
CLADEA (1991). Management for development: Workshops. Presentations. XXVI Assembly of CLADEA, Lima, September 23 to 26, 1991. Lima: CLADEA-ESAN.
d) In cases in which the work is not yet published but it is known that it will be published soon, the expression “(in press)” is recorded.
Arotoma C., Sixto (in press). Education, Market and Knowledge Management.
Arotoma C., S. and Guerra A., E. (in press). Ayacucho tourist GDP.
e) When the works are in collaboration with several authors, the order will be indicated by the surname of the second, regardless of the year of publication. Individual publications are consigned before collaborative works.
f) Thesis. In thesis cases, the term thesis is entered when the document was consulted; defense, when referring to the defense or support of a thesis. The usual thing is to use the term thesis. Examples:
RIVEROS Q., Lucio and CANCHARI Q. Juan de Dios (2001). Intellectual Capital of Micro and Small Business in the City of Trujillo. Thesis to choose a Bachelor of Administration. University of Huamanga, Ayacucho.
Miranda Campos, Jeny (1999). Theory of the two factors and the academic performance of the UNSCH students.. University of Chiclayo, Trujillo.
González Guerra, Madeleine (1998). Buying behavior of the Piuran resident.. University of Piura, Piura.
Quicaña Navarro, Efraín and Pérez Márquez, JA (1997). Organizational typology of Ayacucho companies and its effects on competitiveness. Thesis to choose a Bachelor of Administration. University of Huamanga, Ayacucho.
Vera Carpio J. (1996). Spirometry in diseases subjected to different degrees of atmospheric pollution. Thesis to qualify for the Bachelor of Medicine degree. UNAS, Arequipa.
Levy, Naomi (1992). Determinants of private investment in Mexico 1960-1985. Master's Thesis. DEPFE-UNAM, Mexico.
Levy, Naomi (1999). Institutional changes in the financial sector and their effect on investment funding: Mexico 1960-1994. PhD thesis, DEPFE-UNAM, Mexico.
g) Patent. In cases where it refers to patents, it refers to the patent, registration and date. Examples:
Masquelier J. (1982). Plant Extract With a Proanthocyanadims content as therapentic Agent Having Radical Scavenging Effect and Use Thereof. French Patent No. 1300869.
Larsen CE., Trip R, Johson CR, inventors (1995). Novoste Corporation, assignee. Methods for procedures related to the electrophysiology of the hert. US patent 5 529 067. Jun 25.
12.2.5. Electric material
The standardized regulation, for reference to electrical documents, is the ISO 690-2 Standard, prepared by the Technical Committee of ISO TC 46, Subcommittee 9, 1997 version. Therefore, the standard is identified as: ISO 690-2 Standard SO / TC 46 / SC 9 (1997).
It corresponds to the cases of bibliographic references of articles in magazines in electronic format; monographs in electronic format; parts of electronic monographs, databases or computer programs.
Examples:
a) Journal article in electronic format
ECLAC. Preliminary balance 1999. URL. http://www.eclac.org/español/publicaciones/bal 99 / intro.htm
Caputo, Orlando. Chilean economic crisis in globalization. Santiago, Chile. URL.
Morse SS. (nineteen ninety five). Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 1995 Jan-Mar; eleven):. Available from: URL:
b) Monograph in electronic format
CDI (1995). Illustrated clinical dermatology. Reeves JRT, Maibach H. CMEA Multimedia Group, producers. 2nd ed. Version 2.0. San Diego: CMEA.
CARROLL, Lewis. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Texinfo ed. 2.1.: WindSpiel, November 1994.. Available on the World Wide Web: http: // www.gwemany.eu.net/books/caroll/alice.html. Also available on the Internet in PostScript and ASCII versions:.
Meeting Agenda. Gif-sur-Yvette (France): Center d´Etudes NuclÚaires, Saclay Service de Documentation, March 1991-. Bi-monthly update. ASCII format. Available through QUESTEL.
Kirk-Othmer. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley, 1984. Available through: DIALOG Information Services, Palo Alto (Calif.).
AXWORTHY, Glenn. Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego? Version for IBM / Tandy. San Rafael (Calif.): Broderbund Software, 1985. 1 floppy disk; 51/4 in. Accompanied by: 1986 World Almanac and Book of Facts. System requirements: IBM / Tandy compatible; 128 kB RAM; MS DOS 2.0, 3.0 series; graphics adapter required. Designers: Gene Portwood and Laurel Elliott.
c) Parts of electronic Monographs, Databases or Computer Programs
Elements to consider:
Example:
- Main responsibility (mandatory) Title (of the base document) (Mandatory) Type of support (mandatory) Secondary responsibility (of the base document) (optional) Edition (mandatory) Place of publication (mandatory) Editorial (Mandatory) Date of publication (mandatory) Date of update / revision (Mandatory) Date of appointment (Mandatory for online documents; optional for others) Chapter or equivalent designation (of the part) (Mandatory) Title (of the part) (Mandatory) Numbering within the base document (optional) Location within the base document (mandatory) Notes (optional) • Availability and access (mandatory for online documents; optional for others) • Standard number (optional)
Examples:
ICC British Company Finacial Datasheets. Hamptom (Meddlesex, UK): ICC Online, 1992, updated March 3, 1992. Robert Maxwell Group PLC Accession No. 01209277. Available through: DIALOG Information Services, Palo Alto (Calif.).
CARROLL, Lewis. Alice`s Adbventure in Wonderland. Texinfo. Ed. 2.2.: WindSpiel, November 1994. Chapter VII. A Mad Tea-Party. Available on the World Wide Web.
d) Collaborations in Electronic Monographs, Databases or Computer Program
Elements:
- Main responsibility (of the collaboration) (mandatory) Title of the collaboration (Mandatory) Main responsibility (the base document) (Mandatory) Title (of the base document) (Mandatory) Type of support (mandatory) Edition (mandatory) Place of publication (Mandatory) Editorial (Mandatory) Date of update / revision (Mandatory) Date of appointment (Mandatory for online documents; optional for others) Numbering of the base document (optional) Location within the base document (mandatory) Notes (optional) Availability and access (mandatory for online documents; optional for others) Standard number (optional)
Example:
MACCONNLEL, WH. Constitutional History. In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Macintosh version 1.1. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1993. ISBN 0-7710-1932-7.
Belle de Jour. In Magill's Survey of Cinema. Pasadena (Calif.) Salem Press, 1985 No. Access No. 0050053. Available through: DIALOG Information Services, Palo Alto (Calif.).
e) Email Messages
FISHER, Fritz. Re: Shakespeare as Required Reading. In USENET. Newsgroup: humanities.lit.authors.shakespeare. May 29, 1996; 09:07:11. Available on the Internet.
[email protected] (Case Western Reserve University). No. 94-1966.ZS Sumary. In USENET Newsgroup: courts.usa.federal.supreme. 1996 Jun 3; 14:32:16 GMT. Available on the Internet. Also distributed to the USENET discussion list: front.govt.hermes.opinions.
f) Computer file
Hemodynamics III: the ups and downs of hemodynamics. Version 2.2. Orlando (FL): Computerized Educational Systems; 1993.
Normally, the type of electronic support used are the following and they always appear in brackets:,,,. Or if a greater specification is desired, the following examples can be used:
It is likely that the aspects discussed here do not cover all cases of bibliographic references. However, they are the best known and most common. The reader will find that these may be sufficient. However, for more detail the reader can find out in the Addenda, which we include in this text in this regard.
References
1. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (1988). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (3 ed. Rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. AROTOMA C., Sixto (1999). How to write scientific articles: Scheme. Course How to Write Scientific Articles. Research Office, University of Huamanga (unpublished).
3. ICRM (1997). Requirements for submitting manuscripts to a journal. In: URL.. htm.
4. DAY, Robert. (nineteen ninety six). How to write and publish a scientific paper. Washington: Pan American Health Organization.
5. DAY, RA (1989). How to write and publish a scientific paper (2 ed.) New York: Cambridge University Press.
6. INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF MEDICAL JOURNAL EDITORS. (1997). Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. Available at: ACP on line (http://www.acponline.org).
7. SIDMA, Murria (1978) Scientific Research Techniques. Barcelona: Fontanelle.
8. SIERRA BRAVO, R. (1984) Social Research Techniques. Barcelona: Pyramid.
9. SILVA SATISTEBAN, Luis (1984) Essay on Methodology of the Social Sciences. Second edition. Lima: University of Lima.
10. UNESCO (1982). Guidelines for editors of scientific and technical journals. Paris: Author.
ADDENDA No. 1
Suggestions for bibliographic references from the Vancouver Group 1997
Magazine article
1. Ordinary magazine article
Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated with an increased risk for pancreatobiliary disease. Ann Intern Med 1996 Jun 1; 124 (11): 930-3.
Optionally, if continuous paging is used throughout a volume, the month and number can be omitted.
Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated with an increased risk for pancreatobiliary disease. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 930-3.
More than six authors:
If there are more than six authors, list the first six and add the expression "et al."
Parkin DM, Clayton D, Black RJ, Masuyer E, Friedl HP, Ivanov E, et al. Children leukemia in Europe after Chernobyl: 5 year follow-up. Br J Cancer 1996; 73: 1006-12.
2. Organization as author
The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Clinical exercise stress testing. Safety and performance guidelines. Med J Aust 1996; 164: 282-4.
3. The name of the author is not indicated
Cancer in South Africa. S Afr Mead J 1994; 84: 1.
4. Article in foreign language ()
Ryder TE, Haukeland EA, Solhaug JH. Bilateral infrapatellar seneruptur hos tidligere frisk kvinne. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1996; 116: 41-2.
5. One volume supplement
Shen HM, Zhang QF. Risk assessment of nickel carcinogenicity and occupational lung cancer. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102 Supply 1: 275-82.
6. Supplement of a number
Payne DK, Sullivan MD, Massie MJ. Women's psychological reactions to breast cancer. Semin Oncol 1996: 23 (1 Supply 2): 89-97.
7. Part of a volume
Ozben T, Nacitarhan S, Tuncer N. Plasma and urine sialic acid in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Clin Biochem 1995; 32 (Pt 3): 302-6.
8. Part of a number
Pole GH, Mills SM. On hundred consecutive cases of flat lacerations of the leg in aging patients. NZ Med J 1994; 107 (986 Pt 1): 377-8.
9. Number without volume
Turan I, Wredmark T, Fellander-Tsai L. Arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Orthop 1995; (320): 110-4.
10. No number or volume
Browll DA, Lennard TW. Immunologic status of the cancer patiet and the effects of blood transfusion on antitumor responses. Curr Opin Gen Surg 1993: 325-33.
11. Pagination in Roman numerals
Fisher GA, Sikic BI. Drug resistance in clinical oncology and hematology. Introduction. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1995 Apr; 9 (2): xi-xii.
12. Indication of the type of article, as appropriate
Enzenberger W, Fischer PA. Metronome in Parkinson`s disease. Lancet 1996; 347: 1337.
Clement J, De Bock R. Hematological complications of hantavirus nephropathy (HVN). Kidney Int. 1992; 42: 1285.
13. Article containing a retraction
Garey CE, Schwarzman AL, Rise ML, Seyfried TN. Ceruloplasmin gene defect associated with epilepsy in EL mice. Nat Genet 1995; 11: 104.
14. Article withdrawn due to retraction
Liou GL, Wang M, Matragoon S. Precocious JRBP gene expression during mouse development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994; 35: 1083-8.
15. Article on which an errata has been published
Hamlin JA, Kahn AM. Hermiography in symptomatic patients following inguinal hernia repair. West J Mead 1995; 162: 28-31.
Books and other monographs
16. Individuals as authors
Ringsven MK, Bond D. Gerontology and leadership skills for nurses. 2nd ed. Albany (NY): Delmar Publishers; nineteen ninety six.
17. Directors ("editors"), compilers as authors
Norman IJ, Redfern SJ, editors. Mental health care for elderly people. New York: Churchill Livingstone; nineteen ninety six.
18. Organization as author and publisher
Institute of Medicine (US). Looking at the future of the Medicaid program. Washington: The Institute; 1992.
19. Book chapter
Pillips SJ, Whisnant JP. Hypertension and stroke. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM, editors. Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. 2nd. Ed. New York: Raven Press; 1995. p. 465-78.
20. Conference minutes
Kimura J, Shibasaki H, editors. Recent advances in clinical neurophysiology. Proceeding of the 10th International Congress of EMG and Clinical Neurophysiology; 1995 Oct 15-19; Kyoto, Japan. Amsterdam: Elsevier; nineteen ninety six.
21. Paper presented at a conference
Bengtsson S, Solheim BG. Enforcement of data protection, privacy and security in medical informatics. In: Mon KC, Degoulet P, Piemme TE, Rienhoft O, editors. MEDINFO 92. Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics; 1992 Sep 6-10; Geneva, Switzerland. Amsterdam: North-Holland; 1992. p. 1561-5.
22. Scientific or technical report
Published by the financial institution or sponsor.
Smith P, Golladay K. Payment for durable medical equipment billed during skilled nursing facility stays. Final report. Dallas (TX): Dept. of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Evaluation and Inspections; 1994 Oct. Report No.: HHSIGOEI69200860.
Published by the executing institution.
Field MJ, Tranqueada RE, Feasley JC, editors. Health services research: work force and educational issues. Washington: National Academy Press; 1995. Contract No.: AHCPR2829422008. Sponsored by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
23. Thesis
Kaplan SJ. Post-hospital home health care: the elderly`s access and utilization. St. Louis (MO): Washington Univ.; nineteen ninety five.
24. Patent
Larsen CE, Trip R, Johson CR, inventors; Novoste Corporation, assignee. Methods for procedures related to the electrophysiology of the hert. US patent 5 529 067. 1995 Jun25.
Other published works
25. Newspaper article
Lee G. Hospitalizations tied to ozone pollution: study estimates 50,000 admissions annually. The Washington Post 1996 Jun 21; Sect. A: 3 (col.5).
26. Audiovisual material
HIV + / AIDS: the facts and the future. St. Louis (MO): Mosby-Year Book; nineteen ninety five.
27. Legal documents
Public law:
Preventive Health Amendments of 1993, Pub. L. No. 103-183, 107 Stat. 2226 (Dec. 14, 1993).
Bill without sanctioning:
Medical Records Confidentiality Act of 1995, S. 1360, 104th Cong., 1st Sess. (nineteen ninety five).
Code of Federal Regulations:
Informed Consent, 42 C: F: R. Sect. 441.257 (1995)
Audience:
Increased Drug Abuse: the Impact on the Nation's Emergency Rooms: Hearings Before the Subcomm. On Human Resources and Intergovernmental of the House Comm. On Government Operations, 103rd Cong., 1st Sess. (May 26, 1993).
28. Map
North Carolina, Tuberculosis rates per 100,000 population, 1990. Raleiht: North Caroline Dept. of Environment Health, and Natural Resources. Div. Of Epidemiology; 1991.
29. Book of the Bible
The Holy Bible. King James version. Gtrand Rapids (Ml): Zondervan Publishing House; 1995. Ruth 3: 1-18.
30. Dictionary and similar reference works
Stedman`s medical dictionary. 26th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1995. Apraxia; p. 119-20.
31. Classical works
The Winters Tale: act 5, scene 1, lines 13-16. The complete works of William Shakespeare. London: Rex; 1973.
Unpublished works
32. In press
Beshner AI. Molecular mechanisms of cocaine addiction. N Engl J Med. In press 1996.
Electric material
33. Journal article in electronic format
Morse SS. Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 1995 Jan-sea; eleven):. Available from: URL:
34. Monograph in electronic format
CDI, clinical dermatology illustrated. Reeves JRT, Maibach H. CMEA Multimedia Group, producers. 2nd ed. Version 2.0. San Diego: CMEA; nineteen ninety five.
35. Computer file
Hemodynamics III: the ups and downs of hemodynamics. Version 2.2. Orlando (FL): Computerized Educational Systems; 1993.
() The first version was presented and published in 1998.
The bibliographic references to which the text refers must appear numbered and in correlative order for a correct reference.
(1) The reference must also appear in correspondence with the correlative number that is consigned in the bibliographic reference list.
() “Foreign” is understood in relation to the English language.
