The administration has developed a great interest in people's lives, this leads to the basic and joint principle of the administration and the economy, the specialization or division of labor; In this way, the administration specializes more and more in its area of work and its own object of study, leading it to a wide range of approaches and divisions characteristic of people and the epistemological relationships found in this science.
In this way, the administration is an interconnected system of sub-sciences such as "public administration", "personnel administration"… among others. In fact all these sub-sciences are part of the administration and in turn the administration is part of these.
From a systemic point of view, administration as a science is an inter and intra-disciplinary system with other knowledge systems, which, due to its object of study, or better, due to its “subject” of study, goes hand in hand with Economics., giving a complement to the administration.
As we can see, the administration has a bivalent character with the Economy to be able to develop and achieve its main objective; For this reason, it needs a division caused by the specialization that the development of a science entails.
The administrative nature.
The administration meets a requirement within the framework of society, that of achieving well-being, therefore special care must be taken in the management given to this science, some authors affirm that the administration is not within the framework of the sciences, others affirm that yes, for this reason we must define and determine the natural origin of this branch of knowledge and also clearly define its parts.
Harold Koontz and Heinz Weihrich state that "administration is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which, working in groups, individuals efficiently fulfill specific objectives…" (Administration: a global perspective, Pg. 6) in this definition is You enter a dilemma, is management really a process? or will it be a science with processes? In addition, it does not clarify the concept of organization, because it can be clearly stated that the (individual) person is self-administered, in the sense that he has an income, some expenses, has defined goals and objectives, in addition to creating strategies for his well-being, systematically controls your life (through maturity), and integrates internally and externally as an open system, just like a company, an industry or a country does.
Now, the administration complies with the realization of systems, which in turn imply processes for the fulfillment of goals and objectives, in this way it can be affirmed that the processes are part of the study of the administration, but that basically the Administration studies the behavior of these processes to improve them and achieve their general purpose, that of well-being, and their particular purposes such as profit.
Thus we can see that organizations are themselves a person or group of people who work interdisciplinary, to achieve objectives, whether general or common and particular.
Taking this definition into account, it is believed that these organizations and their processes are rational systems of cooperative effort, within their most general framework, that is, they are systems whose parts of Inputs, Processes and Outputs are characteristic of human beings.
Thus we observe that the administrative nature or of the administration is based on the human being and his behavior in front of these rational systems, for this very reason we define the administration as the social science that is in charge of the study of behavior, whose application to human groups allows establish and maintain rational systems of cooperative effort, in order to achieve maximum welfare for humanity.
The division of administration
Administration is a science divided into a series of fields of knowledge of organizations and systems, for this reason we find a wide range of specialties in relation to this field, first we have that administration was born from one of its specialties: " administration public”This branch of science is made up of policies that lead to good management of the state, in addition to creating a series of applications to other branches such as organization by organization charts and staff lines, this branch of the administration is in charge of study of macrosystems, that is, of society, to establish and maintain the rational systems found in it, in order to achieve the well-being of a people and the valuation of their rights, in addition to the characterization of their obligations towards his society as an active person of the administrative system.
The public administration leads us to think that there is an administration of another character, that is, of the " private capital administration " this is what is commonly called simply "business administration ": it is in charge of studying the systems, it is say of the capital structure in organizations, to establish and maintain the rational subsystems of cooperative effort that are developed in direct relation to the “authority-dependency” of the organizations, with the sole purpose of directly satisfying the needs of a target population.
When we see the administration in this way, we understand that we find ourselves with one of the biggest problems that administrators have, if companies and the state are administered because they are composed of several people forming work groups (rational systems of cooperative effort) it will be That also, do people manage themselves ?, Well, seeing it well, people are not groups, but within themselves there are some areas of the mind that make them special, seeing that an administrator can direct a company or even the state itself, this in turn is administered by itself, and it is in accordance with this that it can direct others. In fact, people manage themselves.
That is why there is a “personal or individual administration”, this field is very dependent on psychology and anthropology, since it is these that treat individual behavior from the physical and mental point of view; For this reason it is a little explored area where it is commonly referred to as a personal life project, referring exclusively to the planning of the personal future.
By having these three large branches, we observe that in the real world there are some derivations that will be shown below:
1. " public administration "
When seeing the context of this branch we can say that there are some fields of specialization, first we observe the legal part or reason, being a field of legislation and executive actions in which its decisions interfere with an entire society, there is a division of " Administrative Law ”, which is responsible for the study of macrosystemic behavior through policies and legal norms of popular action, whose purpose is to achieve a better public order. This right depends on physical and mental resources to be able to be developed, for this reason in turn there is the "administration of public finances" and together with the administration of companies, "the administration of human talent”, The first is in charge of the study of the behavior of the rational systems of cooperative effort, in relation to the Economy and physical resources; the second refers to the study of work, of rational systems of cooperative effort, in order to achieve well-being for the internal work group of the system. And there is a type of specialization characteristic of this branch and it is the " administration of public resources”Which, unlike the financier, is in charge of studying diplomatic behavior, ordering, planning and territorial control. Based on this division, the administration has been able to develop in these common areas for a certain population, thus complementing the work carried out by other sciences such as Economics, Politics, Sociology and Psychology.
2. "business administration "
In the administration of common systems, that is, of companies, we clearly observe that organizations are made up of people, human beings who reason and perform work so that the organization fulfills its main purpose, the satisfaction of needs. own and those of its market segment; Due to this fact, like the "public administration" it can be divided into: "the administration of human talent" that refers to the study of work, of the rational systems of cooperative effort, in order to achieve well-being for the work group internal to the business system.
Then it can be seen that there are some material resources, these resources are in turn divided into two, money and inventories and other resources that physically make up the organization, therefore the administration manages to specialize in " financial management " and " production management. and processes ", but the latter develops a much larger complex is in charge of the programming of all the operations of the company that is commonly called" programming and operations research”, The first one in charge of the study of behavior through the economic resources of a society and the directive management of the currency, to achieve the greatest utility in the common good within an open system with its own ends; the second is in charge of the behavior of the system within itself and its productive functionality, in order to achieve appropriate decision-making and internally reduce uncertainty.
In addition, business systems are a compound of large parts for the conformation of that whole called “organization”. We can also find needs within this complex system, therefore, joint strategies are required to achieve the objectives proposed by the management, this contemporary specialization is called " strategic administration " in charge of the later behavior of the systems based on previously lived experiences, in order to obtain a prolonged growth of organizational development.
Knowing that the Economy generates in its knowledge "markets", where supply and demand are actions of the human being, with which the administration has to work day by day, thus it is possible to found the " administration of markets " known as " Marketing " in charge of studying the behavior of markets through human thinking and their needs in relation to a product and a target customer, in order to satisfy a certain group of people with higher quality.
In this way, organizations manage to survive and develop continuously and for a long time.
In this part of the administration we can determine that companies are the largest and best source of information for the entire administrative system, thus we find administrative theory within business and macrosystemic contexts.
3. " individual administration "
For this special type of administration, where the human being by himself manages to create a rational system within himself, which allows the administration to be caused by this same fact, thus we understand that human beings have the physical, biological and mental capacity to develop syllogisms and epistemological relationships in administration.
In this way, people, by their knowledge, generate administrative actions in their own lives, leading them to strategically plan a life project, and to rationally manage their financial, physical and mental needs, according to the Maslow scale of needs; therefore this being generates scientific knowledge about its own behavior; Generally, this field is investigated by Psychology and other social sciences, but the administration implicitly observes this behavior and takes it to the administration of companies, in general it can be seen that there is a "financial administration (individual)" and a "Strategic management", responsible for the study of behavior at the individual level, both physical and material, as well as psychological and mental,the latter generate a broader division for their study, for this reason there is the “Organizational psychological administration "and" psychological administration of the consumer "in charge of the mental-administrative study of both people within organizations and outside them.
Thus we can conclude that the administration is a whole composed of parts that are interconnected with each other and with other sciences that complement it. In fact, today it is believed that there is a knowledge management, as mentioned by Peter Drucker in his book "the post-capitalist society", the knowledge society.
Conclusions.
As we have been able to observe administration as a science, it not only studies the productive behaviors of an Economic and Capitalist society, but it studies all kinds of interconnected system where people are its protagonists, for this we have the following division of administration:
According to the table we can see that the administration, despite being divided, is interconnected by certain fields, such as "strategic administration" that connects people with organizations, "financial administration" and "human talent administration" interconnects all branches of the administration.
In this way, the administration can fulfill its objective and act according to its investigations and the so-called " Administrative Process " proposed by Henry Fayol.
The administration being science is a compound of great roles, of great actions and above all of great decisions in which, always, the human being is the main protagonist, for this reason science provides systematic elements for its own development and for the constant search for knowledge and reality are continuous, leading man to question more and more aspects that were previously considered irrelevant and illogical, in this way science leads us every day to make decisions and ask many more questions about reality than it shelters us.
Administration, as we can see, is much more than this, it is not only a specialized science but in it a series of sciences that collaborate jointly with society rest and agglutinate, these sciences are commonly called social sciences, of which the success or failure of an entire society, organization or group depends.
Rational systems of cooperative effort unite every organization through what we call Work, this well-known action of performing any task or activity by which man generates results through his Management to fulfill a specific purpose, leading him to carry out scientific studies.
