Introduction.
This is an exploratory preliminary report based on historical data from the Monterrey industry and its links to the industry in the United States of America. The data has been collected from the following files: Historical Archive of the City of Monterrey (AHCM). General Archive of the State of Nuevo León (AGENL) and the Historical Archive of the Monterrey Fundidora (AHFM). The purpose of the report is to present some data on the influence of North American industrial culture in the formation of the industrial culture of Monterrey, between the end of the 19th century and the middle of the 20th century.
The concept of industrial culture refers to the transmission of learning processes, experiences, customs and traditions generated in industrial environments; related to technological, administrative, labor and social aspects; Technologically, industrial culture refers to industrial machinery, tools and equipment. (For a development of the concept of industrial culture consult the page: www.monterreyculturaindustrial.org). The report contains data on industry figures trained in North American academic institutions; the origin of the technology of some Monterrey industries is mentioned. At the end, the project for a gas and electricity production plant promoted by the American citizen Richard Oakman is reported, in 1901.
As an introduction we can say that in comparative terms the industrial takeoff of the United States was first than that of Monterrey. Some authors report that between 1850 and 1900 the number of industrial companies installed in the United States quadrupled, from 123,000 to 512,000. An additional fact that is defining for any comparison with the Monterrey industrial start-up is that the United States was the cradle where the great technological inventions were produced that were to give leadership to North American industry, as we will argue in the chapter on more. ahead. Monterrey's industrial start-up runs from 1890 to 1910, a period in which the bulk of the pioneering industrial plants of the industrialization of Monterrey were installed (Vizcaya and Cerutti).Precisely these data allow us to support the hypothesis that the influence of the North American industrial culture was decisive for the formation of the industrial culture of Monterrey.
Of the various factors that drove the industrialization of Monterrey in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the specialized literature mentions one that is particularly relevant: the proximity of the border with the United States of North America; influence that has not been limited to investment capital but also, more importantly, to knowledge, education and industrial technology, such as tools, equipment and machinery; as well as the production processes. To support this hypothesis, we have compiled information that we will present in the following chapters:
- Industrial culture as educational training. Monterrey industrial leaders trained in North American educational institutions Presence of North American industrial technology in pioneering factories of the Monterrey industry Richard Oakman's project of the Gas Factory to produce Light, Heat and Motive Power of Monterrey. (1901).
1. Industrial culture as educational training. Regiomontan industrial leaders trained in North American educational institutions.
One of the first expressions of industrial culture is, without a doubt, the educational training of both workers and managers of industrial plants. In Monterrey, some industrial entrepreneurs built schools and training centers for workers and their children, from very early times. Such were the cases of Cervecería Cuahtémoc, SA, whose directors started, in 1911, the school construction program to train their workers and employees. This with the purpose of replacing the foreign technicians with whom in 1890 it had started its operations. The educational program began with the founding of the Cuauhtémoc Polytechnic School, founded in the year indicated. In it elementary and polytechnic education classes were taught; the trades of electricity, refrigeration, technical fermentation systems were taught; as well as other general knowledge related to physics, chemistry, commerce and agriculture.(One hundred years: 1990 and Mendirichaga: 1971).
Another factory that also early created its own educational and technical training centers for its staff was Fundidora Monterrey, SA In 1911, eleven years after it began operations, it opened the doors of the six-grade elementary school for the children of its workers - the Acero Schools, which later changed their name to Adolfo Prieto Schools. Later, in the twenties, the night school was inaugurated with 100 workers and employees, where they were taught mathematics, the national language, English, drawing and shorthand; that is to say, general culture and applied knowledge, useful for work. (Collectivity: 1929), At this point it is important to highlight the case of the educational programs of the schools of Fundidora Monterrey, SA, in which English was taught as a second language,which indicates that some technicians required knowledge of that language to read the operation manuals of the machinery and equipment.
In the case of the influence of the North American industrial culture on the directors of the Monterrey industrial plants, the following can be reported. La Cervecería Cuathémoc, SA, registers the presence of a character of North American origin in the foundation of the beer company; he is Joseph M. Schnaider, an engineer by profession, born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1858. Heir to the brewery that bore the same name as the Schnaider family; which in its times of operation, in the last third of the 19th century, was one of the most important established in the American Union. (One hundred years: 1990).
The influence of the engineer Schanider was decisive in the beginnings of the Monterrey brewery; He was the expert in the art of brewing beer; for which he held the position of production manager. He also served as an important member of the board of directors during the first years of operation of the beer production plant. The beginnings and operation of the Compañía Fundidora de Fierro y Acero de Monterrey, S.
A. is not explained without considering the benefits it received from the American industrial culture. One of the investors who participated in the constitution of the industrial plant was Eugenio Kelly, who was a New York banker. Likewise, some of the engineers and technicians who started up the first equipment and machinery for the Monterrey steel company came from the United States of America. Among them, Oliver P. Thomas, head of the lamination department. Some others, although of European origin, had carried out their technical experience in the homeland of Washington, such as AG Hartestain, who held the position of general superintendent; the same Dot J. Felckel, head of the blast furnace.All of them contributed with their knowledge to the training of the first workers and technicians of Monterrey who had little experience in the field of the steel industry. (Gonzáles Caballero: 1980).
The chronicler of the Monterrey Fundidora, Manuel González Caballero, has written, referring to the North American technician Oliver P. Thomas, who was characterized by being a “… North American, very expert in matters of rolling mills and in cylinders, or rollers… well his experience in these tasks had been acquired in the great steel producing plants of the United States ”. (González Caballero: Ibid.).
Regarding the academic training of the directors of the Monterrey industries, we can report the following. We include a sample of fifteen executives from some of the most important industries in Monterrey, who received academic training at educational institutions in the United States of America. (Table No. 1) The table provides information on four indicators:
- Name of the character Date of life of the character Participation in the industry of Monterrey Academic institution of the United States of America, in which he received education.
The data for the first indicator show the predominance of surnames: Garza Sada and Garza Laguera. The date of life is an indicator that records the year of birth and death; in some cases the data is incomplete due to lack of information. Four of the characters were born in the 19th century and three between that same century and the first decade of the 20th, which would indicate that they are second-generation industrialists, whose names can be found on the boards of directors of the plants that started the take-off. Industrial of Monterrey. A last group is made up of industrialists who were born between 1918 and World War II. Regarding the industries, it is observed that the list is dominated by the industrialists of the brewery and the industries associated with it,such as the glass factory and the cardboard production company and the steel company Tinlata y Lámina, SA
Regarding the North American educational institutions where they carried out their academic and formative studies, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology stands out. (MIT). Texas University follows. Both institutions with academic programs in engineering and management.
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology from the early part of the second part of the 19th century offered special and professional instruction programs to train specialists in mechanical, chemical and mining engineering. He imparted knowledge of iron and copper machinery and metallurgy. (MIT: 1864). It was the most outstanding institution in the dissemination of industrial culture since the 19th century, and the one that, as we saw from the data, influenced the academic training of the men who started the industrialization of Monterrey.
An additional note that we can make in this chapter, to reinforce the hypothesis with which we have been working in this report, is that some texts and manuals for the operation of industrial machines and equipment were edited by North American authors and publishers. Such was the case of the texts and manuals for the operation of the furnace based on the Bessemer system and the knowledge of iron metallurgy, located in the library of Fundidora Monterrey, SA The first published in 1919 and the second dated the year of 1936. These are the following texts: Iron and Steel (A Pocket Encyclopedia). Huh P. Tiemann, BS, AM
Edited by Mc Graw-Hill Book Company, INC. New York / 1919. The second text is: Metalurgy of iron and steel. International Textbook Company. Scranton, PA / 1936.
A preliminary conclusion about this chapter is that there are documentary records that support the hypothesis that in the educational field, the influence of the industrial culture of the United States of America in the formation of the industrial culture of Monterrey was notable.
Table No. 1. Characters of the Monterrey industry trained in North American educational institutions.
2. Presence of North American industrial technology in the pioneering factories of the Monterrey industry.
From the technological point of view - machines, equipment, tools and the inherent knowledge - the industrialization of the United States was influenced by technical inventions of European, British and German origin, mainly. To the technology we must add the immigration of human resources also of European origin, who arrived in the North American territory from the middle of the 19th century. Sources report that in the last 40 years of the mentioned century, more than 14 million people arrived, many of them carriers of knowledge of the art of manufacturing industrial machines and tools.
An illustrative case of the European contribution to the American industry is the British technician Samuel Slater, who once in North American territory, reproduced from memory the scheme of the Arkwrighg weaving machine. With this Slater set up in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in the second half of the 19th century, the first textile factory in the United States. Later he created other factories in New England. (Derry and Williams: 1977).
Notwithstanding the aforementioned, the originality of North American inventiveness must be recognized, which registered a very remarkable development since the 18th century. Specialists report that at the beginning of the 18th century only 276 patents had been granted; then, in the ten years from 1840 to 1850, the number reached 6,480 records. For the period between 1890 and 1900, patented inventions totaled 234,956. A truly astonishing number in the history of patents. (Dillanés Cisneros: www.azc.uam.mx/publicaciones/gestion/num6/art12.html).
To get an idea of the importance of inventions and technological innovations of North American origin, we will mention some such as the following: Whitney's cotton remover (1790); Evans high pressure steam engine (1800); Danforth spinning machine and Thorp ring spinning machine (1820); vulcanizate from Goodyear (1841); mower Mc Cormick, Chicago (1848). Not to mention - of course - Edison's fertile and monumental inventiveness. (Derry and Williams: 1977).
One piece of information that is important to note is the solid link between technological development and North American industrial progress. As can be seen from some of the names of the characters who founded and directed the first large industrial plants that gave prestige and recognition to North American industrial technology. As shown in the following table.
Table No.2. Pioneering characters of the North American industrial startup.
The same wave of industrial technology that was born both in Europe and in the United States of America, since the 19th century, positively influenced the industry of Monterrey. It can be said that from the industrial start-up stage, Monterrey received at least three cultural influences in the field of industrial technology: a) British, b) German, and c) North American.
The first was present in the textile industry; the second left a marked mark on the steel, beer and glass industry; the third practically covered all industrial environments, particularly in the fields of machinery, equipment, tools and the organization of production; and surely in the management. (The ideas of Taylor and Ford are part of the industrial culture of Monterrey).
The influence of North American technological and business knowledge in the construction of the foundations of Monterrey's industrial culture was present from the time of the Civil War of 1861 and 1865. In particular, the importation of cotton, whose trade through the Mexican northeast was channeled from the states of Louisiana, Arkanzas and Texas. Part of this product began to feed the incipient textile industry in Monterrey. We maintain that this cotton trade was not only a commercial act, but also a process that formed culture: it formed customs and traditions. (R ojas S andoval: 1 9 9 7. Www.monterreyculturaindustrial.org).
Collaborative ties between the two cultures were reinforced with the establishment of the media, which were installed in 1867 with the stagecoach system, allowing intense commercial exchange between San Antonio Texas and Monterrey, thanks to the initiative of August Santleben. (Vizcaya Canales: 2001).
Then, between the years 1881 and 1905, the communications between the southern United States and Nuevo León, would increase their relations with the laying of the railroad tracks.
First the one that united Monterrey with Matamoros and the Texas region of Brownsville; Later, the railroad that linked Laredo with Monterrey and Mexico City.In the initiative to build the Gulf Railroad, which linked Monterrey with Tampico, another North American of fond memory for the people of Monterrey played a fundamental role: General Joseph A. Robertson, who brought investments that enriched the Monterrey industry with knowledge of North American industrial culture. (Vázquez Juárez and González Quiroga: 1987).
Another indication that shows the links of the industrial culture between Monterrey, Nuevo León and the United States, is the International Fair and Exposition held in 1889 in San Antonio, Texas, which was attended by several exhibitors from Monterrey, for which they obtained awards such as recognition of his art applied to the industry.
The introduction of modern means of communication such as the telegraph, telephone, and electrical service in industry were products of the influence of North American technological culture. According to the works on industrial history by the engineer Isidro Vizcaya (Vizcaya Canales: 2001) in Monterrey, modern communication media were installed in parallel with the establishment of the first industries. Between 1870 and 1882 the first telegraphic lines were inaugurated, which communicated Monterrey with Mexico City and other nearby and distant entities. Telephone services began to be established in Monterrey in 1882. In 1883, JJ Ghegan, an entrepreneur of the Telegraphic Company and Telefónica del Norte, began the work to introduce the public telephone service in Monterrey.
The telephone company installed in Monterrey in 1901, with the corporate name Compañía Telefónica Mexicana, reported in that year that it operated with Western Electric Co., Charles Williams and Davis & Wats brand conductors. (Historical Archive of Monterrey) Electric power services have operated in Monterrey since the 1980s. Arc light lamps were exhibited in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1876. That same year Edison produced the first incandescent lamps, which were released in 1880. In Monterrey, public electricity service was established in 1890 by contract between the City of Monterrey and the company organized by BF Lauré and Gaspar Butcher.
The Monterrey industrial glass culture has the name of a person living in Toledo, Ohio, Michel J. Owens, who invented one of the first automatic machines to blow glass installed in the old Monterrey glass window, in 1909. With this machine They were intended to replace human hands, mouth and lungs in glass blowing. (G. Sada: 1981).
The Monterrey Fundidora began its operations to produce iron in the William Todd and Company brand furnace No. 1, which was manufactured in the United States. Many of the compressors used by the Monterrey iron and steel factory were manufactured by the legendary Ingersoll-Rand brand; which was born from the merger of the firms directed by Simon Ingersoll and Albert Rando, in 1905. Both companies had patents for industrial drills and compressors. (www.irco.com/ir100/1900.html)
To elaborate on the information at the end of the text we include a table with data on the origin of the machinery and equipment installed in the industrial plants that operated in Monterrey and nearby places, at the beginning of the 20th century. (Table No. 3).
The table shows the presence of North American technological equipment in the first industrial plants in Monterrey.
• McIntosh & Seymur Co.
McIntosh & Seymour, of New York. It is an industrial plant organized in 1886 by John E. McIntosh and James A. Seymour. The company manufactured high-speed stationary steam engines and petroleum machinery to power industrial plants and ships. In 1901 it merged with Ingersoll-Rand to form ALCO. (American Locomotive Company). (www.sci.net.au/userpages/ mgrogan / cork / cork_city_pigot_alpha.htm.).
• Singer.
The garment industry is associated with the name of the American Isaac Merit Singer, who introduced the circular shuttle and the mechanical pedal in 1851, which increased the speed of the weaving process; As a result, the machine ceased to be a handicraft device to become the basis of the sewing machine industry. By 1870 the Singer factory had produced nearly half a million machines. (www. SINGER ® SEWINGCO _ History_archives \ history2.htm)
• Allis Chalmers.
Allis Chalmers is a company whose activities date back to 1840, established in Milwauke, where it manufactured wheels for water mills. The original company was known as »Edward P., The Allis & Company“. It was established by EP Allis from New York.
In 1869 the company extended its coverage to steam power. In the following years the company began to manufacture steam pumps. Apparently the largest centrifugal pump in America in 1884 was produced at the Allis Chalmers facility. (Allis-Chalmers Company 1901. www.scripophily.net/alchalcom.html).
• General Electric Co.
It is perhaps the most familiar company in the industrial environments of Monterrey since the beginning of the 20th century. It was formed in 1892, as a result of the merger of the plants: the Edison General Electric Company and the Thomson-Houston Company. Apparently the merger was not fully supported by Thomas A. Edison; who retired from business and preferred to take refuge in laboratories.
Despite Edison's absence, the staff at the helm of General Electric adopted the great ideas of the great inventor, for which a permanent research laboratory was installed in Schenectady, New York, 1900. (.
In Monterrey, the General Electric company was recognized since the days of the industrial take-off for the many objects manufactured by the North American firm, including electric motors, incandescent lamps or bulbs for public lighting and family rooms.
A fact that is important to record in the history of the company and the city of Monterrey is that "The General Electric Co.", submitted in June 1929, an application to establish a plant to manufacture incandescent electric lamps, equipped with the most modern machinery and technology of its time. The request was submitted by L. Emery and E. Irving, both representatives of the company. From the data contained in the document signed by the representatives of the General Electric Co., it is inferred that the North American company had been operating in Mexico for a long time; by 1929 it counted 35 years old; which indicates that General Electric Co. was operating in Mexican territory since 1894.
The promoters of the project promised to make an initial investment of 600 thousand pesos; employ Mexican employees, especially women, due to the particularities of the type of work. Initially, the promise was to employ between 100 and 125 native Monterrey workers.
An interesting aspect of the project, which shows the collaboration between both cultures, is that the company representatives committed to sharing the North American experience in technological knowledge with the workers of Monterrey, sending them to receive training in one of the General Electric Co. plants.., installed in the United States, with the objective, said the representatives of the firm: "… to teach them in the art of manufacturing electric lamps…". (Letter from L. Emery and E. Irving: 1929).
Table No.3. Industrial factories of Monterrey. Machinery and provenance. (1901)
3. Richard Oakman's project of the Gas Factory to produce Light, Heat and Motive Power in Monterrey. (1901).
In this chapter we intend to describe a representative case of the presence in Monterrey of an industrial plant project with technology from the United States, which was installed in the early twentieth century. It is a case of the energy industry; which had great importance for the development of the Monterrey industry, during the initial stage.
The first Monterrey industries such as textiles, used natural fuels such as firewood and coal to heat water and produce steam through their combustion; water that was supplied by rivers. In the case of foundries, both metal and iron, they used coke coal, from the abundant minerals existing in the vicinity of Nuevo León and the neighboring State of Coahuila.
The history of gas as a fuel for industry and domestic use by the inhabitants of Monterrey had a decisive chapter in the late 1920s. According to the version of the engineer Roberto G. Sada, pioneer director of the Monterrey glass industry, it was the year 1928 when a contract was signed with a North American company, through which the supply of natural gas was guaranteed for the industries of Monterrey. Process that was completed in 1930 when the Reynosa-Monterrey gas pipeline was built; With this, the main industries and households in Monterrey were provided with natural gas service (G. Sada. Opus. Cit).
Before the aforementioned event, according to the documentary information consulted, in Monterrey the fuel supply was obtained from coal gas, which began to be used since the end of the 19th century, through the construction of special equipment, called gasogens 2. By the beginning of the 20th century, the system was widely used by the steel and glass industries.
During the last years of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, various projects of industrial plants to produce gas and electricity were presented to the authorities of the State and the municipality of Monterrey, both for public lighting and for homes and industry. One of them was the project presented in 1901 by the American citizen Richard N. Oakman, from New York. The fundamental purpose of the project was to set up a factory to produce light, heat and motive power. The author of the industrial project, Richard N.
Oakman, asked the government of the State of Nuevo León for permission to establish a factory in Monterrey to produce gas “… according to scientific advances - said the applicant - more modern and generally adopted in the most populous cities of the world, using it to produce light, heat and driving force. " 3
State government officials decided to consult the Health Council of the State of Nuevo León, to know the degree of danger of the gas, and to avoid putting the health of the inhabitants of the city of Monterrey at risk.
On August 11, 1901, three questions were asked:
1. Does the gas according to the formula contain elements that are harmful to health? 2. Is gas generation dangerous? 3. Is the handling of gas dangerous, either when depositing it in large quantities or when consuming it in its different uses?
The questions indicate that in those years in Monterrey, the mentioned gas was unknown. The response of the Nuevo León Health Council, issued on August 28 of the same year, was in the sense that the gas mixture was not harmful to health, in its public, industrial and domestic use. He also considered that there was no danger in preparing the mixture, as long as it was done carefully.
A long letter was written by Oakman on August 8, 1901, the following week after he made the request, in which he made a detailed explanation about the benefits of the gas plant that he proposed to establish in Monterrey.
The equipment to manufacture the gas according to the Oakman project, was already produced by several plants installed, not only in the United States but in Nacosari, Sonora and Mexico City. With the Loomis system, a gas called Carburatted Water Gas was manufactured, used basically for lighting. The Brooklyn Union Gas Company plant, in New York, produced 6 million cubic feet of gas in those years with the mentioned system.
Finally, on August 8, 1901, the contract was signed between Richard N. Oakman and the City Council of the city of Monterrey, with the authorization of the State Government, by means of which permission was granted for the installation of the Gas Factory. usable as light, heat and motive force. The permit specified the constructions and buildings to install the generators, retorts, gasometers, and other instruments required for the announced factory. It also authorized the company to build the facilities to distribute gas through the streets, squares, roads and other public places in the city. Place tubes, connections, valves and other necessary equipment.
Despite the fact that the concession was granted in the same year 1901, three years later, in 1904, the state government continued to consult different North American institutions, in order to obtain information on the level of danger of the mentioned gas.
Thus, news about gas use was collected in Galveston, San Antonio, and Houston, Texas. In the first, it was reported that a gas factory located in the center of the city had been operating for several years, which produced gas for public lighting and domestic use, such as kitchen stoves. From San Antonio, Texas, the company's manager, Frank Saddlery Co., said that the use of gas had replaced the electric light with satisfactory results; without any degree of danger. In the case of Houston, AM Morse, secretary of the Houston Bussines Leage, wrote to Monterrey that there was a coal gas production plant in the city of a company located in the city that was producing gas to provide light and heat, without bad odors or dust will be noticed.Likewise, it was not dangerous for company employees or neighbors. 4
From the data it can be inferred that the fuel industry, in this case gas, is linked not only with the industry but with the city itself. The history of the gas industry made it possible to modernize the activities of the homes of Monterrey families in the same kitchen.
Preliminary conclusions.
- The study of industrial history with a cultural approach can be very enriching as it makes it possible to integrate traditions and customs with technological and economic processes.The data that we have provided in this brief communication show the decisive influence of North American industrial culture on the formation of the Monterrey industrial culture, during the times of the industrial takeoff of Monterrey. 1890-1950. The academic training of Monterrey industrialists in North American educational institutions has been evident from the data consulted. North American technology has been decisive in the history of the plants that laid the foundations for the industrialization of Monterrey. As we have seen from the information included in this report, from the cultural point of view, in Monterrey,the gas industry integrated the industry, the city and the family home.
References.
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Allis-Chalmers Company 1901.www.scripophily.net/alchalcom.html.
Letter from Richard N. Oakman dated August 9, 1901. General Archive of the State of Nuevo León. Concessions Section. File related to the tax exception requested by RN Oakman. August 1901.
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