Introduction
Communication is a process of social interaction through symbols and message systems that occur as part of human activity (although it should not be confused with it), while Communication Theory is a branch of contemporary science that summarizes conceptual systems and systematizes the laws that operate in these communicative processes, whose appearance dates back only about 60 years.
Communication was and is a fundamental factor from the social point of view in the development of man, both psychically and sociologically, it can be understood as exchange, interrelation, as dialogue, as life in society, all indissolubly related to productive needs of men cannot exist without language. Communication is shared thinking and there can be no thought without words.
Development
Main functions of communication
The transmission of data and concepts is not the only function of communication, as some theorists have tried to show over the years. For us, communication has three main functions which are: informative, affective-evaluative and regulatory.
The newsletter is the most widely disseminated of all and the one that is most appreciated: by journalists and other communication professionals, through it the individual is provided with the entire wealth of social and historical experience, as well as the formation of skills, habits and convictions. Notices, data, concepts and many other elements that man needs for his existence, both utilitarian and emotional, are satisfied through the informational function of communication.
The affective-evaluative function is of utmost importance in the emotional stability of the subjects and in their personal fulfillment. Thanks to it, individuals establish an image of themselves and of others, which is achieved through the assessment of the personality qualities of communicators.
Very few people are who they want to be. Each of us is the summary of some internal contradictions, because we really are in a given way, we aspire to be in another, and since we know that these two almost never coincide, then we want others to see us as closely as we want be. In this internal conciliation that takes place in ourselves, the communication processes allow us to know what is the opinion that others have of us, how they see us and also compare ourselves to know to what extent we are better or worse than others.
The regulatory function is very important too. Thanks to it, the feedback that exists in any communication process is established, both so that the sender can know the effect that has been caused with her message, and so that the subject can evaluate herself.
The regulatory function influences the progress of the process and is dependent on the effectiveness of the informative and the affective-evaluative. For example, a criticism allows us to know the assessment that others have of ourselves, but it is necessary to assimilate it, proceed in dependence on it and change the attitude in the future.
This is where communication served to regulate the process.
Some authors establish other functions of communication, such as GP Predvechni, which ensures the contact function and the identification function. According to the first, the individual "satisfies the needs of communication that eliminates the psychic tensions caused by loneliness", while in the second, "the person communicates to emphasize that he 'belongs' to the given group or, on the contrary, that is 'alien' to him "
The author himself adds the function of socialization through which man as a biological being is transformed or formed as a personality.
Information, communication and learning
In order to explain the communication processes more easily, it is necessary to clearly define three basic concepts with which we will work insistently, they are information, communication and learning.
By information we understand that content that is unknown and significant for the subject. We can consider that if we transmit a message that is already known to the subject, there is no information. If now, as an example, I say to you, dear reader, that you are reading a book called Profession: communicator, I have not informed you at all; We may even consider that the message that has been transmitted lacked informative content.
But it is not enough that it is unknown to constitute information, it also has to be significant. If I communicate to you at this time the following message: «The Princess of Monaco is at this moment walking through the gardens of her residence the little dog that was specially brought for her from Morocco and within an hour she will take her daily nap. or no information?
The word information comes from the Latin informatio which means explanation, enunciation. Scientifically speaking, many times the content of the message is abstracted and relies only on the quantitative flow it provides. It is important to highlight "the more likely the event, the less information the statement contains that it is going to occur and vice versa…"
For us, information or rather, the transmission of information can be present in many processes that do not necessarily have to be human. For example, there is transmission of genetic information at the chromosome level, there is information passing between bees to know where to fly in search of honey, but this information is neither conscious nor rational.
Communication also has a broad sense that we already addressed in the first part, but it can be considered in a restricted sense to evaluate problems from a theoretical point of view. Communication involves mutual exchange, participation someone emits and someone receives.
Communication is dialogue, exchange, dynamics, which offers a more democratic position as long as the participation of the subject who receives the messages is expected.
In a restricted sense, information becomes communication when the message, in addition to being significant for the subject, encourages a change in attitude, definitive or temporary.
Unlike information, communication is exclusively a human act.
Learning is an act of courage in the concepts of Pedagogy, Psychology and Biology. In communication theory it can be accepted in a restricted sense.
In this last sense, as an element of the Theory of Communication; We understand by such that process in which the change in attitude emanating from the communicative act becomes permanent or at least, lasting over time. All the knowledge that students learn for the tests and that they cannot remember or internalize after the exam is finished, constitute temporary communicative acts, but not learning acts.
The most important thing for us would be that each information allows people to learn something, that is, that the consequences of the messages that we offer them are such that they endow the subjects with certain principles, standards of conduct, value criteria, moral convictions. and others that would constitute action guides in their lives, not in a manipulative way, but out of conviction.
Communication is a process. This claim can be made on the basis that it is planned, directed and controlled.
Planned because long before the transmission of words or signs that make up the message begins, a previous process of conception, maturation, coding and articulation to the needs of each channel has already occurred; as well as the desired effect on those who will receive the message and the foreseeable consequences that could arise from its assimilation.
It is also directed, because the communicative process is not spontaneous, it does not take place by its own generation, but is organized in all the stages of its structure, it proceeds with the regulation of the components that make it up and can be specified at each moment of the process, where the guidelines that guide it go.
The communication process is also controlled because its effects can be measured at each moment of the process and on this basis the system is remodeled to achieve better effects or at least keep them at the same level of performance if they feel satisfied with the results. results. This control process can be conceived as a cybernetic device, as the results obtained from the communication process feed back into the system to become input requirements again and thus influence the new messages that it is intended to produce.
The graphic representation of this model adapted to our needs can be seen in Figure 1.1.
Communication
Issuer: The issuer is the person who provides the information. The editor of a newspaper, the teacher in the teaching process, the one who addresses an audience to broadcast a lecture. The author of a textbook, a cable agency, a manager, official or worker of a company is also an issuer.
For us, the issuer is the source from which the messages emanate, our breadth in the term is given in that it cannot be seen dogmatically, as if we should consider it a source of messages and power. The issuer can be a social group (a union that issues a statement, for example) and its message can be positive or negative, individual or collective, democratic or autocratic, depending on other social factors.
Recipient: In the original model, it is also called recipient, destination and other synonyms. The recipient is the one who receives the information, the individual or group of individuals to whom the messages are provided. In teaching, the recipients are the students who are in the classrooms; at a conference, the audience that fills the theater
Message: The message is the content of the communication. In the case of a press organ, it is the information that you want to transmit, in a class, the contents of the study program, for example, as we saw before, when we study the classic definitions of communication, the messages must be structured for true information, that is, content that is meaningful to the subject.
Encoding is a process through which the sender "prepares" the message so that it can be understood by the subject. To prepare or encode the message, he uses his knowledge, both of those related to the characteristics of the channel that he is going to use, of the demands of the public he is going to address, of the peculiarities of the language that he is going to use, and of the culture of those who will receive it.
Decoding: Decoding is the reverse process of encoding, in which the subject who receives the information proceeds to "understand" the message they have received, decrypts it.
This process involves:
a) Clearly receive all the signs issued (legibility);
b) Fully know the meaning of each of these signs;
c) Understand the exact meaning of the structure of these signs.
Channel: The channel is the support of the information. By channel we understand the vehicle that carries the message, which can be the human voice, television, cinema, newspaper, magazine, radio, etc.
Feedback It is the cybernetic contribution to the process; We could say that it is the return information to the sender, thanks to which, the sender is informed of the way in which his message is being assimilated by the recipient; of the effects it produced.
Development
Did you know that…!
… In the first minutes of interaction between two people, a very curious process of creating first impressions takes place:
First: People tend to focus on what they see (skin color, gender, age, appearance, facial expressions, eye contact, movement, personal space, and touch). The appearance of a person is said to make up more than half of the message.
Second: People listen to what they hear. When you speak, you emit a voice with certain characteristics such as speed, height, tone and articulation, elements that give the other person more information. The voice says a lot about your personality, your attitude, and your level of anxiety. The voice, without paying any attention to the words, can convey up to 38% of the meaning in face-to-face conversations and much more when the contact is by telephone.
Third: In the last place and by the way the least important depending on the first few moments, your interlocutor captures your words that hardly represent 7% of the meaning of what is transmitted.
Through this reading we are presented with The Three Sources of Communication and these are:
- First Source of Communication: Corporal Expression. Second Source of Communication: The Voice. Third Source of Communication: Words.
Every communicator in his first contacts should ask himself the following questions:
What do I look like?
How do I speak?
What do i say
Ex. 1 Am I a good transmitter?
Put a check mark as you consider and evaluate your way of being an Issuer.
| Not | Questions | Frequently | A times | Almost never |
| one | I allow myself to be interrupted when I am speaking | |||
| two | I take care of the pronunciation of the words so that what I say is well understood. | |||
| 3 | I use an appropriate vocabulary that corresponds to the level of my interlocutor | |||
| 4 | I avoid ironies and ridicule when speaking to others | |||
| 5 | I look at the face of the person to whom I am addressing | |||
| 6 | I look at the face to see if you understand what I say | |||
| 7 | I speak in an appropriate tone of voice | |||
| 8 | I reflect on what I am going to say to organize my ideas | |||
| 10 | I can stay calm even if the other is excited | |||
| eleven | I like to express my criteria to others | |||
| 12 | I respect the ideas and opinions of others even if I do not share them | |||
| 13 | I ask others for opinions and criteria of what I propose | |||
| 14 | I take care of the intonation of my words as well as the gestures and facial expression | |||
| fifteen | I strive to put myself in the place of the other so that I am better understood | |||
| 16 | I am precise and direct without taking unnecessary detours |
Qualification:
Give the following marks to your answers:
Often: 3 points
Sometimes: 2 points
Almost never: 1 point
Add up the accumulated points.
If you accumulate from 34 to 48 points you are a Good Issuer
22 to 33 points is a Regular Issuer
Less than 22 points is a Bad Emitter
1.1. Am I a good receiver?
Please tick as you consider and rate how you are a Receiver.
| Not | Questions | Frequently | Sometimes | Almost never |
| one | To speak I hope the other ends | |||
| two | I look at his face as he speaks | |||
| 3 | I spend all the time necessary to listen | |||
| 4 | I encourage the speaker with a smile or gesture of support | |||
| 5 | I ask to make sure I understand well | |||
| 6 | I let speak without interrupting | |||
| 7 | I try to understand the meaning of the words according to the context of what is spoken | |||
| 8 | I can stay calm even if the other is excited | |||
| 9 | I observe the gestures, movements and tone of the voice | |||
| 10 | I strive to put myself in the other's place to understand him better | |||
| eleven | I respect the ideas and opinions of others even if I do not share them | |||
| 12 | I dedicate myself to listening instead of elaborating my answer | |||
| 13 | I am patient during the conversation | |||
| 14 | I try to perceive the feelings of the other | |||
| fifteen | I like to listen to others |
Qualification:
Give the following marks to your answers:
Often: 3 points
Sometimes: 2 points
Almost never: 1 point
Add up the accumulated points.
If he accumulates from 32 to 45 points he is a Good Receiver
20 to 31 points is a Regular Catcher
Less than 20 points is a Bad Catcher
First source of communication: Corporal expression
Body Expression is manifested by different components, among which we must highlight:
a) The color of the skin
b) Sex
c) Age
d) Appearance
e) Facial expressions
f) Eye contact
g) Movement
h) Personal space
i) Touch.
a) The color of the skin
Despite the fact that in many societies the prejudices caused by the skin color barrier have been overcome, this continues to be a dominant characteristic of physical appearance, depending on the attitude of the other person and the context of interaction, the color of the skin. Skin will stand out if it doesn't live up to expectations.
In situations where you believe that skin color may be a negative factor, at least initially try to counter this stereotype by paying extra attention to your appearance, facial expression, eye contact, and other physical attributes.
b) Sex
Sex also contains positive and negative stereotypes and connotations. Despite the changes and campaigns, being a man still means more power and authority in many sectors than being a woman, especially in the first encounters.
Each sex can learn from the strengths of the other. Women can become aware of the amount of information they are perhaps transmitting through their body language and men will improve their interpersonal relationships if they learn to '' read '' the gestural messages of others and to express themselves at this level when the situation requires it.
c) Age
Unlike skin color or gender, age is not in itself a positive or negative factor, but rather assumes importance in direct relation to the interlocutor or audience that is expected.
Although it may seem that you are never old enough at the right time, age is one of the non-verbal elements that can be camouflaged or highlighted, both in appearance and in other things, such as gestures and movement.
If you want to look younger, select clothes that are fashionable but not over the top, perhaps with a touch of color in the accessories, wear a modern haircut and not be afraid of dyes or resort to a hairpiece as a supplement. Also move and gesticulate with energy and vitality.
To avoid looking too young, avoid long hair as wearing it shorter can add five to ten years to your face, wear quality accessories, and put your makeup on carefully so as not to draw attention to your face.
d) Appearance
It is the most critical component in first impressions, it includes much more than clothing, since it also takes into account:
- Body type (corpulence, weight, height) Posture (way of sitting and standing) Hair (color, length or absence thereof) Clothing and accessories Smells (perfumes, body odors) Color (of clothing and makeup)
Appearance can be decisive for people's evaluation of other aspects of you such as: age, gender, socioeconomic status, group identification, sympathy, power, authority. It directly influences the credibility and perception that people have of us and can predetermine certain behaviors.
e) Facial Expressions
Facial expressions are the element that most people trust the most in initial interactions, they are the commercial where others read your mood and personality.
Adjusting the muscles of the face to assume expressions of joy, anger, or other emotions can produce the effects on the nervous system that normally accompany such emotions. The body will follow the orientation given by the face.
Facial expressions are decisive in our interpersonal relationships: it is one of the few universal channels that allow the expression of basic emotions without being conditioned by culture. Unless you know what caused the emotion, you will not be able to accurately judge the emotions that appear on the other's face.
The face is easier to control than other parts of the body, which makes it a source of information, unreliable regarding what goes through the mind of its owner. Do not trust the face, especially if there is a discrepancy between what you see and what you hear.
Given its versatility, the smile is the most important facial expression for communication. It is an essential component of attractiveness and attractiveness. It should be used spontaneously and naturally as it can be interpreted as nervousness or premeditated desire to please.
«If ever they don't give you the expected smile, be generous and give yours. Because nobody has as much need for a smile as someone who does not know how to smile at others.
What is important for both men and women is that facial expressions are consistent with tone of voice and words.
f) Eye contact
Sometimes eye contact is spoken of in the first interactions as a kind of crush, the meeting of the eyes between two people can have explosive results without a word being said.
Only with our eyes can we evaluate others, show them what we feel, invite them, discourage them and even dominate them.
To use this resource effectively, it is necessary to take into account cultural differences, so as not to offend others or earn their ill will. A basic rule of thumb for effective eye contact is to do it directly, but for comfort.
g) Movement
Movement is a critical aspect in terms of giving an impression of confidence and security, because gait and posture are closely related to emotional state.
Our movements are very closely related to the degree of relaxation or tension of the body.
Some typical problems in movement are:
- Bad posture: Good posture makes us appear taller and is essential for proper voice control. Keep your torso upright but not stiff, your shoulders level, and both feet flat on the floor, allowing your body weight to be well distributed. This gives you the flexibility to move or lean forward or backward. Clumsy gestures: Sometimes we feel that our hands and arms are in the way and we don't know where and how to put them. It is best to have them where they are clearly visible and where they can move naturally to illustrate or regulate the conversation. When gesturing, do so towards the audience. Avoid picking your nose, touching your face, or scratching Misplaced assent gestures: The assent gesture encourages delving into the subject, but when done and irrelevant, it can be an indication of insecurity.
h) Personal space
The '' intimate space '' depends on different factors:
- Your corpulence, height and weight Your cultural background Of who you are with and the relationship with that person Of the power and authority that are at stake and who exercises it Whether you are a woman or a man.
Personal space contracts or expands according to the degree of intimacy you want to grant in the meeting.
People who have power not only take up more space than others, but in fact the less powerful give them that space. Whenever appropriate, show ownership of your space in interaction with others.
i) Touch
Touch can be a powerful means of expression. Physical contact, regardless of cultural background, is important for healthy development. As with eye contact, tactile behavior is fraught with misunderstandings.
- A firm handshake may signal appreciation or equality, but a weak one may indicate a lack of interest or shyness. A pat on the head or face may indicate that we like someone, but may be interpreted as paternalism or condescension. the extended finger may indicate disgust or anger, but a light pat with the open hand can be an expression of positive feelings.
One of the difficulties presented by tactile contacts, especially between people who do not know each other, is how to interpret them accurately. It is important to be aware of cultural differences, as they can produce unwanted effects.
The safest, least controversial, and most balanced way to touch someone is a good handshake.
In summary, we can say that body language is the first source of information in communication in the first moments of an interaction. That first positive or negative impression only takes 2-4 minutes.
Most of the meaning can be seen in the 9 components of body language studied above, some of which are controllable and others not so much, but are there for a good observer to pick up and interpret.
The three key points to remember are:
1) The more you know about the 9 components of body language and the context in which they operate, the better your chances that your image is in tune with what you want to demonstrate.
2) The more you know about the culture, sex, and status of others, the more accurately you can predict their expectations of you and the better you can shape their non-verbal expressions to cope with them.
3) The more congruence there is between what you say and how you say it, the more favorable the first impression.
Second source of communication: The voice
The Voice is the second source of information. The voice says a lot about the speaker's personality, attitude, and anxiety level. It is a touchstone with which to associate and compare your words. The qualities of the voice convey up to 30% of the meaning of words.
The way we form and control sound waves is what determines whether the voice is rough or pleasant, sweet or shrill, clear or dull, fast or slow, high or low… ultimately effective or counterproductive.
Your voice is an admirable resource to reduce tension and anxiety, transmitting calm and dominance or, if necessary, to infect a situation with energy, exacerbate tensions and stimulate activity.
Five steps to a good voice
The five main characteristics of the voice are speed, volume, pitch, timbre, and articulation.
- Vary the speed. Control the volume. Be very careful with the tone. Watch the quality of the voice. Polish your articulation or diction.
Factors influencing the speed of the voice
- The physical environment: You can speak more slowly in a crowded conference room than in a small room where you are alone with one person Outside noise level: You can decrease the speed to compensate for the noise of telephones, faxes, computers The nature of the topic: If you are emotionally engaged with the topic, you are likely to express yourself more quickly than when talking about topics without '' emotional charge '', unless you deliberately control yourself. used: A quick speech is difficult to understand over the phone because there are no non-verbal messages to help pick it up.
A good rule of thumb is to vary the speed of what is said, emphasize more slowly the main ideas and those things that adorn or complement the main idea say them faster, as long as the interlocutor understands us.
Factors influencing voice volume control
The level of the volume of the voice, whether in a conversation or when we address groups, must take into account:
- The distance that separates us from those who listen to us. The environmental noise that exists. The situation that is discussed, be it a discussion or a consultation. The subject in question.
Avoid shouting in any of the situations, start with a high but adequate volume and as you speak and express an idea, the volume decreases making it very difficult to hear your interlocutor. It is advisable to increase the volume only in those aspects that we want to highlight.
Be very careful with the tone
Tone is the difference between bass and treble sounds. Maintaining the same tone in a conversation gives it a touch of boredom and makes it heavy for the receiver, and this indicates stress or lack of commitment to what we are saying, therefore it is necessary that the voice is modulated between bass and treble according to the most important aspects of the conversation.
Keep an eye on your timbre or voice quality
The timbre or quality of the voice often depends on the physical aspects of the person, however sometimes other factors such as nervousness, stress, the use and abuse of tobacco, or alcohol, produce a quality of the voice that betrays these states.
There are six negative characteristics that detract from the quality of the voice and these are: nasality, whispering speech, thin voice, stridency, harshness and hoarseness.
Polish your articulation or diction
The articulation or diction is the clarity with which each sound is emitted. (Not to be confused with pronunciation).
Sloppy diction can lead to:
- Substitution: Replacing one sound with another Addition: When sounds are added to words Omission: When a sound is omitted (Insect by insect) Inversion: It is the transposition of sounds
Speaking clearly means making the appropriate sounds with what you want to say and giving the impression that you know what you are doing and that you are in control of the situation.
Third source of communication: The word
In the first moments of an interaction, the Word is the third source of communication and as we have expressed previously, it represents only 7% of the initial information.
The word can indicate socioeconomic status, cultural level, states of nervousness and anxiety.
The most effective communicator is one whose verbal skills are adapted to the audience, the situation, the subject matter, and who presents a clear coherence between body language, voice and words.
And to finish this topic I am going to tell you a story:
A history of Socrates
It is said that someone once said to Socrates, that great philosopher of ancient Greece:
- "Listen Socrates, what I have to tell you… Wait a minute… Socrates says. Did you put what you want to tell me through the three strainers? Three strainers? Yes, yes my friend." Three strainers! Let me see if what you want to tell me goes through the three strainers. The first strainer is Truth. Did you check if everything you want to tell me is true? I didn't check it, but people say so and… Aha! But surely you checked with the second strainer, which is Goodness. What you want to tell me, since it is not proven to be true, but at least is it good? Good? No, not that, on the contrary… Then, we are still going to use the third strainer. Since what you want to tell me you do not know if it is true and also not good, tell me: is it absolutely necessary that you tell me what makes you so upset? No, it is not exactly necessary. So Socrates says:if what you want to tell me does not meet the three conditions of being Truth, being Good and being Necessary. Bury it and don't make it a burden for you or me!
Moral:
Whenever you go to say something to another person, pass it through the three strainers first, because it can happen that you give a bad impression in the first moments of communication.
Verbal communication
At first glance it seems that the simplest form of communication is that which is carried out through oral or written language with the help of words. It is logical, because from the time the child is born, for the parents it is a real goal that he pronounces his first words, so much so that when the appearance of the language takes a while, the parents go to the doctor with alarm and even suspect an abnormality.
However, it is not as easy as it seems, because multiple factors intervene in language related to the development of the human intellect, the potentialities of its thought and a no less important number of social factors. The subject's coexistence in their family environment, their relationships with their companions and friends, seem to influence both the development of language and certain actions and exercises that parents can perform with the baby from the first months of birth.
1. Communication through words
Communication through words is based on the use of the letters of the alphabet of each language, which constitute the smallest symbolic unit of the code, as we know, the set of all the letters that a language uses is called the alphabet.
The combination of these simple units of the code, devoid of their own meaning, gives rise to words, which are the smallest unit of language provided with meaning. The word is not the simple union of letters, more than that, it is the indissoluble unity of that sign, with a given sound and a meaning. The word without meaning is an empty sound.
On the contrary, after the individual has integrated the concept of tree, the word, simple, unique, is able to evoke the general qualities of all the trees on Earth. In the same way, the word man should not bring to mind a particular type of person, but the entire human species; Nobody stops to think about the differences between a blonde and a brunette, between a man or a woman, between black and white, between tall or short, between skinny or fat.
Language is closely linked to the development of thought, although in the different stages of man's life his lines of development do not advance in the same way; Each one presents specific stages in its evolution which do not necessarily find culminating points among themselves at the same moment of the individual's life, the pre-intellectual and pre-linguistic stages have different genetic roots and find coincidence only at the moment in which the thought is made. verbal and rational language.
Language is the material tool of thought, without words man cannot think rationally.
When verbal communication is used, it must be borne in mind that they act as a guideline for the logical actions of the interlocutors. The act of selecting the appropriate words for each idea goes beyond semantic or aesthetic reasons, it has to do directly with the possibilities of the subject to interpret in their exact measure, to favor the processes of assimilation of the same and their structuring in the thought of the subject.
Oral expression
Oral expression is one of the predominant forms of language thanks to which high volumes of information can be transmitted in a short time, in a precise, compact way and with a very coherent structural organization in its content.
The dialogue
Contrary to what happens with discourse, dialogue involves the direct, immediate and reciprocal exchange of information between two or more people, in which the role of sender and receiver constantly alternates. Dialogue is immediate impression and it is the most spontaneous way of knowing what a subject thinks about a subject, since he must respond to the question or the observation that has been made without having anticipated time to elaborate his points of view or specify your considerations. In the dialogue there are hesitations, inaccuracies and vagueness and many times it is perfected in its own process, since observations and corrections are added to a given idea to the extent that the subjects deepen, disagree or contribute and it usually happens that the debate bring about a radical change in initial opinions.
In a dialogue, each answer prompts new questions and these, in turn, new answers and in this way, a chain of verbal actions is established that require a very participatory attitude from the subjects that intervene in it.
The monologue
The monologue is the most mature form of language use, since it occurs in such a way that the sender and receiver are the same person (and of course we are not referring to the theatrical monologue whose sole function is to communicate to the public what the character of the play). The monologue is carried out calmly generally in the moments in which the subject can find himself, generally when he goes to bed and does not fall asleep or in the wakefulness of the dawn; Its value depends a lot on the level of self-criticism of the subject, since in the monologue the individual confronts his own self, judges his attitude, values the consequences of his actions and his relationships with others. It is to be assumed that in the monologue the subject does not “act” as he wants others to evaluate him, but as he really is,however there is a confrontation between your true way of being and the one you want to be.
People who are not very critical, with a high level of self-worth, will always find a justification for all their actions and will be acquitted of their judgments. On the contrary, those who have a broad sense of self-criticism can find in the monologue the best procedure to channel their actions in life and their relationships with others.
The linguistic elaboration of the monologue is not always perfect, unless the result of the monologue is going to be written down, because the subject is the consumer of his own message.
Written language
Written language is the way of expressing our ideas to others by means only of the combination of words, since we are not present to give them an emphasis, nor can we gesticulate to emphasize, nor can we clarify if something is not understood.
Internalized language
The internalized language does not have an eminently communicative function but is an instrumental resource of thought. This type of language, for example, makes it possible to prepare drafts for written documents: it is a preliminary stage of composition of ideas in the mind of the subject, both for written and oral forms. Ideas come to the mind of a speaker in an organized way thanks to the previous stage of internalized language; it is he who ensures the content of the messages, their organization and structure that are then materialized in words for transmission.
2.3. In each situation indicate the appropriate letter or letters.
O = oral E = written T = by phone.
1. ____ Communicate a new vacation policy to five subordinates.
2. ____ Communicate your weekly travel schedule to your partner.
3. ____ Communicate to one of your subordinates that you should not have sent a disapproving report to one of your subordinates.
4. ____ Communicate an idea for a new form to your manager.
5. ____ Report a two-hour meeting in which five people from different departments will participate. The meeting must take place in the next three days and people do not have to RSVP.
6. ____ Communicate a price increase to your customers.
7. ____ Pass on the information obtained in an important meeting attended by five people involved in the matter.
8. ____ At nine in the morning, inform eight people from different departments that they must attend an important company lunch that same day.
9. ____ Inform your manager that you have completed a job assigned to you.
10. ____ Show a friend how to get to a house in the woods.
Did you know that…
- We only use about 25% of our ability to listen We only use a tenth of our memory potential Within 8 hours we forget half of what we have heard Finally we forget 95% of what we have heard, Unless something reminds us later. The little we remember we deform later. Human attention lasts about 45 seconds, after which our mind begins to wander and focus on other stimuli. We are not formally taught to listen well, how we are taught to read, write and speak We think 3 to 5 times faster than we speak, so while we listen we have free time to think We use all kinds of sieves, socioeconomic, cultural, sexual, and others to filter what they tell us, making it difficult to avoid deformation and prejudice,while listening.
Remember that complete communication is half talking and half listening, the clarity of one depends on the clarity of the other. Listening involves not only using the ears, but also the eyes and the senses to determine and understand the intention, emotion and feelings of our interlocutor.
Active listening:
What Active Listening capacity do we have?
Select an answer for each of the proposals.
| Not | Active Listening Ability | Almost never | A times | Almost always |
| one | You guess in advance what the speaker is going to tell you and you stop listening | |||
| two | When you try to remember what you were told in the last conversation, it is difficult for you to remember | |||
| 3 | When they tell you something you don't agree with, you stop listening. | |||
| 4 | You answer the phone or other people while they talk to you. | |||
| 5 | You look into the eyes of the person speaking to you. | |||
| 6 | You can summarize in a few words what someone else has told you. | |||
| 7 | You try to learn something from what people tell you, even simple things | |||
| 8 | You encourage other people to keep talking to you | |||
| 9 | You pay attention to who is talking to you | |||
| 10 | You mentally criticize the way the speaker speaks to you | |||
| eleven | Your thinking is elsewhere while they are talking to you | |||
| 12 | Do you remember the expression of the face or look of your interlocutor | |||
| 13 | You try to figure out what the other's words mean, even if they are unfamiliar | |||
| 14 | You usually ask the speaker to clarify a point that you do not understand well its meaning | |||
| fifteen | You manifest nervousness, you become agitated if you are sitting or try to leave, if the conversation lasts longer than expected | |||
| 16 | When they are talking to you and before they finish, you are already thinking of answering | |||
| 17 | You usually take notes during the conversation or afterwards, if you think something is interesting | |||
| 18 | You usually show with gestures and body signs, your interest in what is being talked about | |||
| 19 | You pay attention to the main ideas of the speaker and not to trivial aspects | |||
| twenty | You try to finish a sentence he is talking about, without waiting for him to finish | |||
| twenty-one | You only listen to what you think is interesting for you in the message | |||
| 22 | You tend to judge the other person only by what they speak | |||
| 2. 3 | You are able to focus on the meaning of what they say to you and not on the aspect of the speaker | |||
| 24 | You try to put everything on your side so that the speaker feels comfortable | |||
| 25 | Others judge you as a person who usually listens |
Organizational communication
Communication is the foundation of all social life and therefore, an essential element in the functioning of organizations, entities and departments, areas or work teams, since it allows transmitting norms, values, learning to work better, coordinating work, lead teams, etc.
Communication is a basic and dynamic factor for any organization and if you know how to use it, it favors the solution of a large part of its problems.
This communication in the organization, in the company or in any particular entity is also called Internal Communication.
What Objectives does Internal Communication propose?
- Disseminate and consolidate the values of the culture of the entity Encourage the identification of the worker with the entity Collaborate in the strengthening of the guarantee of Total Quality Transmit effectively, efficiently and effectively the messages of the strategy and the entity's policy Tell what is happening in the entity, not only to inform, but also to motivate Contribute to the growth of commitment and integration of staff with the mission and vision of the entity Let each worker know the importance of their work in order to achieve customer satisfaction and the final results of the entity. Know and analyze the opinions and attitudes and expectations of the staff. Contribute to the improvement of knowledge and inter-departmental relations.Strengthen the managerial role and the leadership capacity of the hierarchical line Combat the spread of rumors that affect worker morale Ensure direct communication between managers and the rank and file, without interference Achieve a climate of trust in managers.
Communication is the fundamental basis of the dynamics of an organization, company or any entity. Managers often do not give it due importance or take this problem of communication very seriously. Research shows that a good portion of management failures are due to poor communication.
Learning Activity # 2:
How does information flow in an organization, a company or any entity?
Information must flow through established networks and this is called Formal Communication.
Formal communication is that which passes through the officially established networks according to the structure of the organization, company or entity, and its objective is to channel the movements of information inside and outside of it.
Many times communication does not follow these established networks, it moves in any direction, jumps the established levels and is accompanied by elements of uncertainty, which is known as Informal Communication.
Informal communication is that which passes through established networks or not, many times it is defined as rumor, gossip or ball, since it does not have a reliable source, information generally moves faster than through formal networks, however it fulfills a social function.
Formal Communication can be in three ways:
Downward Communication.
Upward Communication.
Horizontal Communication.
Top-down communication
It is the one that goes from the management to the rest of the company, from top to bottom. This communication uses formal networks and is used by management to achieve the expected results.
Upward communication
It is what the management implements so that the information can flow from the bottom up without any distortion.
Horizontal Communication
It is one whose objective is interdepartmental coordination, the harmonization of the actions of the different departments or areas of the entity, to ensure that there are no gaps, overlaps or duplications in the work of the different departments or areas.
Informal Communication. Rumor Chain
As previously stated, it is communication that generally does not follow the established mechanisms for communication and is often beyond the control of management. Through it, the following can circulate: Rumors, half complaints, fragmented information about some change that is going to occur in the entity, misunderstandings about the entity's policies or strategies.
This informal communication is also known as '' rumor chain '', where the information moves outside the established channels, passing from one person to another and at each step receiving omissions or additions with respect to the initial message.
Research indicates that rumors in organizations arise as a response to situations that are important to workers, there is ambiguity or uncertainty, and under conditions that create fear or fear. These three elements explain why rumors flourish in organizations especially on issues related to the appointment of new bosses, relocation of workplaces, changes in the structure with the creation of new positions or the disappearance of an existing one.
The positive thing about the rumor is that it shows managers the issues that employees consider important and anxiety provoking, acting as a feedback mechanism.
An example of this we have in the following reading:
Yemen 1990
On different occasions and under different circumstances, experiments have been carried out to find out to what degree the meaning of a communication is modified when it is transmitted through a chain of rumor.
From the Colonel to the Battalion J ': Tomorrow there will be an eclipse of the sun, something that does not happen every day. Form the troops in the Polygon in field uniform, there they will be able to observe this extraordinary astronomical phenomenon. I will give the necessary explanations. In case of rain gather the men in the gym and arrange a routine workout.
From the J 'Battalion to the Company Captains: By order of the Colonel there will be an eclipse of the sun tomorrow at 9:00 am The Colonel will explain something that does not happen every day. If it rained, nothing could be seen outdoors. Wear a field uniform.
From Company Captain to Lieutenant: By order of the Colonel, tomorrow at 9:00 am. In campaign uniform the eclipse of the sun will be inaugurated. The Colonel will give the necessary explanations, in case it rains everyone to the gym, which is something that does not happen every day.
From the Lieutenant to the Sub Lieutenant: Tomorrow at 9:00 am sharp the Colonel in field uniform will make the eclipse of the sun in the gym with exact explanations, something that does not happen every day.
From Lieutenant to Sgt. Tomorrow at 9:00 am exactly, the eclipse of the Colonel in campaign uniform will take place, due to the sun, in the gym, something that does not happen every day.
From the Sergeant to the Soldiers. Tomorrow as quickly as possible at 9:00 am the sun in field uniform will outshine the Colonel in the gym, something that does not happen every day.
Conclusions
Communication is an art that we all practice, but a few master it, so it is necessary to study it as a process to be able to diagnose ourselves, rate ourselves, and taking into account the difficulties, project ourselves into the future and be better communicators every day. In the Reception, communication is a fundamental weapon for everyone who works there, due to this, every effort we make is little to achieve effective communication, we invite you to diagnose yourself and find out if you are a good communicator.
Bibliography
1. Profession: Communicator. Vicente Gonzáles Castro. Edit. Pablo de la Torriente. Havana 1989.
2. Communication in Tourist Animation. Compilation by Carlos Torres.
3. Communication and group. Selection of readings. CIE ”Graciela Bustillo”.
4. Textbook of Hotel Reception. Authors: Eduardo Mayorkin; EHTH Professor, Msc Marlene Galo Zorrilla; EAEHT Principal Professor, Msc Sandra Guerra Abdul chani EHTT. 2005.
