Introduction:
Gender-based violence should be understood as those actions or abrupt acts that one gender exerts over another for reasons of power, that causes damage or injuries from the physical, mental or sexual point of view, and these can be mild, severe, or serious and it can even lead to the death of the person who is the victim of the injury, generally it is the one who exercises the gender that holds power, against the gender that has a subordinate position, that is, from the male gender to the female, because Men are considered to be in a position of superiority over women, who has always been seen in a position of inferiority, subordination and limited to the domestic sphere.
It is precisely the violence of the masculine gender over the feminine because, it is who has the power, therefore, the issue of violence is a problem of power.
Gender violence as a social phenomenon, which is based on power relations, has its causes in the construction of gender, in patriarchy as a system of domination.
The phenomenon of violence must be seen as a cultural fact, being as old as the history of humanity itself, however it has remained invisible due to its naturalization as part of the patriarchal culture, it arose with the sexual division of labor itself.
Only two or three decades ago, the problem of violence began to become visible, from the entire movement developed by feminism around it; not only in academia but also in certain international organizations that have begun to deal with the issue, in the specific case of our country; It is in the 90s of the 20th century that studies on the problem of violence against women begin to become visible and systematized.
In this paper we will take a look at the issue of domestic violence as a social phenomenon, taking into account what women themselves think about it.
Development:
Women in the world today live a difficult situation, which is why, around two or three decades ago, the problems of violence against women began to be analyzed, based on the growing interest and importance that many international organizations such as the UN have given this problem; Its treatment and analysis has been the subject of meetings, summits, forums, conferences, conventions, which have been developed on human rights, where the documents derived from them serve as a starting point for the study and deepening of this issue.
It was at the World Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna, in 1993, where violence against women and girls was declared for the first time and expressly recognized as a violation of human rights and as an obstacle to achieving freedom. equality.
In 1993, in the United Nations General Assembly, Resolution 48-104 defined for the first time the term violence against women, considering it “as any act of violence based on gender that results or has as result, causing physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion, arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether it occurs in public or private life. ”(1)
The phenomenon related to violence brings with it numerous damages to the physical and mental integrity of women and can even cause death to people, this is a problem that, as we already mentioned, has been invisible for a long time in society, for being a manifestation of unequal power relations, which in the socialization process have been established between men and women, which has its causes in the construction of gender, in patriarchy as a system of domination, as a dominant culture, therefore, it is a cultural phenomenon.
Hence, it can be stated that the structure of relations between genders is an androcentric structure, where man constitutes himself as the center and the measure of all things; "The most important", "the most", "the supreme".
The report of the IV World Conference on Women, organized by the UN, in Beijing, China, held in 1995, stated that there are still certain factors that isolate women, which leads to the denial of their human rights and access to to education, employment, economic self-sufficiency and decision-making, that is, to be able to have their own autonomy, which is evident; their exclusion from public social life, because this is an area that has been considered only for men, so “their place is in the domestic or private sphere.
It is at this Conference where governments are recommended to take action to eliminate all forms of violence against women, because this constitutes an obstacle to achieving the objectives of equality, development and peace, which violates, damages or nullifies the enjoyment, by her, of human rights and essential freedoms.
It means that gender violence is a phenomenon that limits the full and healthy development of women, but also decreases the victim's self-esteem, turns her into a passive, submissive person, even putting her life, health and health at risk. its integrity; it can be made up of a single act, or it can consist of a series of attacks that, added together, produce damage, although each one of them, in isolation, does not necessarily produce it.
The different investigations that have been carried out have been able to verify that it is not a problem of a specific area, or of a class, or of a specific age, or of people with a low level of education, but that it is the same in the city as in the countryside, between rich and poor people; at all levels; between professionals and non-professionals; as well as in all kinds of relationships: courtship, families, marriages, or any relationship.
Worldwide statistics show that 1% of women carry out violent actions against men, that is, that around 75 or 76% of cases are men who attack, that is, women are the victims, while the remaining 24% are cases of interactive, reciprocal violence, that is, it occurs as a response.
These figures reveal and show us that gender violence is that which is exercised by the male sex towards the female, since men are the ones who most frequently carry out aggressions and mistreatment against women, which gives us the measure of violence. vulnerability to which women are exposed, regardless of the role they play and the place they occupy in the socioeconomic structure.
“Domestic violence is a social problem that affects millions of human beings around the world. It is a reflection of power relations that prioritize and place the masculine as the axis of all experience in knowledge and work on a social scale and is reproduced on a micro-social scale in the family space ”2
It is important to bear in mind that the actions carried out to prevent and combat gender violence must be aimed at creating a culture of equality and equity free of violence, where the relations of men and women are based on respect, tolerance, communication and mutual responsibility.
Intrafamily violence is mistakenly considered by many people as a phenomenon that only concerns the members of the family nucleus and that should be treated from the inside, that is, as a private matter, when in reality it is a social phenomenon. consequences that it brings and due to its repercussion, both for the family itself and for society, since it can cause different damages from the physical or psychological point of view to the people who are subjected to violence.
It should be considered as any action or omission that is committed by any of the family members, that violates the right to full development and well-being of another. It is directed fundamentally towards women, children and the elderly. Generally the place where it is produced is the home; hence its name.
The investigations that have been developed have shown that spousal violence constitutes the most frequent form of domestic violence.
It has been shown that domestic violence is a problem in the relationship between people, which revolves around the aggressor's need to keep his victim under control, or to maintain his position of power when he is threatened that he may lose him for certain reasons, then a violent situation is triggered. With these cases the doors of a serious social problem are opened.
Violence is a social phenomenon because it has a direct impact on the functioning of society; that generates dysfunctionality, because it has high social costs that impacts not only in the private sphere, but also has implications in the extra-domestic sphere and is transferred from one generation to another.
The learning of violence generates disability, trauma, can bring disorders in interpersonal relationships and can also bring violent reactions.
Many times the situation of mistreatment to which they are subjected is hidden by women, making its consequences visible, only when the violence is evident, when it has left visible traces, causing serious physical or psychological damage and that undoubtedly come out to the public light, impossible to continue hiding it from others, even so there are those who justify the bruises, contusions, scratches, or wounds, arguing that they tripped, fell or other vain justification, either out of shame, guilt or fear, in addition It may also be because the culture has stigmatized battered women as having low reputations and are frowned upon.
In relation to the causes that generate violence, there are different criteria and trends that consider:
- That violence is exercised by people who have mental problems, certain diseases or psychological disorders, but in reality we find others who do not have nervous imbalances and nevertheless exercise violence. This may exist, but we cannot see it in an absolute way because it is not so. Attempts have also been made to explain the causes of violence by linking them to masochism. But the woman who endures violence is because she does not know how to get out of this situation of abuse.On the other hand, there are those who argue that violence is part of human nature, defending the idea that male nature has a greater tendency towards violence than the female. Aggression cannot legitimize violent behavior, but learning is what makes it a violent act,cultural mediations are those that generate or mitigate violent behavior, this is a cultural and not a biological aspect. It is learned from a socialization, values related to strength, with the exercise of power.
The influence exerted by the environment, as well as the socializing agents are elements that generate violence, since it has been shown by studies that children who live in a violent domestic environment have a greater tendency to be violent in their relationships.
The first group to which the human being is inserted and in which the human being develops from birth, is the family, his first influences come from him, but at the same time that individual is receiving a set of influences from other groups, a legacy cultural history, expressed in customs, norms, traditions, values, which are thus contributing to the development of certain ways of acting and thinking in these people. As an agent of socialization, it provides a healthy growth in the basic behaviors of communication, dialogue and harmony among its members.
The scenario in which people develop, changes throughout the development of their lives, interpersonal relationships, communication with others, their need for relationships, leads them to establish new friendships and groups of friends. This multiplicity of belongings changes and poses new and different demands on individuals in their historical evolution. Subjectivity has been built in its relationship with social demands and has become a mediator of this demand and of all the influences received.
Generally, aggressive behaviors are more typical of men than women, the latter are rather victims, although we also find cases in which they are the ones who exercise violence, but the proportion is lower, because in the minds of many people Attitudes and behaviors transmitted from generation to generation persist that reproduce the unjust relations of inequality, which for hundreds of years have prevailed in their families, in which the former assume a position of superiority and the latter of subordination.
Gender violence that occurs in the family environment has psychological, social and economic consequences:
- Psychological violence: It is manifested by humiliation, insults, contempt, abandonment, threats, omissions, silences and other similar behaviors to which a woman and other vulnerable members of the family are subjected on a daily basis, affecting the emotional stability of the person who is It is the object of it, manifesting itself in a subtle, covert, threatening way and can affect the health of the person who suffers them. Hence its social character, physical violence. It has its manifestation in the visible traces that it leaves on the body of the person who suffers it, they can be by light blows that do not leave an apparent trace, aggressions that can be with the hands, fist, nails, feet, bladed weapons or other objects that are within reach of the aggressor. This type of violence also affects the health of the victim.Sexual violence:It affects the rights to sexual freedom and bodily integrity, and can occur on the street, in a workplace, in an educational institution or at the victim's home, as part of domestic violence. Economic violence: It is based in the control that men have over women in the management and administration of money, property and all family resources at their free convenience, where there are many mechanisms through which the control of money becomes an exercise of subtle violence.It is based on the control that men have over women in the management and administration of money, property and all family resources at their free convenience, where there are many mechanisms by which the control of money becomes an exercise of subtle violence.It is based on the control that men have over women in the management and administration of money, property and all family resources at their free convenience, where there are many mechanisms by which the control of money becomes an exercise of subtle violence.
Gender-based violence can manifest itself in any of these forms that we have just referred to, but it can also appear combined in two or more of its forms.
With the sexual division of labor, women were relegated to the space of the home, being assigned the education and care of children, the sick and the elderly, due to their ability to gestate and breastfeed children, they were also responsible for the continuity of the species, ignoring the co-participation of men in the domestic tasks and education of minors, thus arising the false idea of the inability of women to perform tasks "typical of men", hence, women who do not assume The roles assigned by society, with these pre-established precepts, were branded as "tomboy", "manly", "manly", with a lack of feminine gifts.
This creates stereotypes that define women as fragile, soft, docile, loving, as a second-class individual, economically dependent and totally on the male figure, while men are considered quite the opposite, being strong energetic, Brave and dominant, aggressive, a man / woman differentiation is established in this way, and a relationship of subordination and dependence of the woman "weaker sex", towards the man, "strong sex", who has the power, has to be successful Therefore, they cannot be afraid, they cannot cry, because that is about women, therefore, everything that goes against these qualities attributed and assigned by society would label them as "fagots", "lazy" or "mannered. ”.
Androcentric culture, historically, has expropriated certain human qualities from men because they are considered feminine.
Under these schemes, an education differentiated by sex with rigid limits is promoted in these societies. This from our perspective constitutes a violation of the development of the individuality of each person.
This education includes what we could call the teaching of masculinity and femininity, the transmission of what is characteristic and exclusive of each of the sexes. That is to say, it is a social construction that is carried out with each person, that goes to the roles and functions assigned to the masculine and feminine, it is here precisely where we find the genesis of violence; Girls are taught to play with dolls, kitchens, and be mothers, while boys are taught to play with guns, war tanks and other toys that promote violence in them.
It means that they have been educated in a series of characteristics that are violent and they are not allowed to express their feelings, their emotions, as if they were not human beings who feel and suffer like the most; What happens is that this construction of masculinity forces them to incorporate generic behaviors that they have internalized in the family, in school, in the peer group. "The so-called" patriarchy "as a social organization where the possibility of equality and reciprocity between the sexes is excluded facilitates polarized behaviors that constitute the basis of violent behaviors" 3
Hence, violence has its roots in the patriarchal and sexist education that boys and girls receive from an early age, in family learning, and in all the socializing means in which the individual operates, therefore, to eliminate it it is necessary to dismantle the imaginary collectively sexist stereotypes and end hegemonic masculinity. That is why they insist on dismantling the sexism of texts, in other educational practices, in the media and in education in general.
Until we eliminate the true causes that generate violent relationships, we will not eliminate violence.
However, there are those who consider that the causes of violence are in jealousy, frustration, alcoholism, fatigue that man may feel, which is totally false, it is a myth, because in reality these aspects act as catalysts for a violent attitude, since these are inconsequential reasons.
Domestic violence causes certain consequences for the people who are victims of it, among which we can mention:
- Injuries of different types and magnitudes, which in many cases can lead to death, contusions, wounds of different types Emotional and psychological disorders, anxiety, depression, neurosis, sleep disturbances, fatigue, disturbances of the digestive and cardiovascular system (ulcer, arterial hypertension, heart attack), suicide attempt, suicide, decreased school and work performance, difficulties in attention and concentration.
Hence, we can say once again that this is a social phenomenon, so that it is necessary to carry out studies, aimed at carrying out modifications based on certain actions, which contribute to approaching the problem and give it greater importance, to be carried out later intervention plans.
Violence in Cuba
When we analyze the problem of violence in our country, we can say that it is not very different from what occurs in the rest of the world, in the sense that it is not a new phenomenon in our society, but has also been made invisible by For a long time, there was no open recognition that it manifested in our context, although with different nuances, we had the presence of the problem, in addition there was no understanding as a social phenomenon, therefore, no work was carried out aimed at expressing the true essence of this problematic.
It means that “Cuba does not escape that reality, even though our social project contributes to banishing many of the factors that determine the exercise of violence against women, but revolutionizing ways of life marked by male monopolies cannot be achieved in just four decades.. " 4
The non-recognition of violence in our context is given in the myths and stereotypes that worked and work with respect to the private concern of this type of problem.
In our society, family violence cannot work, nor can it be considered as an internal problem, because it has to be of social interest, of individuals, of groups. No society like ours has so many institutions, nor does it devote so many resources to face such a situation and exercise prophylactic action in this regard. Combating domestic violence implies prevention and education to the family in this regard.
Prior to the revolutionary triumph of January 1, 1959, Cuban women had no access to education or employment, which was almost nil, associated with domestic work, teachers, nurses, and prostitutes.
In Cuba, the attention to women and the problem of protecting their rights occurred since 1959, from which time our state has shown such concern and occupation, which has been reflected in our Constitution and in other more specific laws, in programs and plans, with the creation in 1997 of the National Group for the attention and prevention of Family Violence.
The Cuban Revolution meant for women a guarantee for their protagonism, activism granting them a certain autonomy in the extra-domestic sphere.
That is why it is important to recognize that despite this, in Cuba, gender violence is manifested to a lesser extent than in the rest of the world, which is given by the political will of the State and the measures that have been adopted since the triumph itself. revolutionary, in favor of women's rights, where the exercise of full equality of rights and opportunities by Cuban women in our society was established, and at the center of this has been the FMC.
“In the case of Cuba, many of the forms that violence against women takes are not practiced, for example: female genital mutilation, trafficking in women, female infanticide, differential access to food, as well as coercive control on reproduction exercised both by individuals and by the State, etc., since some are typical of other cultures, and others have been eliminated or attenuated by virtue of the transformations that occurred in the social situation of women after the revolutionary triumph of 1959. " 5
In the 90s of the last century, the problems related to violence against women began to be systematized and made visible, but these first studies were characterized by dispersion and that in many cases they were not carried out with an adequate gender approach, On the other hand, these investigations are rather focused on the field of analysis in the field of psychosocial, legal, in the field of legal medicine, and therefore many are done without the appropriate gender approach that this requires to be able to analyze and interpret exactly the phenomenon correctly.
However, there are certain elements that emerge and come to light demonstrating the problem of violence against women
The family constitutes the fundamental cell of society and as such the Cuban state has created all the conditions for its better development, providing the entire population with decent means for their subsistence, access to health, education, culture, among others, what lays the foundations for the existence of fuller and happier people.
Our society is based on the principles, values and ethics of equality, contained in our Family Code, which must be integrated into daily actions and those who do not comply with it must be severely sanctioned and receive moral rejection from society.
Contrary to the above, although it has been erroneously considered that abuse in our society is a problem that has already been overcome, there are families where violence is manifested in their relationships because they mistreat each other, both in word with offenses, threats, insults and in fact, with blows, shoves, scratches, for various reasons, which occurs between siblings, between spouses or between relatives.
To verify everything that we had previously been analyzing from the theoretical plane, with the aim of looking for the microviolences that occur in everyday life, we conducted an in-depth interview with a 45-year-old white university woman, married and with a 24-year-old son, who maintained good communication with the interviewer, providing all the necessary information to know aspects that characterize people in whom taboos that affect couples' relationships persist even in their individual conscience. (Look at annex 1).
Through our first question, we learned that the interviewee has been married for 26 years.
In a second moment, she replied that she met her husband 27 years ago, when he was 27 years old, and she was only 16.
When we inquired about the qualities of her husband that most caught her attention, be they negative or positive, she told us that at that time she saw certain aspects in him that impressed her a lot, such as: that he was very pleasant; by the way he interacts with people, but at the same time he confesses that he realized as time went by that he liked what he said to be done, since he has the criteria that he is the man and Things must be done as I say, it is the one who has to command, the only one who must and can make decisions; The opinions of others do not count for anything, everything that is done in the house both she and the son should consult with him, since he is the one who has to give the last word.
On the other hand, he revealed to us that every time they are going to analyze a problem, he is always the one who is right (according to him) and has told him on multiple occasions that things must be done as he says, because the man is him and she does not have own criteria to give an opinion on the matter; He confesses that he has never hit her, but that she sometimes feels as if at some point he is going to do it because of the threatening way he talks to her and the tone in which he does it, and this makes her tense, nervous and desperate.
"In our marital relationship," he says, "his tastes have always predominated", since he does not ask for criteria and whenever they go out it is to the places that he selects and wishes, they share with their friends and her friends do not count for anything, so it has been losing them.
He also stated that he feels that he is the owner of everything that exists in the house, even when it is not he who has taken it or bought it, on the television he puts whatever he wants, especially sports and for “I can see the novel I have to get tough because otherwise… "
She also stated that since she began to receive a salary, she has given everything to him, so as not to mortify him, therefore she says that when she needs money to buy something, she has to ask him and give him an account of what she is going to do with it and how it is going to spend.
To the question of emotional expectations in the marriage, she answered that she expected him to be affectionate, because of the way it manifested itself at the beginning of the relationship, another of her expectations was the communication that might exist between them, but it turned out to be everything. On the contrary because now he criticizes her for everything, he is not very communicative; with her, because with others it is different, in the couple relationship she creates a barrier in this sense when she wants to analyze or pose a problem; Whenever the son does something or wants to tell him something about it because he is already a young man, he blames him for what is happening and says phrases such as: “you are just like your mother,“ they are cut with the same scissors ”,“ you I warned you, you are to blame for everything ”, and she also does not like when I arrive home late,He is constantly monitoring her and wants to always be the first to know and know about her things, in most cases he accompanies her to the places where she goes "but that's to know what I'm doing, because he thinks I'm going to betray him, I I know that all this has been because of the upbringing they gave him because the father was the same with the mother and that is what he learned.
However, he says that he often lies to him to hide his infidelity, which he has realized because he has had strong arguments with him for no reason, and he has also appeared on other occasions with little flowers, as if to hide or disguise his guilt, presenting himself as a good husband, in that case he is more communicative, the help at home, however, always says that domestic activities are for women, that men should not be involved as potters in matters that correspond to women, because they are the ones who have to find sustenance for the house, "but I know he is in love with me and loves me."
She told us that married life began to become more difficult after four or five years of marriage and at the moment she is developing more or less "well" because both her son and she are coping, they do not go the opposite way, they do the same. that he says, "if it were not a constant war in the house", "but I love him, he is also the father of my son."
I do not stop understanding that the family environment becomes unbearable, even that all this makes her nervous, many times she is insecure, she does not know what she is going to do when he is not there because whatever decision she is going to make has to wait for him to whether he approves of it or not, but things have become more difficult after his father died, - as he tells us.
Among the characteristics associated with sexist behavior, he describes that he scolds her as if he were a boy, he wants the son to be like him because he is a man, who cannot perform any task that is associated with the activities that are typical of women, he He thinks that he is the navel of the world, he does not like me to surpass myself or participate in any event or meeting where I have to stay outside the house, "but that is logical because he was raised that way, that was the upbringing he received". “Many times in order for her to do something I have to pretend that I am sick”. Another characteristic that I can mention is that even though she is dying, she does not imply that she feels bad, nor does she say what she has, because that is a weakness for women. women, according to him.
He advises women not to raise their children in that way when they become mothers, but rather to practice cooperation, understanding and affection towards others and especially towards the wife, that the man must be known and studied well with Who is going to get married, since it is not the same as a boyfriend or a married man, because living with a macho man is not easy, because he says that “you have to lower oneself a lot, tolerate, lower your head, be the one to silk when it happens any problem".
As could well be seen, in our interview we still find behaviors like those we have just described, but nevertheless many times we do not notice them, because they are so rooted in society, so installed in everyday life, that we consider them as part of our work and we even justify them as it happens in this case and we do not fight to eliminate them, although they are difficult to erase because they are in the sphere of consciousness, where problems take longer to mature and provide a change of mentality in people.
Here it is revealed what the patriarchal culture has bequeathed us throughout history, because despite the transformations in favor of women to achieve equality, from the revolutionary triumph of 1959 to here, there are women who, even when we have achieved the same rights as men, endorsed in many legal documents, continue to reproduce behaviors and attitudes that come from the past and have not freed themselves from those ties.
On the other hand, this interview also helped us to see that subjects like these use certain strategies to maintain their position of power and dominance at home, trying to reaffirm the place and role that the patriarchal culture has assigned them as a male, male, male, from always being right, from the use of space and time, to disregarding the domestic; although many of those behaviors do not suppose intentionality.
These aspects that are manifested here harm people of both sex and another, in this case it is women, but if we analyze these behaviors, one that attacks and another that receives passively; We realize that both need help, because there is a third person who is also affected (the child) and who in the future can reproduce these behaviors, which are generators of violence and become risk factors, not only for the woman, but also for her son and for the relationships he establishes with other men.
We find a woman who is being exposed to psychological and economic violence by her husband, who is constantly subjected to humiliation, who becomes passive, submissive, totally dependent on him, with certain nervous disorders, also insecure, with loss of her self-esteem and that she herself has been annulling herself as a person, becoming an object of her husband, so she must assume herself as a subject and undertake her own autonomy. In addition, here the control over women and abuse of power by men are clearly revealed.
In addition, the interviewee knows all the negative aspects of her husband, but she justifies them, accepts them and our way of seeing this behavior is like that, because she is subjected to a certain cycle of violence, which cannot come out of victimization by itself, since it does not have the mechanisms to do so and needs help.
As stated in the theory, we see that certain forms of disqualification are used towards women, reaching the time when she loses her self-esteem, blames herself and allows herself to be manipulated as an object.
Here we find results similar to those found in studies that have been carried out with respect to violence.
- That this man who acts violently has been socialized in a family environment where abuse was manifested. That material dependence acts as a perpetuating factor of abuse; in this case, it is the economic dependence of the man, not because this woman does not work, but because she gives her salary to the husband. The presence of violence occurs regardless of the level of education. Little search for help by the victim product of ignorance.
These aspects described here are typical of the micromachism typology, although the subject taken for the study has some elements of the three types, but is closer to the typology of coercive ones with a social family base, coined by history cultural as normal.
This type of violence is a reflection of what the patriarchal culture has bequeathed to us; Historically unequal power relations between men and women, where the idea of a “natural inferiority” of women and a “biological superiority” of men has been stigmatized.
The patriarchal system is the generator of violence, inequalities and it is necessary to eliminate it, but not with decrees or laws, but on the basis of an education that goes against inequality and sexist behaviors; as well as with prevention; which undoubtedly will take us a long time to end it radically.
Micromachisms are strategies that men use to maintain and consolidate their power and micro-domination in the domestic sphere in everyday life.
Conclusions:
- Violence against women exists because there is a social system that legitimizes it, this is a cultural fact, an apprehended behavior. The study carried out showed us what the theory describes, gender discrimination in relations between women and men. Women, despite the fact that we have a great role in the social and political sphere, continue to reproduce patterns of submission and subordination in the domestic sphere. This is a complex, multi-causal phenomenon that is not resolved at the individual level, because environmental factors also exert their negative influence, but it is resolved in a system, of an interdisciplinary and multisectoral nature, where all the factors that are influencing intervene.This is a cultural phenomenon that cannot be resolved by means of decrees and laws,nor with the creation of facilities and institutions in favor of women, but through non-sexist education of present and future generations.
Bibliography:
- Bonino, Méndez, L.: Microviolence and its Effects. Keys for its detection. Revista Argentina Clínica Psicológica VIII. 1999.Bordieux, Pierre. "A gentle violence." In Woman / Fempress, Chile, No181 (no. 1996). Corsi, J. comp.: Family violence: An interdisciplinary look at a serious social problem. Argentina: Editorial Piados 1994. Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women 1979.Francis; D. and Dora Pérez: Invisible violence ?. In Rebel Youth. Sept. 8 2004. Cuba. Fourth World Conference on Women Report. (Beijing, 1995). Nogueras, G. Belén: Intimate Partner Violence. "Platform for Action" IV World Summit of the United Nations on women. Chapter IV: Violence. International Protection of Women's Human Rights, CLADEM-IIHR. 1996 Provideyer, C.Magnitude of the problem of violence against women and the main ways in which it is expressed in the country - Basic data. Article.__________: “A self-help group for battered women. Result of a work experience. ArticleWhat is violence against women? In Ediciones Simbióticas, January 2005. México Sánchez, Almira, T and Nancy Hernández Arias: Marital Violence in Sexology and Society, No 10, 1998, p. 24. María Mercedes Ortiz Rivera.: The reality of violence in intimate relationshipsT and Nancy Hernández Arias: Marital Violence in Sexology and Society, No 10, 1998, p. 24.María Mercedes Ortiz Rivera.: The reality of violence in intimate relationshipsT and Nancy Hernández Arias: Marital Violence in Sexology and Society, No 10, 1998, p. 24. María Mercedes Ortiz Rivera.: The reality of violence in intimate relationships
Appendix 1
Depth interview
Partner:
We are writing to you with the intention that you provide us with information related to the topic of our research based on personal experiences, for which we ask for your greater cooperation and help in obtaining concrete answers, taking into account the following indicators:
- Types of micromachisms. Characteristics of the type of micromachisms. Incidences of types of micromachisms in the individuality of the affected subject.
Questions:
1-How many years have you been married?
2-At what age did you meet your husband?
3-What were the qualities that most impressed you, whether positive or negative?
4-What emotional marital expectations did you expect from him?
5-When did the most unbearable married life begin?
6-How does the family environment become?
7-What characteristics associated with sexist behaviors were you observing?
8-What advice would you give to women who like you have suffered from any type of machismo?
______________________
1 Veretervide Dopico, S.: "Violence and Human Rights for Women", in Sexology and Society Magazine, No 21, 2003
2 “Proveyer, C: A self-help group for battered women. Results of a work experience.
3 Sánchez, Almira T. and Nancy Hernández Arias: Marital Violence. In Sexology and Society Magazine, No 10, 1998, p. 24.
4 Proveyer, C.: “A self-help group for battered women. Result of a work experience.
5 Proveyer, C. Magnitude of the problem of violence against women and main ways in which it is expressed in the country - Basic data. Article, Page 4.
