Summary.Fuzzy information is a term that comes from fuzzy logic, the second consists of the application of a mathematical model to determine from among a set of elements and / or variables, the one that most closely matches the optimal solution, in this case the diffuse information seek to determine from a wide set of information, the one that is more in accordance with the needs of the subject, in terms of decision making, while the information is broader, there will be more variables to consider to determine the best option, for what are different aspects that should be considered to carry out this process, to make a decision,It is necessary for the subject to submit the information to a processing which involves complex mental processes that have to do with theories related to the behavior and cognitive processes of the human being. Despite the fact that there is still no defined model for an adequate selection of qualitative information, a proposal for a methodology is presented, accompanied by key points that can be used to manage the information.
Keywords: Information, decision making, organization.
Introduction.
Today, in the world there is a lot of information available to anyone, however not all the information meets the expectations or requirements that are sought, which is why the importance of establishing a model through which it can be selected arises. adequate information, since currently there is no qualitative information, unlike quantitative information, because for this there are models from which a more successful or optimal point can be found within a set of variables.
Each person prepares a model according to the information they need, so in order for the model to be as effective as possible, it is recommended that when searching or obtaining information or consulting sources, take into account aspects such as the implementation of content sheets, the use of topic keywords, it is also recommended to use strategies to develop a faster reading, as well as the search and selection of main ideas and experts can be interviewed, it is necessary to determine the veracity of the selected source and develop techniques for efficient information gathering, among others.
The importance of information in decision-making lies in the fact that having the necessary information about the characteristics of the alternatives or possible courses of action, it is easier to make the best decision based on a prior analysis of the consequences and benefits. that each could entail.
Within an organization, the information must be able to transmit the message that is sought to be shared so that there is no margin for uncertainty in the processes and activities that the company develops, in the same way a manager must have the necessary and accurate information to to be able to make a decision on reliable bases, otherwise it is possible that the image of the company could be damaged and among other consequences, that it may have problems both in its structure and in its procedures.
Development
For a better understanding of the term "diffuse information", we will begin by defining each of the words that compose it, according to the Royal Spanish Academy, these are their meanings:
- Information.
Communication or acquisition of knowledge that allows to expand or specify what is possessed on a given subject.
- Diffuse or diffuse.
It is considered an adjective that refers to the abundant, vague and / or imprecise.
Therefore, by putting these two concepts together, it can be defined that fuzzy information is all that knowledge and / or set of data that are available in different sources, abundantly and inaccurately.
Information in decision making.
Information acquires its optimal value when it comes to decision-making, since since there are no alternatives or various courses of action to choose from, there would be no information or it would not be necessary and therefore it would not be necessary to choose any of these, it is for This means that the information increases its value as it influences the decision or course of action that is taken.
This is why the proper management of information becomes important when making a decision, since it represents a complex process which transforms information into actions, so the person who will make the decision must collect information about their environment, their posture, the probability of occurrence of events that involve it, as well as its possible options available with their respective consequences, On the other hand, the abundant information without an appropriate method for its processing can generate uncertainty when making a decision, in this case it would represent not knowing what to decide because the subject is overwhelmed with information and does not know the best way to make it. can handle to take only the information necessary to make an optimal decision.
Diffuse logic.
The origin of this concept arises from fuzzy logic, which proposes the use of mathematical models to simulate one of the main human behaviors, this allows to collect a large, imprecise and vague amount of information and even sometimes with a certain degree of uncertainty, which is processed through mathematical approximations from which solutions can be given to various problems, obtaining the most exact results with precise and imprecise data, it is worth mentioning that it is useful in electronic applications.
The main purpose of mathematical approximations is to determine an optimal solution or more according to what is sought within a set of quantitative variables, just as human behavior does when it gathers information to determine the one that best suits it, on the other hand Unlike mathematical models, for human behavior there is not yet a defined model to determine the optimal information that is required, since this process involves various steps that require personal criticism, as well as subjectivity to determine the information. wanted.
Human processing of information.
Cognitive psychology and the behavioral paradigm were the bases for studying the human being as an information processor. Therefore, this process is born from these theories as part of the human need, to seek an explanation for the phenomena that it observes, so it focuses on perception and sensations, today this is based mainly on audiovisual sources. A part of this process is based on selectivity.
It is said that the processing of human information is based on the 4 principles that consist in that it is similar to that used by computers, since both seek to transform the information that comes from the outside into codes or symbols that are typical of the system so that it understand them, both carry out tasks based on the information that was interpreted. The second principle establishes that information processing comprises a set of elementary processes, although it is not known which ones are based on human cognition.
The third principle determines that a good organization of the elementary processes will lead to the fact that several tasks can be carried out at the same time efficiently. Finally, the fourth principle establishes that the human processor has borders, for example the amount of information units to be processed at the same time is restricted and the processes of construction, comparison and information retrieval can generate overheating due to the need for a considerable amount of time to process in sequence.
The behavior of a person directly influences the cognitive process, and it is also considered that when the subject understands the functioning, interrelation and organization of the main mental processes, they can generate returns by performing various tasks simultaneously.
Steps for handling diffuse information.
A methodology is proposed for the search, analysis, as well as key points to select the appropriate information so that the one that meets the needs is optimally determined, this methodology is composed of the following steps:
Locate and collect the information.
When it comes to looking for information, the source from which it comes should first be taken into account, generally they can be:
- Primary
They are those in which the information is original, that is, it is the first time it has been published, so it has not been passed through filters, has not been interpreted by other people or evaluated, they are generally the result of an investigation.
- high schools
The information is primary, they are intended to guide and open the way to primary sources, they are used when it has not been possible to use a primary source, as well as to confirm and expand the information collected.
- Tertiary
They are a set of guides that can be digital and physical that are made up of secondary sources.
Information flow process through the different available sources. (University of La Salle, 2002)
At this point, it is recommended to do extensive research in different sources of information so that the information collected is sufficiently enriched and in this way try to find what you are looking for. In an organization, the sources of information that the manager has are the following:
- External
It is known as the information that is produced around the company, that is, it is the result of the activities that occur outside the organization.
- Internal
It is the information that is generated within the organization and that is the result of the activities that the company carries out to meet its objectives.
Analysis of the information.
It consists of the decomposition of the information to be able to analyze each alternative or option that one has, so that the efficiency it has for the subject who is going to use it is evaluated, at this point a critical criterion must be used to determine the key points which can be used to determine the most appropriate, at this point they also involve activities such as reading, understanding, comparing and assessing the quality of the information.
It should be taken into account that there are various types of information, among which are:
- Noise: This information is not important, as it represents some altered information or was not transferred properly.
- Redundant: It is that part of the information that is repeated on various occasions within a message, in order to avoid generating noisy information.
- Knowledge: It is one that has value, since it has already gone through a trial process, and it has been determined that it is the optimal information.
Some attributes of the information are the speed that represents the transmission time, that is, the time it takes the receiver to understand the message, the frequency influences the value of the information since the more frequent it is, the less change it represents, but if there is a long period of time between its presentation, it can show various changes, the information can be deterministic when it is known with certainty and probabilistic when there is a broad set of alternatives along with various possible consequences.
Within a company, information can be classified as follows:
- Accounting information.
This information is quantitative, its function is to serve as a basis for the manager to analyze and know the productivity generated by operations and activities carried out by the company.
- Administrative information.
This type of information is derived from accounting information is characterized by being concrete and detailed, it summarizes the general results of the organization, so it is directed specifically to the manager.
For a manager, in addition to being able to adequately handle the information, as well as its planning, he must be able to evaluate it and be aware that it is valuable and expensive, in turn he must also consider that the characteristics that the information must keep are:
- It does not wear out by continuous use It does not devalue The wearer does not lose it when transmitting it It can lose its value at any time In order for the wearer to appreciate its value, he must obtain more information about it to strengthen it.
Selection of information.
Once the information has been tediously analyzed, the one that best suits what you are looking for and the one that is most relevant to the person must be chosen, so in general, in order to make an adequate selection, the information must have certain characteristics such as:
- It must be according to the subject required. It must be exactly what is needed. It must be relevant information about the subject. It must be adapted to what the subject needs. Its source of origin must be reliable. It must be understandable.
In a company, various factors and characteristics of the information influence its selection, among these are the importance, need and way in which it will be used by each direction of the organization, as shown in the following table:
| Information characteristics. | High direction. | Control direction. | Operations management. |
| Importance of external information. | high | high | high |
| Importance of external information. | high | high | high |
| Temporal horizon | Long term | Medium term | Short term |
| Aggregation level. | High knowledge | Half knowledge | Low data. |
| Scope. | Extensive informal information | Medium | Under formal information |
| Precision. | Half | high | Very high |
Table 1 Relevant characteristics of the information for the management of the organization.
Action.
After selecting the information that best suits the needs, it is used for the other purposes pursued by each person, in the case of decision-making this step is when said information is transformed into an action.
Feedback.
After the selection of the information is made and the course of action is started, the effectiveness of the selected information is verified, according to the results obtained, when these are positive, the information is stored as knowledge, by the On the other hand, if the results obtained are negative, experience will be acquired that will be helpful for the next time the subject is faced with a relative situation.
Finally, based on the aforementioned methodology, a scheme is proposed to select fuzzy information and make it effective in optimal decision-making, said proposal is shown graphically as follows:
Selection model of fuzzy information in decision making. (Personal elaboration)
conclusion
Currently, the management of information requires an effective use of it, due to the innumerable amount of information that is available, it is necessary to have the ability to discern that which is not relevant to the user, as has been observed in the processes Mathematicians, obtaining an optimal solution or variable is the result of the application of certain formulas, however that only applies to quantitative information, as for quantitative information the process is more complex since its selection entails certain degree of subjectivity, so it is necessary for the subject to use their critical criteria to select the information that best suits them,On the other hand, in the business environment, the amount of information handled by a manager must be able to give him the basis for making decisions efficiently, therefore it is important that he develop the skills that allow him to discern the information that will really be useful to him., of which it is not relevant for decision making.
Bibliography
- Cabrera Cortés, I. (2003). The human processing of information: in search of an explanation. Cuba: ACIMED. De Pablos Heredero, C., López Hermoso Agius, J., Romo Romero, S., & Medina Salgado, S. (2011). Organization and transformation of information systems in the company. Madrid: ESIC Editorial Delclaux, I., & Seoane, J. (1982). Cognitive psychology and information processing. Madrid: Pyramid. Obtained from ACADEMIA: https://www.academia.edu/13917123/PSICOLOG%C3%8DA_COGNITIVA_Y_PROCESAMIENTO_DE_LA_INFORMACI%C3%93NGómez Gómez, A., & de Abajo Martínez, N. (1997). The information systems of the company. Spain: University of Oviedo.Martinez, Y. (Address). (2014). PROPER USE AND HANDLING OF INFORMATION. Puebla, U. d. (sf). Fuzzy control. Puebla: University of the Americas Puebla, Royal Spanish Academy, Rosas Sánchez,L. (March 14, 2012). The use of fuzzy information in business decision making. Obtained from Gestiopolis: http://www.gestiopolis.com/el-uso-de-informacion-difusa-en-la-toma-de-decisiones-empresariales/Silvestrini Ruiz, M., & Vargas Jorge, J. (2008). Primary, secondary and tertiary information sources. Puerto Rico: Inter-American University of Puerto Rico, La Salle University. (2002). Information sources. Bogotá: University of La Salle.La Salle University. (2002). Information sources. Bogotá: University of La Salle.La Salle University. (2002). Information sources. Bogotá: University of La Salle.
Thesis:
Implementation of an information system in the Human Resources department of the company XXXXXXXX SA de CV
Objective of the thesis:
Improve the use and control of the information of the company's personnel, through the implementation of an information system so that the analysis and description of the profiles of the different positions of the company is more efficient.
Relative to knowledge.
His main interest is based on the study of the physical elements that intervene in behavior.
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