There are different species that communicate through the transmission of information for their survival, the difference for humans lies in the ability of man to put together codes and symbols with complex meanings, which make up our language for coexistence in society .
The data are perceived through the senses and, once they are integrated, they end up generating the information that is needed to produce knowledge. Wisdom is considered to be the ability to properly judge when, how, where and for what purpose the acquired knowledge is used.
Some specialists mention that there is a strong link between information, data, knowledge, thought and language .
This work explains that there are various types of information, however, diffuse information is that which causes the communication objective to be distorted, therefore its correct handling must be known.
DEFINITIONS
Information: it is made up of a group of data already supervised and ordered , which serve to build a message based on a certain phenomenon or entity. Information allows solving problems and making decisions, since its rational use is the basis of knowledge . (DEF, 2008)
Diffuse Information: it is unclear and imprecise information that obstructs the leaders and departments of an organization to be able to solve problems and make good decisions.
HISTORY
Throughout history , both storage and access to information have evolved
In the Middle Ages , the main collection was found in libraries and monasteries. From the Modern Age , with the discovery of the printing press , books began to be manufactured and newspapers emerged.
XII century. The Incas (Peru) use a string system for recording numerical information called Quipu, used mainly to count cattle.
Twentieth century. 1926. The first television transmission begins, a new way of handling and processing information.
Twentieth century. 1940. Jeremy Campbell, defined the term information from a scientific perspective, in the context of the era of electronic communication.
Twentieth century. 1943. The Austro-Hungarian Nikola Tesla invents the radio, this invention was originally attributed to Guglielmo Marconi and the patent is not recognized to its author until the sixties.
Twentieth century. 1947. John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain and William Bradford Shockley, invent the transistor. Thus winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956. They unknowingly laid the foundations for a new technological and economic revolution, acting as a trigger for an exponential increase in the capacity for microelectronic integration, popularization and computing power of the computer.
Twentieth century. 1969. In the cold war, the embryonic Internet was born when the first computer connection, known as ARPANET, was established between three universities in California and one in Utah, United States, with the initial objective of facilitating a military communications network under test pump.
Currently the Internet is the main communication tool
A timeline with these information advances is illustrated below (ALAMO, 2013).
Information History
CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION
Information Classification
Data processing
In these information systems large volumes of information are processed, this information is produced in the administrative functions within the processes that a company has, such as inventory control, production processes, employee payroll, etc. These administrative functions are performed automatically, that is, they execute the activities daily.
Systems for administration
In this, the information systems are based on the data obtained, the data processing and for this the participation of the human being (users), software (programs), and hardware (computers) is required. These systems use the data for analysis, and once analyzed make decisions.
Decision support system.
This information system refers to each stage in the decision-making process thanks to the information obtained.
Expert systems and artificial intelligence.
Also called expert systems, these systems allow the development of machines that have intelligent performance (autonomous). There are two areas: the understanding of natural language and the ability to internalize problems until reaching a logical conclusion. (COMPUTERS, 2015)
INFORMATION WITHIN THE COMPANIES
A company is competent when it knows how to manage the information that is in its environment. What really matters within companies is that the information generates greater knowledge in the members of the institution to allow them to make decisions that help to achieve the objectives or goals that have been proposed in the company.
The most important information in organizations is described in the following points:
- The information must fulfill the primary function, which is to increase the knowledge of individuals and reduce the insecurities they have, that is, to help the collaborators in the institutions to make decisions that lead to the achievement of the objectives and goals It has to be able to generate competitiveness, this not only depends on the ability of the company to offer a product or service with a better price than that of its competitors, it must include what the consumer really wants or see what it is. what you value most, such as quality, service or after-sales care. In order to achieve this, the company needs to obtain information that originates in its environment. It must integrate the units of the organization since the information obtained in some areas can be of great use to others,although apparently they are not related. Improvement of the productive and administrative processes, these are achieved thanks to the information that enriches the knowledge of human resources.
INFORMATION SOURCES
Different types of information are needed at each level of companies, for example:
At the highest level, which is where executives and managers are, information is needed for the design of strategies that help define the direction of the company, this type of information must be specific and punctual.
At the middle level it is formed by managers and administrators, here more detailed information is required than at the higher level for the design of commercial strategies.
At the operational level where workers and vendors are, to name a few, information is required to carry out activities and must be more detailed than at the medium level.
In order to receive the information, it is through "information sources" and they are divided into internal and external sources.
INTERNAL SOURCES
In these, the movement of information is within the company, the information is stored so that it can be taken to those who make the decisions of the company. They can be internal databases which allow access to customer information; the financial statements that provide information on the financial position of the entity, the inventory record, sales record, cost record to name a few.
EXTERNAL SOURCES
They are those that are outside the company, where we can obtain information regarding trends, preferences and that could be the internet, competitor's premises, suppliers, distributors, clients, publications, among others.
Information sources can also be classified into primary and secondary.
Primary sources:
The information is obtained through the company, they are frequently more expensive than secondary sources and are used when the information is inadequate, scarce and in the event that these sources do not exist.
Examples of these types of sources are; people surveyed, interviews or polls for market research, sales records, sales staff among others.
Secondary sources:
These sources provide information or data that have already been published or collected for different purposes than the current one, they are less expensive and are obtained quickly, which is why they should be used before the primary information sources.
Examples of some of these sources are; database of commercials, government entities, statistical institutes, universities, chambers of commerce, libraries, newspapers, magazines. Books, publications, etc.
DIFFUSE INFORMATION
It is the unclear, imprecise and ambiguous information for the understanding. Diffuse information blocks organizations from being able to understand the meaning of the information.
Information can be fuzzy in situations where interrelated data cannot be measured for analysis. Examples of fuzzy information are frequently internal information sources, a more specific example is; the data obtained on the sales record, these are measured by the degree to which the information is clear for understanding and analysis.
Another example is, when in the primary sources such as those of a market study there may be different variables to measure since it has the subjective aspects of the product becoming diffuse information.
The management of diffuse information in organizations should be of great importance, since you can have a large amount of information, but if they cannot be processed clearly, it will not help the leaders and departments of the institution to make good decisions (CANCINO VELÁSQUES, 2012).
PROCESS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF FUZZY INFORMATION
The process must be carried out from the top management of the organization, because this is who is in charge of proposing the information needs from a strategic point of view.
Need for information
It arises with the concern of knowledge about:
- The internal and external environment of the organization: You need to know the environmental, socio-cultural situations, marketing plans, work situations, the national or local economy, the position you have in the competition, among others Organizational interests and objectives: concerns, interests, needs that the company can satisfy Clients: It is to know what needs the company can cover Production or operation systems: systems where the company's capacity is focused since they are in charge of supplying the products to the clients of such So it is of importance what type of system should be used for a better product offer. Technology: It must be known since production costs can be saved and it can be more efficient.
Information search
In order to carry it out, it is necessary to know the information needs, it is recommended to prepare a schedule of activities that contains the following:
- Tasks to achieve organizational objectives Order activities in a logical order of action Define resources and means to be used Define execution time
Obtaining all kinds of information (diffuse information)
Normally, when you search for information, you get a large amount that is unclassified, disorganized, unstable, giving the impression that it lacks substance and form.
In order to determine whether the information obtained is diffuse, the following questions should be asked: is it adequate to the business needs of the companies? Is it accurate and complete? Is it reliable? Is it accessible to members of the organization?
Use of tools to locate and obtain clear information
They arise with the need to clarify and facilitate the understanding of information. Here are some tools that can be useful for handling fuzzy information.
Quantitative data analysis
Quantitative information is usually clearer since it is given numerically. Its measurement and analysis can be carried out having knowledge about the use of various softwares that facilitate obtaining information for decision-making.
Qualitative data analysis
These data are more difficult to analyze since they are measured based on subjective concepts so the information becomes diffuse. Through different heuristic methods, several solutions can be proposed and in some cases the methods used by specialized software can generate an ideal solution.
DIFFUSE LOGIC
Fuzzy logic is a procedure that provides a simple and attractive way to obtain a conclusion from vague, imprecise or incomplete information, in general, fuzzy logic imitates a person when making decisions based on information with mentioned characteristics.
It is a computational intelligence technique that allows information to be processed with a high level of imprecision.
Information Evaluation
This phase is important since it defines how to respond or react to the objectives or information needs.
In order to implement the evaluation you must:
- Establish evaluation objectives Distinguish from the general to the particular of the information Apply the appropriate criteria to capture, select, integrate and organize Provide coherence to the information Distinguish facts from opinions Find different points of view about the information and discuss them Feedback the actions that are being carried out Be able to see the evolution of information work Distinguish between primary and secondary sources
REASONS FOR IMPLEMENTING THE EVALUATION
- Because the senior manager requests it To allow changes As part of planning To be able to document results or impacts on the organization To provide opinions that give new perspectives
Processing and Production Control
This processing is carried out in order to understand, signify, locate and differentiate in time-space, know, express and convince so that it subsequently benefits the organization and achieves its success.
Next, some activities that are carried out for this stage are mentioned.
- Synthesize, organize and represent information Be able to carry out an analysis and synthesis of information Reflect and conclude Mastering basic written expression techniques Making reports Using diagrams Integrating paraphrasing, transforming information in some way Using tables Using graphs Knowing how to write an essay Using synoptic tables
This helps to generate timely and clear communication instruments that respond to real information or communication requirements.
Decision making
The instrument for a good decision-making is clear, truthful and timely information, this is like the raw material for senior managers in terms of their determination, we can say that the higher the quality of information, the better the quality of decision-making (ROSAS, 2012).
COMMUNICATION IN THE HANDLING OF DIFFUSE INFORMATION
Communication is a factor within organizations since through it the flow of information occurs between the different areas that comprise it.
Communication occurs horizontally when people are considered of the same status or vertical when it occurs between superiors and subordinates.
In order to facilitate the understanding of information, it is necessary that it be clear and concise, resulting in a communication process (ESCOBAR, 2014).
CONCLUSION
Information is a fundamental tool for the development of life in society, the power that it has can have a positive or negative effect, everything depends on the management that is given, this article shows a methodology for its treatment and to avoid falling into circles vicious of incorrect information.
In these times of change that we are currently living, organizations must have an optimal capacity to respond to situations and this is achieved through good communication.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ALAMO, ON (2013). IBEROAMERICANA MAGAZINE. Retrieved from http://www.revistacts.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=300:historiaDEF. (2008). WORDPRESS. Obtained from http://definicion.de/informacion/ESCOBAR, DD (2014). BIG SMEs. Obtained from http://www.grandespymes.com.ar/2013/12/10/manejo-de-informacion-difusa-en-lasorganizaciones/INFORMATICAS, H. (08 of 2015). CIBERTASES. Obtained from http://cibertareas.info/clasificacion-de-los-sistemas-de-informacion-herramdamientosinformaticas-1.html ROSAS, L. (2012). GESTIOPOLIS. Obtained from
