The administration since it began to be conceived as a theory at the beginning of the 20th century has been enriched by the contribution of great men and women who over time have made magnificent contributions to the management of organizations, from the scientific administration in the decade of the 20's until globalization and knowledge that make their appearance at the end of the same century, various objectives have been achieved.
The following is a representative chart of the major Special Management Theories, as well as the main authors who helped enrich them, issued by Harvard Business School.
From this point on, a brief review of each of the collaborators of these theories will be made, as well as a general analysis of the most brilliant contributions they have had towards this concept.
TO
Original text
Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 - 1915)
A mechanical engineer and economist, born in 1856, into a wealthy family in Philadelphia society, standing under principles of discipline and devotion to work, he is considered the father of scientific administration.
His theory was based on direct observation, on the meticulous description of the activities carried out by the worker base, the task was broken down into various simple activities which were timed to avoid the appearance of dead times, he thought that the workers only produced a third Part of his ability, he dedicated 20 years of his life to “finding the best way” to carry out each activity.
Throughout his life, Taylor tried to develop methods and establish completely technical innovations so that organizations could carry out their activities with higher productivity standards. It establishes the piecework wage in direct relation to the estimated production time, thus motivating the intensification of the work rate per worker.
During his life he wrote several books, his masterpiece being "The principles of Scientific Management" - "Principles and methods of scientific management" published in 1911, within this work he exposes how to apply scientific methods in search of time optimization to maximize the productivity.
In the Taylor era, scientific management began to be identified as a philosophy whose objective is to obtain better results based on a scientific method, defending that the increase in efficiency is developed from the bottom up, that is, from the worker towards the supervisor, director, etc.
Henry Fayol (1841 - 1925)
Civil engineer in mines and pioneer of applied administration research born in Constantinople Turkey in 1841. The methodology that Fayol developed consisted of observing facts, carrying out experiments and extracting rules
Fayol conceives that the duties of an administrator consist of Planning, Organizing, Directing, Coordinating and Controlling, he defines administration as a whole and a set of processes, within his ideology he recommended prioritizing verbal information over formal written information
His main work was: "Administration industrielle et generale" - "General and industrial administration" published in France in 1916 where he indicates the structure of an organization dividing commercial and industrial operations into six groups:
Technical functions, Commercial functions, Financial functions, Security functions, Accounting functions, Administrative functions (which groups the five above)
He divided the administration into fourteen general principles: Division of labor, Authority, Discipline, Unity of direction, Unity of command, Subordination of the individual good to the common good, Remuneration, Centralization, Hierarchy, Order, Equity, Personal stability, Initiative, Team spirit (Solís Carmona, 2013)
Mary Parker Follet (1868-1933)
A graduate in economics, government, law and philosophy born in New England Massachusetts, considered a woman out of sync with time, she anticipated the conceptual idea of control in organizations. Her analysis of the conceptualization of control in organizations was reflected in publications made in the 1920s.
His speeches and writings on the new conceptualization of the administration caught the attention of Taylor and Fayol, he considered coordination, authority and attention as essential elements of the administration.
Lilian Moller Gilberth (1878-1972)
American psychologist born in the state of California, initiator in the observation and studies of movement, author of the book "Psychology in the workplace." Among her most notable contributions is the development of a book in which she answers the most common questions of Taylor's theory.
The main objective of Gilberth was to determine exactly the fatigue derived from carrying out any work, trying to eliminate what was considered unnecessary, in his work "The best work in the world" Lilian details the realization of movement studies.
Creator with her husband Frank of “therbligs” which is the labor movement subdivided into 17 different units (“Frank and Lillian Gilbreth”, 2008)
GOVERNMENT REGULARIZATION
E lton Mayo (1880-1949)
Australian Industrial Psychologist born in 1880, researcher at Harvard School, conducted experiments and research where he concluded that the social factor has more motivational power at work than economic remuneration, that the key to the behavior of workers, was to involve them in changes in working conditions.
He defended the idea that conflicts between managers and workers were inevitable over time, however it could be resolved when each party could understand the other's point of view.
In his theory he tries to integrate the human factor towards the objectives of the company.
A b raham Maslow (1908-1970)
American psychologist born in New York City in 1908, creator of the term "hierarchy of needs" and "Maslow's Pyramid", placing physiological needs at the base and self-realization at the top, Maslow is considered "The father of humanistic psychology"
Among his main publications is: "A theory of human motivation"
- "The theory of human motivation"
He defended the theory of adequate human motivation to obtain better results, including topics such as: working conditions, type of work, attachment, rewards.
MARKETING AND SALES
Heber Alexander Simon (1916-2001)
American economist and political scientist born in Milwaukee in 1916, graduated from the University of Chicago where he began his work in "operations research", among his most notable publications is: "Administrative Behavior: A Study of the Decision Making processes in Administrative Organization "-" Administrative behavior: Study of the processes in decision-making in an organization "in 1997
Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1978. Among his main contributions is the theory of limited rationality based on economic decision-making.
Simón used the term "cognitive limits" the human limits in the development of his activities.
Peter Ferdinand Drucker (1909 - 2005)
Australian Doctor of Laws and Universal Thinker, born in the city of VIena in 1909
Author of more than 30 works, among his main publications are "The end of economic man" - "The end of economic man" and "The concept of the corporation" - "The concept of corporation". Known as the management guru
Ducker was looking for a utopian management, he was one of the first to use the term strategy as part of the administration, he defended the administration based on results, with long-term planning, with an emphasis on quality, education, training, marketing and he insisted on identifying all organizations as human and social rather than economic structures.
IT IS
Douglas McGregor (1906-1964)
American economist born in the state of Michigan in 1906. Compared to Henry Fayol in 1993, he is named "the most popular management writer of all time."
His main work was "The human side of Enterprise" - "The human side of the company" Among his main contributions he affirms the existence of two different styles of management, calling them Theory X (controlling regime) and Theory Y (liberal regime committed to the organization)
McGregor launched Theory Y for the first time in 1957 at the P&G company, obtaining returns of more than 30%.
Frederick Herzberg (1923-2000)
American psychologist born in the state of Massachusetts in 1923, creator of the so-called "Enrichment of work" considered one of the creators of the theory of motivation.
Herzberg showed that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are almost always the result of different factors, that is, the same reaction to the same factors is not always obtained.
Among its main publications is "Motivation to work" - "Motivation to work" containing tables that Herzberg considers important that he defines as motivators or hygiene factors.
He defended that people are only motivated by the truth, he identifies achievement, advancement, development, etc. as real motivators.
COMPETITIVENESS AND RESTRUCTURING
HENRY MINTZBERG (1939 -)
Professor of Canadian origin born in 1939. His most notable contribution is the publication of an article in 1975 where he describes an analysis made to a
group of managers where they define that their performance is not so efficient because it abounds in interruptions and does not dedicate enough time to each activity, I conclude that "management work is fundamentally one of information processing, especially speaking and especially listening" (Hindle, 2008).
Divide the organizational structure into five parts:
- The simple structure The machine bureaucracy The professional bureaucracy The divisionalized form The adhocracy
Cris Argyris (1923 - 2013)
American psychologist born in New Jersey in 1923, author of numerous works, among which stand out "On organizational Learning" - "Organizational Learning", "Teaching Smart people, how to learn" - "Teaching intelligent people, how to learn".
His thinking aims to develop proposals about “how organizations could be redesigned to use - more completely than has been feasible, until now - the energies and capacities that human beings can offer” (Argyris 1979)
He wanted organizations to promote the worker, so that he could be productive and motivated at the same time, he exposed the idea that the organization progressively deteriorates the worker, but that this wear and tear could be controllable.
He defended the fact that it was recurrent that the policies of the organizations interfered directly with the growth of each individual, so he recommended that the two parties had to give in to reach a middle ground.
G
Robert Kaplan (1952 -) and David Norton (1941-)
Robert Kaplan, engineer, American born in 1952 and American consultant David Norton born in 1941, were one of the inseparable couples of management, the main objective was the measurement of corporate performance.
They developed the concept of Balanced Scored, which is a tool that includes performance measures, providing the appropriate basis for managing a measurement and management system.
Kaplan and Norton revolutionized the administration, trying to direct the organization through business strategies, through objectives and indicators.
They describe four business categories: Internal processes, training and growth, clients and financial, as aspects that for a business to function properly which must be considered in the indicators
Combaitore Krishnarao Prahalad (1941 - 2010)
Professor of Hindu origin born in 1941, graduated from Harvard University, among his main publications are "The Core Competence of the Corporation" - "The Fundamental Competence of the Corporation" and "The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits "-" The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid: eradicate poverty through profits "
He coined a concept that he called "The bottom of the pyramid" there he describes that people considered in a low or "poor" social stratum should not be ignored by large companies, because they are a good market for them.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. (2008, September 5). The Economist. Hernández, ZT (2014). General Theory of Administration, 2nd. Hindle, T. (2008). Guide to management ideas and gurus.
Solís Carmona, D. (2013). Comparative Analysis of the Administrative Stages and their
Contribution in the Project Management.
Download the original file
