Foreword
Management education is an aspect of great importance for organizations since it depends on their survival, when a senior executive or manager makes good or bad decisions, they have a direct impact, achieving failure or success, but this education is often learned through From experience and not theoretically, in this situation it is important to analyze these aspects in a theoretical and practical way to combine them and ensure that managers or directors apply them to strengthen and achieve success, in organizations the manager must combine all the inherent factors to the organization and get the most out of them,It must also motivate its staff to have work teams that respond to this need and are involved in the decision-making process, and this allows the company to survive and be more competitive.
Historical background of the administration
Pre-Columbian Mexico
In pre-Hispanic times, the social, economic and political organization of the ancient peoples allowed an incipient development of self-consumption with defined structures that allowed the human coexistence of the groups formed. (Amador, 2012)
The Aztec warrior people who, through a defined structure, achieved the conquest of several peoples, grew and developed a social structure with a lot of knowledge, also received a payment from their vassals or conquered peoples for that reason, which implied the application of the administration in a manner. Empirical but with efficient results, in agriculture economic, administrative and specialization practices appeared and with the command of collective work, the construction of monumental works that can be seen today was achieved, also achieving that a privileged class had many benefits and a class The warrior who protected them, trade flourished between the different cultures of Mexico through the exchange of food and other artifacts. (Munch, 2010)
Colonial era: the administration manifested itself mainly through a Spanish commercial structure, giving rise to the encomiendas, the mita and the obraje, the Spaniards brought to Mexico a political, economic and religious organization that came to represent a very important role in the history, the church.
Independent Mexico: Once independence was consummated, the transformation of Mexico had a totally dismembered social and political panorama, giving rise to a great deal of instability since there were still internal wars between people who tried to maintain control over the administration of the government such as liberals and conservatives. (Amador, 2012)
Reform: The public administration was in charge of education and allowed freedom of worship, separating the church from the state, taking away the acquired goods from the church and distributing them to the peasants to work them, this allowed the administrative aspects to develop.
Porfiriato: At this time the first industrial revolution is considered in Mexico, since it attracted a lot of foreign capital and developed railways and roads, factories, introduced light and the telegraph in Mexico, existing in a certain way an economic liberalism that caused social changes and economic in the country, although incipient but already a better panorama and economic development were seen.
Mexican Revolution: there was imbalance and disorder in the economic, political, and social aspects and a large part of this occurred in the administrative aspects, until 1917, when the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States was promulgated, in which the bases to regulate to the Mexican Republic and integrating rights and obligations for Mexicans, this was the basis for generating regulations in the application of laws that would allow Mexican social coexistence. (Bateman, 2001)
Industrial Revolution: in the international arena Adam Smith published his book "The Wealth of Nations" since 1776, in which he mentioned that the economy would necessarily have to be free market without the government participating in this activity and the economy being subject to to the law of supply and demand, which is known as the beginning of classical economics and what would later become capitalism, included in his book the economic advantages that organizations and society could obtain from the division of labor; he announced the beginning of the division of labor, being necessary for specialization and for increased production.
This time was representative for several inventions and discoveries, whose impact was manifested in the disappearance of artisan workshops and the appearance of factories, where there was a boss and workers who sold their labor power, the craftsman was replaced by specialized workers, the serial production, this era was characterized by the exploitation of man by man, but likewise the natural development of companies and organizations created the need to manage them better, with personnel prepared to deal with the problems that companies have, such as personnel management, training, growth in the market, supply of raw materials, production, sales, finances, etc., these factors also created the appearance of some currents that supported the workers,and investigations that would give rise to scientific administration and the advancement of other administrative disciplines and the creation of unions in defense of workers, the following emerging:
Figure 1: different administrative theories.
Different administrative theories
Source: Idalberto Chiavenato (2015)
At the beginning of the century a movement called scientific management appeared in the United States, spearheaded by:
Federico Taylor: who saw as a fundamental aspect the search for efficiency, technical development that still has validity and left the way open for what modern administration is with the study of time, incentive systems, assessment of tasks, selection offices, training of workers, collaboration in the organization of work, delimitation of the responsibilities of workers and management, which even today many organizations practice with excellent results. (Chiavenato, 2014)
Henry Fayol: proposed 14 principles in the administrative area and different ways to make decisions in a quantitative way.
Elton Mayo: Human Relationship School: The theory of human relations dates back to the 1920s, this doctrine emerged and gained strength as a result of the development of industry and because serial production increased the nervous tension of the workers, before In this situation, businessmen and administration scholars were forced to analyze the problem from a psychological point of view and establish what were the causes of boredom produced by repetitive work. (Reinaldo, 2013)
Mary Parker Follet: related the psychological aspects of the administration from 2 perspective, a technical side and a personal side, also referring to the concepts of authority and responsibility and affirmed that organizations are sources of conflicts and that these should be managed positively, Another aspect that I take into account was the problem of command and coordination and the factors that condition them such as time, place and the human element. (Rodríguez, 2009)
Hugo Münsterbeg: I apply psychology to industry and administration focusing on determining the conditions to improve an individual's work and finding ways to influence workers, so that they act in accordance with the objects of administration.
Chris Argyris: says that there is an incongruity in organizations and the necessary requirements of people since the organization requires people to have a minimum control over their work and their environment, be passive, dependent and subordinate, have a short perspective of time, appreciate and perfect the use of superficial skills and produce in situations of psychological maladjustment. (Chiavenato, General Theory of Administration, 2014)
Federico Herzberg: sustains the dual theory in which motivating factors give satisfaction when they appear and do not produce dissatisfaction when they disappear, hygienic factors on the other hand do not give satisfaction when they appear but produce dissatisfaction when they disappear
David Mac Clelland: affirms that the factors that motivate the man are group and cultural that there are 3 types of factors that are the accomplishment, affiliation and power.
Schools of group dynamics: from Elton Mayo's experiments, trends were also developed that are based on studies of groups, their behavior and dynamics in aspects such as communication, leadership, forces of union, cohesion, cooperation, dissociation, competition and conflict.
Structuralist school: this current originated based on studies on the structure of authority, communication and structural conflicts
Communication system: the organization has different flows and can run in different directions, for example horizontally between equal positions, vertically between different ranges from top to bottom or from bottom to top.
Structure of organizational behavior: it is the study of the organization from the point of view of the division of labor and the real behaviors of the members of the organization. (Bateman, 2001)
Structure of formalization or bureaucratization: it is the degree to which an organization is structured by established norms or rules, for example an organization is very formalized or bureaucratized when it has organized all the work and leaves little freedom of action to its members, making the organization very static.
Max Weber: developed the concept of bureaucracy through the rationalization of collective activity, with its concept of bureaucracy, classification of authority and its ideal model of bureaucracy, which mainly comprises the maximum division of labor through formalization, structuring and organization since to the extent that an organism approaches an ideal model, its effectiveness improves, and on the contrary, if all members adopt what is rational for them, their work is incongruous and there will be inefficiency, which is why the need and discipline.
Chester Barnard: in the concept of authority there are 2 basic elements such as the origin of the command or objective aspect and the acceptance of the command by the governed or subjective aspect, the authority then 2 aspects such as acceptance: of a communication as authoritarian and the aspect objective the character of the communication by virtue of which it is accepted, if a directive communication is accepted by the one to whom it is addressed, its authority is confirmed or established for him, disobedience to that communication is admitted as a basis for action. negative of that authority, therefore according to this definition the decision of an order has an authority or not, lies in the people to whom it is addressed and does not reside in people with authority or those who issue those orders. (Rodríguez, 2009)
Renate Mayntz: talks about the authority structures and typology of Hierarchically structured and democratically structured organizations, talks about the source of conflicts mentioning that they are the mismatches between what the structure requires and what the occupants of the positions expect or believe that his role and that of his subordinates and points out that there are conflicts when a member receives orders from several people, when a superior demands that the subordinate role be performed more carefully and quickly, when the subordinate believes that his role in the organization is different When there is an overload of papers with too much work, it says that an organization is highly formalized when it is said to be regulated and leaves little freedom of action to the members. (Bateman, 2001)
Amitai Etzioni: mentions that civilization is characterized by the fact that all our behavior is regulated by organizations, we are born within organizations, we are educated by them, most of us spend a good part of our lives working for organizations, we spend a large part of our free time spending, playing and praying in organizations.
Ralph Dahrendorf: gives importance to informal behavior and conflicts that are generated by structural relations not only internal but also class struggle and conflicts that are generated within the organization, mentions that industrial companies are the general source of all conflicts says that whenever this domain structure exists there will be conflicts in the company and industrial conflicts. But conflict produces change and is the way society is transformed, he adds that a society without conflict does not advance and becomes bureaucratized.
Neo-human relationshipist school: they are based on Max Weber's theory when they speak of values and actions and affirm that the cultural values of human behavior determine their actions and processes of exercising command, making decisions and motivating others. (Chiavenato, General Theory of Management, 2014)
Tannenbaun's Dynamic Authority Scale: Talk about the Leadership scale. (Rodríguez, 2009)
Alpha - omega theory: Raymond A. Katzel: developed his theory based on influence variables such as the size of the organization, the degree of interaction, the personality of the members, the congruence of goals, the techniques used in the decisions and the current system efficiency.
Fred Fiedler's matrix model: I relate 3 factors and from there he established the general principles of action in each situation.
The factors are:
- Subordinate leader relationships. Power of leader.
Measurement of subordinate work
Roberto Blake and Jane S. Mouton: published their model in an article that they called the managerial grid, they correlated in a matrix 2 factors such as attention to production and attention to human needs
Herbert Simón: I develop the theory of decisions as a basis to explain human behavior in organizations, his theory of the behaviorist school conceives the organization as a decision system.
Henry Mintzberg: He spent his time observing the reality of a manager's work, observing them and recording the daily activities that managers did; how they do what they do and why they do it through their interpersonal roles with ceremonial and social tasks as a representative of the organization, how they assume the role of information on the operation of a company, the role of diffuser to get information to subordinates and transmitting information to people outside the organization, the decision-making role as an entrepreneur, as an anomaly manager, and in allocating resources and dealing with diverse people and groups of people.
Post-revolutionary times in Mexico:
Mexico begins to nationalize goods for profit and an industrial class and the unions emerge as a mediating force between the company and the unions. In the 1940s, expatriates from Spain arrived in Mexico, expelled by internal war movements and began to originate large commercial chains and the Second World War gives Mexico the opportunity to industrialize. (Bateman, 2001)
Current Mexico:
Currently, business companies compete in a global market, where labor is very cheap, allowing this to create new business models and commercialize, where ICTs already have a decisive importance to create new markets, ways of working and commercializing and to be competitive require proper administration. (Chiavenato, 2014)
The administration has generated a development in humanity with many benefits in the efficiency of resource management and giving companies the opportunity to fulfill their social responsibility, continuously innovating in a global market where few companies survive, and this adaptation has allowed the administration to propose and establish various theories appropriate to the environment in which they work, this is because these concepts are adapted with improvements, in order to obtain better results with the human factor, most Mexican companies lack staff with leadership skills despite the fact that Mexico is currently one of the 18 most important economies in the world, but suffers a strong mismatch in this talent,which causes that many job vacancies are not covered by the shortage of professionals with the necessary skills to integrate into businesses and these are successful in the market, there is not enough talent to cover the current and future demand for qualified professionals, manager skills.
Figure 2: The 3 skills of the manager (Munch, 2010)
Execution of operations Do and execute
The 3 skills of the manager
Source: Idalberto Chiavenato (2006)
The people who assume the managerial performance of an organization are called managers and are responsible for directing the activities that help organizations to achieve their goals with the tendency to fulfill their activities efficiently and effectively to achieve the goals of the organization, achieving this by minimizing the resources used to achieve the organization's objectives (doing things right) and the ability to determine the appropriate objectives (doing what needs to be done). The daily work of managers and interpersonal relationships with staff become continuous learning, the manager must exchange knowledge and ideas with his employees and establish continuous communication and collaboration schemes with the individuals around him, learn from group relationships and organizational,and the experiences of individuals. The following figure shows how the staff should be considered: (Reinaldo, 2013)
Figure 3: Managerial capital according to Sveiby
Managerial capital according to Sveiby
Source Idalberto Chiavenato (2015)
The growth of the world market has led to the establishment of new management strategies for organizations and leadership, making it essential to take better advantage of the resources available and make them more efficient, a managerial education is necessary to achieve better results by linking all the elements that are available. allow them to sell, taking advantage of the countries' need to attract capital, buy cheaper or set prices to the producers themselves, which makes them economic entities with a great demand for specialized personnel to manage them. (Chiavenato, General Theory of Management, 2014)
Conclusions
It is therefore important to demonstrate the need to expand the Mexican business class with certain ethical and business characteristics that allow business class development in Mexico and this raises its levels of competitiveness in the world, generating more well-paid jobs that allow social development, for Therefore, the supply of manpower with postgraduate degrees does not correspond to the need for talent, in a globalized world in which we currently live, it is necessary for companies to change their management model, knowledge and communications technology since are intimately linked with greater productivity and competitiveness, before which a manager must not only be recognized for his position, but must be prepared to review the memory and account of the company, understand the laws, the structure,operability and processes of the company. (Amador, 2012)
New companies led by good executives have had to demolish outdated methods, put an end to systems and cultures of the past that prevented them from competitive progress, apply new organizational strategies and hire more effective and competitive staff and create structures and better processes with the intention of competing in a global market.
Bibliography
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